Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The First Epistle to the Corinthians, Chapter 9ΠΡΟΣ ΚΟΡΙΝΘΙΟΥΣ Α′ Θ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

1

Οὐκ εἰμὶ ἐλεύθερος; οὐκ εἰμὶ ἀπόστολος; οὐχὶ Ἰησοῦν τὸν κύριον ἡμῶν ἑόρακα; οὐ τὸ ἔργον μου ὑμεῖς ἐστε ἐν κυρίῳ;

Am I not free? Am I not an apostle? Have I not seen Jesus our Lord? Are you not my work in the Lord?

Assertion of freedom & apostleshipasyndetonA burst of four rhetorical questions, each expecting 'yes,' opens Paul's self-defense. Having urged the strong to limit their freedom in ch. 8, he turns to his own example — first establishing that he possesses the very rights he declines.
Οὐκnotnegative particle (expecting 'yes')οὐ: the negative used in questions expecting an affirmative answer — 'Surely I am free?'
εἰμὶam IPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative present
ἐλεύθεροςfreeNominativepredicate nominativeἐλεύθερος: 'free, not a slave'; the catchword bridging ch. 8's freedom and the self-enslavement of v.19.
οὐκnotnegative particle (expecting 'yes')
εἰμὶam IPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative present
ἀπόστολοςapostleNominativepredicate nominativeἀπόστολος: 'one sent,' commissioned envoy; Paul's office, evidently questioned at Corinth, grounds the rights he will claim.
οὐχὶnotemphatic negative (expecting 'yes')οὐχί: strengthened form of οὐ — a more emphatic 'surely … ?'
ἸησοῦνJesusAccusativedirect object (fronted for emphasis)the resurrection appearance (cf. 15:8) is Paul's apostolic credential — he has seen the risen Lord.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
κύριονLordAccusativeapposition to Ἰησοῦνκύριος: 'Lord'; the risen Jesus, whom apostles must have seen (cf. Acts 1:21–22).
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of relationship
ἑόρακαhave I seenPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · ὁράωmain verb→ intensive perfect (abiding result)ὁράω: 'see'; the perfect stresses the lasting significance of that seeing — Paul remains an eyewitness of the risen Christ.
οὐnotnegative particle (expecting 'yes')
τὸtheNominativearticle
ἔργονworkNominativepredicate nominativeἔργον: 'work, product'; the church itself is the visible result of Paul's apostolic labor.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession/production
ὑμεῖςyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)
ἐστεarePres Act Indic 2 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative present
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere/union)
κυρίῳthe LordDativedat. of sphere (the work is 'in the Lord')κύριος: 'Lord'; their existence as a church is owed to the Lord through Paul's ministry.
2

εἰ ἄλλοις οὐκ εἰμὶ ἀπόστολος, ἀλλά γε ὑμῖν εἰμι· ἡ γὰρ σφραγίς μου τῆς ἀποστολῆς ὑμεῖς ἐστε ἐν κυρίῳ.

If to others I am not an apostle, yet at least I am to you; for you are the seal of my apostleship in the Lord.

Concessive proofεἰA concessive conditional: even granting that some deny his apostleship, the Corinthians cannot — their very existence as a church is the authenticating seal of his commission.
εἰifconjunction (concessive condition)εἰ: 'if'; a first-class condition conceding the point for argument's sake.
ἄλλοιςto othersDativedat. of reference/relationἄλλος: 'other'; those elsewhere who dispute Paul's standing.
οὐκnotnegative particle
εἰμὶI amPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίverb of protasis (copula)→ stative present
ἀπόστολοςan apostleNominativepredicate nominative
ἀλλάyetadversative conjunction (apodosis)ἀλλά: 'but, yet'; the strong contrast opening the apodosis.
γεat leastintensive particleγε: an emphasizing particle — 'at any rate, at least'; underscores the certainty of his standing with them.
ὑμῖνto youDativedat. of reference/relation
εἰμιI amPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (apodosis; 'apostle' implied)→ stative present
theNominativearticle
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
σφραγίςsealNominativepredicate nominativeσφραγίς: 'seal'; an authenticating mark of genuineness — the Corinthian church validates his apostolate.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
ἀποστολῆςapostleshipGenitivegenitive of apposition (the seal which is the apostleship)ἀποστολή: 'apostleship, commission'; the office authenticated by their conversion.
ὑμεῖςyouNominativesubject (emphatic)
ἐστεarePres Act Indic 2 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative present
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
κυρίῳthe LordDativedat. of sphere
3

Ἡ ἐμὴ ἀπολογία τοῖς ἐμὲ ἀνακρίνουσίν ἐστιν αὕτη.

My defense to those who examine me is this:

Heading: the defenseasyndetonA formal heading. 'This' points forward to the chain of questions that follows — Paul frames vv.4–14 as his courtroom-style reply to those scrutinizing his conduct.
theNominativearticle
ἐμὴmyNominativepossessive adjective (emphatic)ἐμός: 'my own'; the emphatic possessive heightens the personal note of the defense.
ἀπολογίαdefenseNominativesubjectἀπολογία: 'defense, reply' (legal term, cf. 'apologetics'); a reasoned answer to accusers.
τοῖςto thoseDativesubstantival article (dat. of reference)
ἐμὲmeAccusativedirect object of ἀνακρίνουσιν
ἀνακρίνουσίνwho examinePres Act Ptc · Dat Pl Masc · ἀνακρίνωsubstantival participle→ customary presentἀνακρίνω: 'examine, interrogate, sit in judgment' (a judicial inquiry, cf. 2:14–15; 4:3); Paul's critics 'cross-examine' him.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative present
αὕτηthisNominativepredicate nominative (cataphoric demonstrative)οὗτος: 'this'; points forward to the argument that follows.
4

μὴ οὐκ ἔχομεν ἐξουσίαν φαγεῖν καὶ πεῖν;

Do we not have a right to eat and drink?

Right to support (food)asyndetonThe first claim of the defense: the right to be fed at the church's expense. The double negative μὴ οὐκ expects the answer 'of course we do.'
μὴ[not]interrogative negative (expects 'yes')μή … οὐ: a question framed with double negation — 'we surely do have, don't we?'
οὐκnotnegative particle (with the verb)
ἔχομενdo we havePres Act Indic 1 Pl · ἔχωmain verb→ stative presentἔχω: 'have, hold'; here 'possess a right.' The 'we' is likely Paul (with Barnabas, v.6).
ἐξουσίανright/authorityAccusativedirect objectἐξουσία: 'authority, right, freedom to act'; the keyword of the chapter (cf. 8:9) — a legitimate claim Paul will renounce.
φαγεῖνto eatAor Act Inf · ἐσθίωepexegetical infinitive (defining ἐξουσίαν)→ constative aoristἐσθίω: 'eat'; the right to material support — meals provided by the congregation.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πεῖνto drinkAor Act Inf · πίνωepexegetical infinitive (coordinate)→ constative aoristπίνω: 'drink'; 'eat and drink' = be supported, sustained by the church.
5

μὴ οὐκ ἔχομεν ἐξουσίαν ἀδελφὴν γυναῖκα περιάγειν, ὡς καὶ οἱ λοιποὶ ἀπόστολοι καὶ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ τοῦ κυρίου καὶ Κηφᾶς;

Do we not have a right to take along a believing wife, as do the rest of the apostles and the brothers of the Lord and Cephas?

Right to support (a wife)asyndetonA second right, with precedent: the support of a believing wife on mission, as practiced by the other apostles, Jesus' brothers, and Peter — the very figures the Corinthian factions revered.
μὴ[not]interrogative negative (expects 'yes')
οὐκnotnegative particle
ἔχομενdo we havePres Act Indic 1 Pl · ἔχωmain verb→ stative present
ἐξουσίανrightAccusativedirect objectἐξουσία: 'right, authority'; here the right to be accompanied and supported with a wife.
ἀδελφὴνbelieving/sisterAccusativepredicate accusative (of γυναῖκα)ἀδελφή: 'sister'; here 'a sister as wife' = a Christian wife — fellow believer and spouse.
γυναῖκαwifeAccusativedirect object of περιάγεινγυνή: 'woman, wife'; with ἀδελφήν, a wife who is a believer (not, as later misread, merely a 'sister' attendant).
περιάγεινto take alongPres Act Inf · περιάγωepexegetical infinitive (defining ἐξουσίαν)→ customary presentπεριάγω: 'lead around, take about' (περί + ἄγω); of taking a companion along on missionary travel.
ὡςascomparative conjunction
καὶalsoadverbial (ascensive)
οἱtheNominativearticle
λοιποὶrestNominativeattributive adjectiveλοιπός: 'remaining, rest'; the other apostles besides Paul.
ἀπόστολοιapostlesNominativesubject (of implied verb)ἀπόστολος: 'apostle'; the precedent of the wider apostolic circle.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle
ἀδελφοὶbrothersNominativesubject (coordinate)ἀδελφός: 'brother'; Jesus' own brothers (cf. Mark 6:3; Gal 1:19), known itinerant missionaries.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
κυρίουLordGenitivegenitive of relationshipκύριος: 'Lord'; 'the brothers of the Lord' — Jesus' kin.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ΚηφᾶςCephasNominativesubject (coordinate)Κηφᾶς: Aramaic 'Rock' = Peter (cf. 1:12; 3:22); named singly — a married apostle (cf. Mark 1:30) and a Corinthian favorite.
6

ἢ μόνος ἐγὼ καὶ Βαρναβᾶς οὐκ ἔχομεν ἐξουσίαν μὴ ἐργάζεσθαι;

Or is it only I and Barnabas who have no right to refrain from working?

Right to support (no manual labor)A third right, sharpened by irony: are Paul and Barnabas alone obliged to earn their own keep? The disjunctive ἤ presses the absurdity of singling them out.
ordisjunctive conjunctionἤ: 'or'; introduces the alternative — pressing the question to its ironic point.
μόνοςonlyNominativepredicate adjective (emphatic, fronted)μόνος: 'alone, only'; the irony — are they uniquely exempt from the apostolic right?
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ΒαρναβᾶςBarnabasNominativesubject (coordinate)Βαρναβᾶς: Barnabas, Paul's early co-worker (Acts 13–14); like Paul, evidently self-supporting.
οὐκnotnegative particle
ἔχομενhavePres Act Indic 1 Pl · ἔχωmain verb→ stative present
ἐξουσίανrightAccusativedirect objectἐξουσία: 'right'; the right to be free from working for a living.
μὴnotnegative (with infinitive)
ἐργάζεσθαιto workPres Mid Inf · ἐργάζομαιepexegetical infinitive (the right 'not to work')→ customary presentἐργάζομαι: 'work, labor'; here manual labor for self-support (Paul's tentmaking, Acts 18:3).
7

τίς στρατεύεται ἰδίοις ὀψωνίοις ποτέ; τίς φυτεύει ἀμπελῶνα καὶ τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ οὐκ ἐσθίει; ἢ τίς ποιμαίνει ποίμνην καὶ ἐκ τοῦ γάλακτος τῆς ποίμνης οὐκ ἐσθίει;

Who ever serves as a soldier at his own expense? Who plants a vineyard and does not eat its fruit? Or who tends a flock and does not drink of the milk of the flock?

Argument from common lifeasyndetonThree everyday analogies — soldier, vinedresser, shepherd — each illustrating the self-evident principle that the worker lives from his work. The rights of v.4–6 are not peculiar but universal.
τίςwhoNominativeinterrogative pronoun (subject)
στρατεύεταιserves as a soldierPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · στρατεύομαιmain verb→ gnomic presentστρατεύομαι: 'serve in the army, campaign'; the gnomic present states a general truth.
ἰδίοιςhis ownDativeattributive adjectiveἴδιος: 'one's own'; emphasizes the absurdity — paying one's own way as a soldier.
ὀψωνίοιςwages/rationsDativedat. of means/priceὀψώνιον: 'soldier's pay, provisions' (cf. Rom 6:23; Luke 3:14); a soldier's keep is supplied, not self-funded.
ποτέeveradverb (indefinite time)ποτέ: 'at any time, ever'; reinforces the rhetorical 'no one ever.'
τίςwhoNominativeinterrogative pronoun (subject)
φυτεύειplantsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · φυτεύωmain verb→ gnomic presentφυτεύω: 'plant'; the vinedresser analogy.
ἀμπελῶναa vineyardAccusativedirect objectἀμπελών: 'vineyard'; a common scriptural image of labor and its yield.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
καρπὸνfruitAccusativedirect objectκαρπός: 'fruit, produce'; the yield the planter rightly enjoys.
αὐτοῦitsGenitivegenitive of possession
οὐκnotnegative particle
ἐσθίειeatPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐσθίωmain verb→ gnomic presentἐσθίω: 'eat'; the planter eats his vineyard's fruit — none refrains.
ordisjunctive conjunction
τίςwhoNominativeinterrogative pronoun (subject)
ποιμαίνειtendsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιμαίνωmain verb→ gnomic presentποιμαίνω: 'shepherd, tend'; the third analogy — the herdsman.
ποίμνηνa flockAccusativedirect objectποίμνη: 'flock'; the shepherd's charge — and source of sustenance.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐκof/frompreposition + genitive (source/partitive)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
γάλακτοςmilkGenitiveobject of ἐκ (partitive source)γάλα: 'milk'; the flock's natural provision for its keeper (cf. 3:2).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
ποίμνηςflockGenitivegenitive of source
οὐκnotnegative particle
ἐσθίειdrink/partakePres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐσθίωmain verb→ gnomic presentἐσθίω: lit. 'eat'; idiomatically of partaking — here 'drink/live from' the milk.
8

Μὴ κατὰ ἄνθρωπον ταῦτα λαλῶ, ἢ καὶ ὁ νόμος ταῦτα οὐ λέγει;

Do I say these things on merely human authority? Or does not the Law also say these things?

Transition to ScriptureasyndetonPaul pre-empts the objection that he argues only from common sense: the same principle is anchored in the Law itself, raising the analogy to the level of divine warrant.
Μὴ[surely not]interrogative negative (expects 'no')μή: introduces a question expecting the answer 'no' — 'I'm not saying this merely humanly, am I?'
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (standard)
ἄνθρωπονa manAccusativeobject of κατά (standard/source)ἄνθρωπος: 'man, human'; 'according to man' = on merely human authority (cf. Rom 3:5; Gal 3:15).
ταῦταthese thingsAccusativedirect objectοὗτος: 'this'; the foregoing analogies and claims.
λαλῶdo I sayPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λαλέωmain verb→ progressive presentλαλέω: 'speak, say'; of Paul's present argument.
ordisjunctive conjunction
καὶalsoadverbial (ascensive)
theNominativearticle
νόμοςLawNominativesubjectνόμος: 'Law'; the Mosaic Torah, cited next from Deuteronomy.
ταῦταthese thingsAccusativedirect object
οὐnotnegative particle (expects 'yes')
λέγειsayPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ gnomic presentλέγω: 'say'; Scripture 'says' — the present of abiding scriptural authority.
9

ἐν γὰρ τῷ Μωϋσέως νόμῳ γέγραπται· Οὐ φιμώσεις βοῦν ἀλοῶντα. μὴ τῶν βοῶν μέλει τῷ θεῷ;

For it is written in the law of Moses, "You shall not muzzle an ox while it is treading out the grain." Is it for the oxen that God is concerned?

Scriptural proof (Deut 25:4)γάρThe supporting citation: Deuteronomy 25:4. Paul immediately poses the interpretive question — God's concern in the law reaches beyond literal oxen, opening the way to its application to gospel workers.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
τῷtheDativearticle
Μωϋσέωςof MosesGenitivegenitive of source/authorΜωϋσῆς: Moses; 'the law of Moses' = the Pentateuch.
νόμῳlawDativedat. of sphere (locus of the writing)νόμος: 'law'; the Torah as authoritative Scripture.
γέγραπταιit is writtenPerf Pass Indic 3 Sg · γράφωmain verb (citation formula)→ intensive perfect (standing authority)γράφω: 'write'; the perfect γέγραπται = the standard 'it stands written' — Scripture's abiding force.
Οὐnotnegative particle (with future = prohibition)
φιμώσειςyou shall muzzleFut Act Indic 2 Sg · φιμόωmain verb (citation; future of prohibition)→ imperatival futureφιμόω: 'muzzle, silence'; the future-as-command (LXX Deut 25:4) — let the working ox eat.
βοῦνan oxAccusativedirect objectβοῦς: 'ox'; the threshing animal that must be left to feed as it works.
ἀλοῶνταtreading out grainPres Act Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · ἀλοάωattributive participle (modifying βοῦν)→ progressive presentἀλοάω: 'thresh, tread out grain'; the ox at work, naturally entitled to eat.
μὴ[surely not]interrogative negative (expects 'no')μή: a question expecting 'no' — 'God isn't merely concerned about oxen, is he?'
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
βοῶνoxenGenitivegenitive of concern (with μέλει)βοῦς: 'ox'; the impersonal μέλει takes a genitive of the thing cared about.
μέλειis it a concernPres Act Indic 3 Sg · μέλειmain verb (impersonal)→ stative presentμέλει: impersonal 'it is a care/concern' (+ dat. of person, gen. of thing).
τῷtheDativearticle
θεῷto GodDativedat. of interest (the one concerned)θεός: God; the question presses the law's deeper, human-directed intent.
10

ἢ δι' ἡμᾶς πάντως λέγει; δι' ἡμᾶς γὰρ ἐγράφη, ὅτι ὀφείλει ἐπ' ἐλπίδι ὁ ἀροτριῶν ἀροτριᾶν, καὶ ὁ ἀλοῶν ἐπ' ἐλπίδι τοῦ μετέχειν.

Or does he speak entirely for our sake? It was written for our sake, because the plowman ought to plow in hope, and the thresher to thresh in hope of a share.

Application of the textPaul answers his own question: the law's true target is human workers. Plowman and thresher alike labor 'in hope' of sharing the harvest — the principle that grounds the preacher's right to support.
ordisjunctive conjunction
δι'for the sake ofpreposition + accusative (cause/benefit)
ἡμᾶςusAccusativeobject of διά (benefit)
πάντωςentirely/surelyadverb (degree)πάντως: 'altogether, by all means'; 'no doubt for our sake.'
λέγειdoes he speakPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (subject: God/Scripture)→ gnomic present
δι'for the sake ofpreposition + accusative (cause/benefit)
ἡμᾶςusAccusativeobject of διά (benefit)
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
ἐγράφηit was writtenAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · γράφωmain verb→ constative aoristγράφω: 'write'; the aorist looks to the act of inscripturation 'for our sake.'
ὅτιbecause/thatconjunction (causal/explanatory)
ὀφείλειoughtPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ὀφείλωmain verb (with complementary inf.)→ gnomic presentὀφείλω: 'owe, be obligated, ought'; expresses moral fitness.
ἐπ'in/onpreposition + dative (basis/condition)
ἐλπίδιhopeDativedat. (basis: 'in hope')ἐλπίς: 'hope, expectation'; the worker labors expecting a share of the fruit.
the (one)Nominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
ἀροτριῶνwho plowsPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀροτριάωsubstantival participle (subject)→ customary presentἀροτριάω: 'plow'; the plowman, first of the paired field-workers.
ἀροτριᾶνto plowPres Act Inf · ἀροτριάωcomplementary infinitive (of ὀφείλει)→ customary present
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
the (one)Nominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
ἀλοῶνwho threshesPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀλοάωsubstantival participle (subject)→ customary presentἀλοάω: 'thresh'; the second field-worker, echoing the threshing ox of v.9.
ἐπ'inpreposition + dative (basis/condition)
ἐλπίδιhopeDativedat. (basis: 'in hope')
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with articular inf.)
μετέχεινto sharePres Act Inf · μετέχωarticular infinitive (epexegetical: hope of sharing)→ customary presentμετέχω: 'partake, share in' (μετά + ἔχω); the worker's hope is a share in the produce.
11

εἰ ἡμεῖς ὑμῖν τὰ πνευματικὰ ἐσπείραμεν, μέγα εἰ ἡμεῖς ὑμῶν τὰ σαρκικὰ θερίσομεν;

If we have sown spiritual things among you, is it too much if we reap your material things?

Argument from fairnessεἰThe sowing/reaping principle applied directly. Having given the Corinthians the greater gift — spiritual things — it is no overreach to receive from them the lesser, material support.
εἰifconjunction (first-class condition)εἰ: 'if'; a condition assumed true — 'since we sowed.'
ἡμεῖςweNominativesubject (emphatic)
ὑμῖνamong youDativedat. of place/advantage
τὰtheAccusativearticle (substantizes adj.)
πνευματικὰspiritual thingsAccusativedirect object (substantival adj.)πνευματικός: 'spiritual'; the gospel and its gifts — the greater seed Paul sowed.
ἐσπείραμενwe sowedAor Act Indic 1 Pl · σπείρωmain verb (protasis)→ constative aoristσπείρω: 'sow'; the founding ministry pictured as sowing (cf. 3:6).
μέγα[too] muchNominativepredicate nominative (verbless: 'is it a great thing')μέγας: 'great, much'; 'is it too great a thing?' — understating the claim.
εἰifconjunction (introduces the questioned clause)
ἡμεῖςweNominativesubject (emphatic)
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of source/possession
τὰtheAccusativearticle (substantizes adj.)
σαρκικὰmaterial thingsAccusativedirect object (substantival adj.)σαρκικός: 'fleshly, material'; here neutral — bodily/material provision, the lesser harvest.
θερίσομενwe shall reapFut Act Indic 1 Pl · θερίζωmain verb→ predictive futureθερίζω: 'reap, harvest'; the natural return on the spiritual sowing.
12

εἰ ἄλλοι τῆς ὑμῶν ἐξουσίας μετέχουσιν, οὐ μᾶλλον ἡμεῖς; ἀλλ' οὐκ ἐχρησάμεθα τῇ ἐξουσίᾳ ταύτῃ, ἀλλὰ πάντα στέγομεν ἵνα μή τινα ἐγκοπὴν δῶμεν τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ τοῦ Χριστοῦ.

If others share this right over you, do not we even more? Yet we did not make use of this right, but we endure all things so that we may put no obstacle in the way of the gospel of Christ.

Right affirmed, then waivedεἰThe pivot of the chapter. The right is granted at its strongest — Paul has it more than anyone — only to be set aside ('yet we did not use it'). His controlling aim emerges: to place no obstacle before the gospel.
εἰifconjunction (first-class condition)
ἄλλοιothersNominativesubjectἄλλος: 'other'; other teachers/missionaries who accepted Corinthian support.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
ὑμῶνover youGenitiveobjective genitive (the right concerning you)
ἐξουσίαςrightGenitivegenitive object of μετέχουσινἐξουσία: 'right'; μετέχω takes a genitive of the thing shared.
μετέχουσινsharePres Act Indic 3 Pl · μετέχωmain verb (protasis)→ customary presentμετέχω: 'share in, partake of'; others have drawn on this right at Corinth.
οὐnotnegative (in question expecting 'yes')
μᾶλλονmorecomparative adverbμᾶλλον: 'rather, more'; Paul as founder has the prior claim.
ἡμεῖςweNominativesubject (verb 'share' implied)
ἀλλ'yetadversative conjunctionἀλλά: 'but, yet'; the decisive turn from right to renunciation.
οὐκnotnegative particle
ἐχρησάμεθαwe made use ofAor Mid Indic 1 Pl · χράομαιmain verb→ constative aoristχράομαι: 'use, make use of' (+ dat.); Paul declined to exercise the right.
τῇtheDativearticle
ἐξουσίᾳrightDativedat. object of ἐχρησάμεθαἐξουσία: 'right'; χράομαι takes a dative of the thing used.
ταύτῃthisDativedemonstrative adjective
ἀλλὰbutadversative conjunction
πάνταall thingsAccusativedirect object (substantival)πᾶς: 'all'; every hardship of self-support.
στέγομενwe endurePres Act Indic 1 Pl · στέγωmain verb→ customary presentστέγω: 'cover, bear, endure' (cf. 13:7); to put up with hardship rather than burden them.
ἵναso thatconjunction (purpose)
μήnotnegative (with subjunctive)
τιναanyAccusativeindefinite adjectiveτις: 'any, some'; 'any hindrance whatever.'
ἐγκοπὴνhindranceAccusativedirect objectἐγκοπή: 'obstacle, hindrance' (lit. a 'cutting-in,' as breaking up a road); anything that would impede the gospel.
δῶμενwe may giveAor Act Subj 1 Pl · δίδωμιsubjunctive (purpose clause)→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give'; 'give a hindrance' = cause an obstacle.
τῷto theDativearticle
εὐαγγελίῳgospelDativedat. of disadvantage (the obstacle's victim)εὐαγγέλιον: 'gospel, good news'; the supreme concern that governs Paul's renunciation.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
ΧριστοῦChristGenitiveobjective/possessive genitiveΧριστός: 'Christ'; the gospel about and belonging to Christ.
13

οὐκ οἴδατε ὅτι οἱ τὰ ἱερὰ ἐργαζόμενοι τὰ ἐκ τοῦ ἱεροῦ ἐσθίουσιν, οἱ τῷ θυσιαστηρίῳ παρεδρεύοντες τῷ θυσιαστηρίῳ συμμερίζονται;

Do you not know that those who perform the temple services eat of the temple's food, and those who attend the altar share in the altar?

Further proof (the cult)asyndetonA final supporting analogy from the sacrificial cult — recognized across Jewish and pagan practice: those who serve the sanctuary are sustained from it. The right Paul waives is thoroughly established.
οὐκnotnegative (question expecting 'yes')
οἴδατεdo you knowPerf Act Indic 2 Pl · οἶδαmain verb→ perfect with present sense (know)οἶδα: 'know' (perfect with present meaning); 'don't you know?' appeals to shared knowledge.
ὅτιthatconjunction (content clause)
οἱthoseNominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
τὰtheAccusativearticle (substantizes adj.)
ἱερὰsacred thingsAccusativedirect object of ἐργαζόμενοιἱερός: 'sacred'; τὰ ἱερά = the temple rites/sacred duties.
ἐργαζόμενοιwho performPres Mid Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἐργάζομαιsubstantival participle (subject)→ customary presentἐργάζομαι: 'work, perform'; the temple ministers carrying out sacred service.
τὰthe thingsAccusativearticle (substantival, object of ἐσθίουσιν)
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ἱεροῦtempleGenitiveobject of ἐκ (source)ἱερόν: 'temple, sanctuary'; the priests ate the offerings (Lev 6; Num 18).
ἐσθίουσινeatPres Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐσθίωmain verb (content clause)→ gnomic presentἐσθίω: 'eat'; they are fed from the sanctuary they serve.
οἱthoseNominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
τῷtheDativearticle
θυσιαστηρίῳaltarDativedat. complement of παρεδρεύοντεςθυσιαστήριον: 'altar' (LXX/NT word for the sacrificial altar); the place of service.
παρεδρεύοντεςwho attendPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · παρεδρεύωsubstantival participle (subject)→ customary presentπαρεδρεύω: 'sit beside, attend constantly' (παρά + ἕδρα, 'a seat'); of those in regular altar service.
τῷtheDativearticle
θυσιαστηρίῳaltarDativedat. complement of συμμερίζονταιθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; they share in the altar's offerings.
συμμερίζονταιsharePres Mid Indic 3 Pl · συμμερίζομαιmain verb (content clause)→ gnomic presentσυμμερίζομαι: 'share together, have a portion with' (σύν + μερίζω); a share of the sacrifices.
14

οὕτως καὶ ὁ κύριος διέταξεν τοῖς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον καταγγέλλουσιν ἐκ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου ζῆν.

In the same way the Lord commanded that those who proclaim the gospel should live from the gospel.

The Lord's ordinanceοὕτωςThe argument's capstone: not analogy but dominical command. The Lord himself ordained that gospel-preachers should be supported by the gospel (cf. Luke 10:7) — the very right Paul will refuse.
οὕτωςin the same wayadverb (manner; drawing the parallel)οὕτως: 'thus, so'; links the cult precedent to the gospel ministry.
καὶalsoadverbial (ascensive)
theNominativearticle
κύριοςLordNominativesubjectκύριος: 'Lord'; Jesus, whose command outranks every analogy.
διέταξενcommanded/ordainedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · διατάσσωmain verb→ constative aoristδιατάσσω: 'order, prescribe, ordain' (an authoritative arrangement); echoes Jesus' words in Luke 10:7 / Matt 10:10.
τοῖςfor thoseDativesubstantival article (dat. of advantage)
τὸtheAccusativearticle
εὐαγγέλιονgospelAccusativedirect object of καταγγέλλουσινεὐαγγέλιον: 'gospel'; the message proclaimed.
καταγγέλλουσινwho proclaimPres Act Ptc · Dat Pl Masc · καταγγέλλωsubstantival participle (in apposition to τοῖς)→ customary presentκαταγγέλλω: 'proclaim, announce' (κατά intensive); the heralds of the gospel.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
εὐαγγελίουgospelGenitiveobject of ἐκ (source of livelihood)εὐαγγέλιον: 'gospel'; the ministry that should provide the preacher's living.
ζῆνto livePres Act Inf · ζάωinfinitive (content of διέταξεν)→ customary presentζάω: 'live'; here 'derive one's living' — to be supported by the work of the gospel.
15

ἐγὼ δὲ οὐ κέχρημαι οὐδενὶ τούτων. οὐκ ἔγραψα δὲ ταῦτα ἵνα οὕτως γένηται ἐν ἐμοί, καλὸν γάρ μοι μᾶλλον ἀποθανεῖν ἤ — τὸ καύχημά μου οὐδεὶς κενώσει.

But I have made use of none of these things. And I am not writing this so that it might be done in my case, for it would be better for me to die than — no one will empty my boast!

Personal renunciationδὲEmphatic 'I' marks the turn to Paul himself. He has used none of these rights, and writes not to claim them now; the sentence breaks off in feeling — he would die rather than have his boast of free preaching nullified.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)
δὲbutadversative/contrastive conjunctionδέ: 'but, and'; sets Paul's practice over against the right just established.
οὐnotnegative particle
κέχρημαιhave made use ofPerf Mid Indic 1 Sg · χράομαιmain verb→ intensive perfect (settled practice)χράομαι: 'use'; the perfect stresses Paul's consistent, abiding policy of self-support.
οὐδενὶnoneDativedat. object of κέχρημαιοὐδείς: 'no one, none'; not one of these rights has he used.
τούτωνof these thingsGenitivepartitive genitive
οὐκnotnegative particle
ἔγραψαI wroteAor Act Indic 1 Sg · γράφωmain verb (epistolary aorist)→ epistolary aoristγράφω: 'write'; the epistolary aorist — 'I am [not] writing' from the reader's standpoint.
δὲandconnective conjunction
ταῦταthis/these thingsAccusativedirect object
ἵναso thatconjunction (purpose)
οὕτωςthusadverb (manner)οὕτως: 'so, thus'; 'that it be done so in my case' = that support now be given him.
γένηταιit might be doneAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · γίνομαιsubjunctive (purpose clause)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'become, happen, be done'; the disclaimed purpose.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (reference)
ἐμοίmy caseDativedat. of reference (ἐν ἐμοί = 'in my case')
καλὸνgood/betterNominativepredicate nominative (verbless)καλός: 'good, fine'; 'it is good/better for me' (comparative sense with ἤ).
γάρforexplanatory conjunction
μοιfor meDativedat. of advantage/reference
μᾶλλονrathercomparative adverbμᾶλλον: 'rather, more'; reinforces the 'better … than' comparison.
ἀποθανεῖνto dieAor Act Inf · ἀποθνῄσκωsubject infinitive (of καλόν)→ constative aoristἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; the hyperbole of his resolve — death sooner than forfeit his boast.
thancomparative particle (clause breaks off)ἤ: 'than'; the comparison is left unfinished — an emotional anacoluthon.
τὸtheAccusativearticle
καύχημάboast/ground of boastingAccusativedirect object (fronted)καύχημα: 'boast, ground of boasting'; here Paul's pride in preaching free of charge (cf. v.18).
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession
οὐδεὶςno oneNominativesubjectοὐδείς: 'no one'; the broken sentence resolves into a defiant statement.
κενώσειwill emptyFut Act Indic 3 Sg · κενόωmain verb→ predictive futureκενόω: 'empty, make void, deprive of force' (cf. 1:17); no one will hollow out his boast.
16

ἐὰν γὰρ εὐαγγελίζωμαι, οὐκ ἔστιν μοι καύχημα· ἀνάγκη γάρ μοι ἐπίκειται· οὐαὶ γάρ μοί ἐστιν ἐὰν μὴ εὐαγγελίσωμαι.

For if I preach the gospel, that gives me no ground for boasting, for necessity is laid upon me. Woe to me if I do not preach the gospel!

Preaching is no boastγάρWhy preaching as such is no boast: it is compelled. A necessity presses on Paul; not to preach would bring woe. Boasting can lie only in the manner of his preaching, not the bare fact.
ἐὰνifconjunction (third-class condition)ἐάν: 'if'; with subjunctive, a general/hypothetical condition.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
εὐαγγελίζωμαιI preach the gospelPres Mid Subj 1 Sg · εὐαγγελίζωverb of protasis→ customary presentεὐαγγελίζομαι: 'announce good news, preach the gospel'; Paul's defining activity.
οὐκnotnegative particle
ἔστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (apodosis)→ stative present
μοιto meDativedat. of possession
καύχημαground of boastingNominativesubjectκαύχημα: 'boast, ground for boasting'; mere preaching gives him none, since it is not optional.
ἀνάγκηnecessityNominativesubjectἀνάγκη: 'necessity, compulsion'; a constraint laid on him by his calling (cf. Jer 20:9).
γάρforexplanatory conjunction
μοιon meDativedat. of disadvantage/reference
ἐπίκειταιis laid uponPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐπίκειμαιmain verb→ stative presentἐπίκειμαι: 'lie upon, press upon' (ἐπί + κεῖμαι); the compulsion weighs on him.
οὐαὶwoeinterjection (of distress)οὐαί: 'woe!'; a prophetic cry of dread — disaster were he to fall silent.
γάρforexplanatory conjunction
μοίto meDativedat. of disadvantage
ἐστινit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb→ stative present
ἐὰνifconjunction (third-class condition)
μὴnotnegative (with subjunctive)
εὐαγγελίσωμαιI preach the gospelAor Mid Subj 1 Sg · εὐαγγελίζωverb of protasis→ constative aoristεὐαγγελίζομαι: 'preach the gospel'; the aorist views the act as a whole — to fail to do it at all.
17

εἰ γὰρ ἑκὼν τοῦτο πράσσω, μισθὸν ἔχω· εἰ δὲ ἄκων, οἰκονομίαν πεπίστευμαι.

For if I do this willingly, I have a reward; but if unwillingly, I am still entrusted with a stewardship.

Willing vs. unwillingγάρA two-branch explanation of the compulsion. Voluntary service earns a reward; even reluctant service remains a commissioned stewardship — Paul cannot escape the trust, only choose the spirit in which he discharges it.
εἰifconjunction (first-class condition)
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
ἑκὼνwillinglyNominativeadjective used adverbially (predicative)ἑκών: 'willing, of one's own accord'; voluntary action that could merit reward.
τοῦτοthisAccusativedirect object
πράσσωI doPres Act Indic 1 Sg · πράσσωverb of protasis→ customary presentπράσσω: 'do, practice'; the doing of his ministry.
μισθὸνa rewardAccusativedirect objectμισθός: 'wage, reward'; what voluntary service earns (cf. v.18).
ἔχωI havePres Act Indic 1 Sg · ἔχωmain verb (apodosis)→ stative present
εἰifconjunction (condition)
δὲbutadversative conjunction
ἄκωνunwillinglyNominativeadjective used adverbially (predicative)ἄκων: 'unwilling, against one's will' (ἀ- + ἑκών); the contrasting case.
οἰκονομίανa stewardshipAccusativedirect object (retained acc. with pass.)οἰκονομία: 'stewardship, management of a household' (cf. 4:1–2); a trust he must administer regardless.
πεπίστευμαιI am entrustedPerf Pass Indic 1 Sg · πιστεύωmain verb (apodosis)→ intensive perfect (abiding trust)πιστεύω (pass.): 'be entrusted with'; the perfect marks a commission still in force.
18

τίς οὖν μού ἐστιν ὁ μισθός; ἵνα εὐαγγελιζόμενος ἀδάπανον θήσω τὸ εὐαγγέλιον, εἰς τὸ μὴ καταχρήσασθαι τῇ ἐξουσίᾳ μου ἐν τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ.

What then is my reward? That in my preaching I may offer the gospel free of charge, so as not to make full use of my right in the gospel.

Paul's true rewardοὖνThe resolution: Paul's 'reward' is the very act of self-denial — to preach without pay, declining the right he has so thoroughly established. The free gospel is itself his recompense and his boast.
τίςwhatNominativeinterrogative pronoun (predicate)
οὖνtheninferential conjunctionοὖν: 'therefore, then'; draws the question from vv.16–17.
μούmyGenitivegenitive of possession
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative present
theNominativearticle
μισθόςrewardNominativesubjectμισθός: 'wage, reward'; redefined paradoxically as the privilege of receiving none.
ἵναthatconjunction (epexegetic: defining the reward)ἵνα: here introducing the content of the reward, not strict purpose.
εὐαγγελιζόμενοςin preachingPres Mid Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · εὐαγγελίζωadverbial ptc. (temporal/circumstantial)→ progressive presentεὐαγγελίζομαι: 'preach the gospel'; the activity in which the free offer is made.
ἀδάπανονfree of chargeAccusativepredicate accusative (object complement of θήσω)ἀδάπανος: 'without expense, free of charge' (ἀ- + δαπάνη, 'cost'); the gospel offered at no cost to hearers.
θήσωI may make/offerAor Act Subj 1 Sg · τίθημιsubjunctive (ἵνα clause)→ constative aoristτίθημι: 'place, set, render'; 'set the gospel forth as free of charge.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle
εὐαγγέλιονgospelAccusativedirect object
εἰςso aspreposition + articular inf. (purpose/result)εἰς τό + inf.: a purpose/result construction — 'so as to.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with articular inf.)
μὴnotnegative (with infinitive)
καταχρήσασθαιto make full use ofAor Mid Inf · καταχράομαιarticular infinitive (purpose)→ constative aoristκαταχράομαι: 'use fully, use up' (κατά intensive of χράομαι); to press one's right to the limit (cf. 7:31).
τῇtheDativearticle
ἐξουσίᾳrightDativedat. object of καταχρήσασθαιἐξουσία: 'right'; the right to support, here deliberately not pressed.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
τῷtheDativearticle
εὐαγγελίῳgospelDativedat. of sphereεὐαγγέλιον: 'gospel'; the sphere within which the unused right belongs.
19

Ἐλεύθερος γὰρ ὢν ἐκ πάντων πᾶσιν ἐμαυτὸν ἐδούλωσα, ἵνα τοὺς πλείονας κερδήσω·

For though I am free from all, I have made myself a slave to all, that I might win the more.

Free yet enslaved to allγάρPaul universalizes the self-limitation into a missionary principle. Freedom (the chapter's opening claim, v.1) is voluntarily surrendered into slavery to all — the paradox that drives evangelistic accommodation, aimed at winning the greatest number.
ἘλεύθεροςfreeNominativepredicate adjective (with ptc. ὤν)ἐλεύθερος: 'free'; echoes v.1 — the freedom now freely renounced.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
ὢνbeing/though I amPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · εἰμίconcessive participle→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be'; the concessive participle — 'though being free.'
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (separation)
πάντωνallGenitiveobject of ἐκ (separation; 'from all people')πᾶς: 'all'; free in relation to everyone — beholden to none for support.
πᾶσινto allDativedat. (indirect object / advantage)πᾶς: 'all'; the comprehensive scope of his self-enslavement.
ἐμαυτὸνmyselfAccusativedirect object (reflexive)ἐμαυτοῦ: 'myself'; the reflexive underscores his deliberate self-subjection.
ἐδούλωσαI enslavedAor Act Indic 1 Sg · δουλόωmain verb→ constative aoristδουλόω: 'enslave, make a slave'; the startling antonym to ἐλεύθερος — freedom spent as servitude.
ἵναthatconjunction (purpose)
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
πλείοναςmoreAccusativedirect object (comparative adj.)πλείων: 'more, the greater number'; the aim — to win as many as possible.
κερδήσωI might winAor Act Subj 1 Sg · κερδαίνωsubjunctive (purpose clause)→ constative aoristκερδαίνω: 'gain, win'; a commercial term repurposed for evangelism — to 'gain' converts (repeated in vv.20–22).
20

καὶ ἐγενόμην τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις ὡς Ἰουδαῖος, ἵνα Ἰουδαίους κερδήσω· τοῖς ὑπὸ νόμον ὡς ὑπὸ νόμον, μὴ ὢν αὐτὸς ὑπὸ νόμον, ἵνα τοὺς ὑπὸ νόμον κερδήσω·

And to the Jews I became as a Jew, that I might win Jews; to those under the law as under the law (though not myself being under the law), that I might win those under the law.

Accommodation: Jews / under lawκαὶThe first two applications of the principle. Among Jews and those bound to Torah, Paul accommodates their scruples — yet his careful parenthesis guards his own freedom: the accommodation is strategic love, not a change of standing before God.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐγενόμηνI becameAor Mid Indic 1 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'become'; Paul adapted his manner of life to each group.
τοῖςto theDativedat. of reference/advantage
ἸουδαίοιςJewsDativedat. of referenceἸουδαῖος: 'Jew'; the first mission group.
ὡςascomparative conjunction (manner)
Ἰουδαῖοςa JewNominativepredicate nominative (with implied 'I')Ἰουδαῖος: 'Jew'; Paul keeps Jewish custom to gain a hearing (cf. Acts 21:26).
ἵναthatconjunction (purpose)
ἸουδαίουςJewsAccusativedirect object
κερδήσωI might winAor Act Subj 1 Sg · κερδαίνωsubjunctive (purpose clause)→ constative aorist
τοῖςto thoseDativesubstantival article (dat. of reference)
ὑπὸunderpreposition + accusative (subjection)
νόμονlawAccusativeobject of ὑπόνόμος: 'law'; 'those under law' — those who live by the Mosaic Torah.
ὡςascomparative conjunction (manner)
ὑπὸunderpreposition + accusative (subjection)
νόμονlawAccusativeobject of ὑπό
μὴnotnegative (with participle)
ὢνbeingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · εἰμίconcessive participle (parenthesis)→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be'; 'though not myself being under law' — Paul guards his freedom from Torah.
αὐτὸςmyselfNominativeintensive pronoun (emphatic)αὐτός: here intensive — 'I myself,' stressing his own position.
ὑπὸunderpreposition + accusative (subjection)
νόμονlawAccusativeobject of ὑπό
ἵναthatconjunction (purpose)
τοὺςthoseAccusativesubstantival article
ὑπὸunderpreposition + accusative (subjection)
νόμονlawAccusativeobject of ὑπό
κερδήσωI might winAor Act Subj 1 Sg · κερδαίνωsubjunctive (purpose clause)→ constative aorist
21

τοῖς ἀνόμοις ὡς ἄνομος, μὴ ὢν ἄνομος θεοῦ ἀλλ' ἔννομος Χριστοῦ, ἵνα κερδάνω τοὺς ἀνόμους·

to those without the law as without law (though not being without God's law but within the law of Christ), that I might win those without the law;

Accommodation: those without the lawasyndetonThe third application, to Gentiles outside Torah. Again a guarded parenthesis: Paul is not lawless before God but bound by 'the law of Christ' — freedom is not antinomianism but a higher allegiance.
τοῖςto thoseDativesubstantival article (dat. of reference)
ἀνόμοιςwithout the lawDativesubstantival adjectiveἄνομος: 'without law, lawless' (ἀ- + νόμος); here Gentiles who lack the Mosaic Law, not 'wicked.'
ὡςascomparative conjunction (manner)
ἄνομοςwithout lawNominativepredicate nominative (with implied 'I')ἄνομος: 'without law'; Paul lived free of Torah custom among Gentiles.
μὴnotnegative (with participle)
ὢνbeingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · εἰμίconcessive participle (parenthesis)→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be'; 'though not being lawless toward God.'
ἄνομοςwithout lawNominativepredicate nominativeἄνομος: 'without law'; he is not in fact lawless before God.
θεοῦof GodGenitiveobjective/relational genitive ('toward God')θεός: God; 'lawless with respect to God' — a relation he denies of himself.
ἀλλ'butadversative conjunction
ἔννομοςwithin the lawNominativepredicate nominativeἔννομος: 'in/under law, subject to law' (ἐν + νόμος); bound to Christ's law, not lawless.
Χριστοῦof ChristGenitivegenitive (relation: 'within Christ's law')Χριστός: 'Christ'; 'the law of Christ' (cf. Gal 6:2) — the rule of love that governs his freedom.
ἵναthatconjunction (purpose)
κερδάνωI might winAor Act Subj 1 Sg · κερδαίνωsubjunctive (purpose clause)→ constative aoristκερδαίνω: 'gain, win'; an alternate aorist subjunctive form (κερδάνω) of the same verb.
τοὺςthoseAccusativesubstantival article
ἀνόμουςwithout the lawAccusativedirect object (substantival adj.)ἄνομος: 'without law'; the Gentiles to be won.
22

ἐγενόμην τοῖς ἀσθενέσιν ἀσθενής, ἵνα τοὺς ἀσθενεῖς κερδήσω· τοῖς πᾶσιν γέγονα πάντα, ἵνα πάντως τινὰς σώσω.

To the weak I became weak, that I might win the weak. I have become all things to all people, that by all means I might save some.

Accommodation summarizedasyndetonThe series climaxes. To the 'weak' (the scrupulous of ch. 8) Paul made himself weak; comprehensively, he became 'all things to all' — the maxim of his ministry, governed by the saving purpose: 'that by all means I might save some.'
ἐγενόμηνI becameAor Mid Indic 1 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'become'; he identified with the weak.
τοῖςto theDativedat. of reference/advantage
ἀσθενέσινweakDativesubstantival adjectiveἀσθενής: 'weak, without strength'; the tender-conscienced believers of ch. 8 (cf. 8:9–12).
ἀσθενήςweakNominativepredicate nominative (with implied 'I')ἀσθενής: 'weak'; Paul forwent his own liberty for their sake.
ἵναthatconjunction (purpose)
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
ἀσθενεῖςweakAccusativedirect object (substantival adj.)
κερδήσωI might winAor Act Subj 1 Sg · κερδαίνωsubjunctive (purpose clause)→ constative aorist
τοῖςto theDativedat. of reference/advantage
πᾶσινallDativesubstantival adjectiveπᾶς: 'all'; people of every kind.
γέγοναI have becomePerf Act Indic 1 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb→ intensive perfect (settled pattern)γίνομαι: 'become'; the perfect marks the abiding character of his policy.
πάνταall thingsAccusativepredicate accusative (substantival)πᾶς: 'all'; the famous 'all things to all people.'
ἵναthatconjunction (purpose)
πάντωςby all meansadverb (degree/manner)πάντως: 'by all means, certainly'; wordplay on πάντα/πᾶσιν — 'all things … by all means.'
τινὰςsomeAccusativedirect object (indefinite pronoun)τις: 'some'; realistic restraint — not all, but at least some.
σώσωI might saveAor Act Subj 1 Sg · σῴζωsubjunctive (purpose clause)→ constative aoristσῴζω: 'save, rescue'; the deepest aim — beyond merely 'winning,' the eternal salvation of hearers.
23

πάντα δὲ ποιῶ διὰ τὸ εὐαγγέλιον, ἵνα συγκοινωνὸς αὐτοῦ γένωμαι.

And I do all things for the sake of the gospel, that I may share in it.

Governing motiveδὲThe summarizing motive of vv.19–22: everything is done for the gospel's sake, so that Paul himself may be a partaker of it — his self-denial is not loss but a way of sharing in the gospel's blessing.
πάνταall thingsAccusativedirect object (substantival)πᾶς: 'all'; sums up the whole accommodation strategy.
δὲandconnective conjunction
ποιῶI doPres Act Indic 1 Sg · ποιέωmain verb→ customary presentποιέω: 'do, make'; his habitual practice.
διὰfor the sake ofpreposition + accusative (cause/purpose)
τὸtheAccusativearticle
εὐαγγέλιονgospelAccusativeobject of διά (cause)εὐαγγέλιον: 'gospel'; the all-controlling end (cf. v.12).
ἵναthatconjunction (purpose)
συγκοινωνὸςa fellow-sharerNominativepredicate nominativeσυγκοινωνός: 'partner, joint-sharer' (σύν + κοινωνός); Paul wants a share in the gospel's saving blessing.
αὐτοῦin itGenitivegenitive (object of sharing)
γένωμαιI may becomeAor Mid Subj 1 Sg · γίνομαιsubjunctive (purpose clause)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'become'; to come to share fully in the gospel.
24

Οὐκ οἴδατε ὅτι οἱ ἐν σταδίῳ τρέχοντες πάντες μὲν τρέχουσιν, εἷς δὲ λαμβάνει τὸ βραβεῖον; οὕτως τρέχετε ἵνα καταλάβητε.

Do you not know that those who run in a stadium all run, but one receives the prize? So run that you may obtain it.

Athletic exhortationasyndetonA shift to the games (familiar from the Isthmian contests near Corinth). The runners' single-minded effort becomes a summons to the readers: run to win — self-discipline, not mere participation, secures the prize.
Οὐκnotnegative (question expecting 'yes')
οἴδατεdo you knowPerf Act Indic 2 Pl · οἶδαmain verb→ perfect with present sense (know)οἶδα: 'know'; another appeal to shared knowledge (cf. v.13).
ὅτιthatconjunction (content clause)
οἱthoseNominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
σταδίῳa stadiumDativedat. of placeστάδιον: 'stadium, racecourse'; the arena of the foot-race.
τρέχοντεςwho runPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · τρέχωsubstantival participle (subject)→ progressive presentτρέχω: 'run'; the competitors in the race.
πάντεςallNominativesubject (adjective in apposition)πᾶς: 'all'; every runner competes.
μὲνindeedparticle (μέν … δέ)μέν: correlative with δέ — 'on the one hand … on the other.'
τρέχουσινrunPres Act Indic 3 Pl · τρέχωmain verb (content clause)→ gnomic present
εἷςoneNominativesubject (numeral)εἷς: 'one'; only the single victor takes the prize.
δὲbutadversative particle (δέ)
λαμβάνειreceivesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb→ gnomic presentλαμβάνω: 'take, receive'; only one claims the award.
τὸtheAccusativearticle
βραβεῖονprizeAccusativedirect objectβραβεῖον: 'prize, award' (given by the βραβεύς, the umpire; cf. Phil 3:14); the victor's reward.
οὕτωςsoadverb (manner)οὕτως: 'thus, so'; 'run in such a way as to win.'
τρέχετεrunPres Act Impv 2 Pl · τρέχωimperative (exhortation)→ customary present (general command)τρέχω: 'run'; the imperative turns the image on the readers.
ἵναthatconjunction (purpose)
καταλάβητεyou may obtainAor Act Subj 2 Pl · καταλαμβάνωsubjunctive (purpose clause)→ constative aoristκαταλαμβάνω: 'seize, attain' (κατά + λαμβάνω); to grasp the prize (cf. Phil 3:12).
25

πᾶς δὲ ὁ ἀγωνιζόμενος πάντα ἐγκρατεύεται, ἐκεῖνοι μὲν οὖν ἵνα φθαρτὸν στέφανον λάβωσιν, ἡμεῖς δὲ ἄφθαρτον.

Everyone who competes exercises self-control in all things. They do it to receive a perishable wreath, but we an imperishable one.

The athlete's self-controlδὲThe point of the image: rigorous self-control. The contrast of prizes — a fading wreath versus an imperishable crown — raises the stakes infinitely higher for the believer than for the games.
πᾶςeveryoneNominativesubject (adjective, substantival)πᾶς: 'every, all'; every serious competitor.
δὲandconnective conjunction
the (one)Nominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
ἀγωνιζόμενοςwho competesPres Mid Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀγωνίζομαιsubstantival participle (with πᾶς)→ customary presentἀγωνίζομαι: 'contend, compete' (cf. 'agony'); of athletic exertion in the games.
πάνταin all thingsAccusativeaccusative of respect/referenceπᾶς: 'all'; self-control extending to everything.
ἐγκρατεύεταιexercises self-controlPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐγκρατεύομαιmain verb→ gnomic presentἐγκρατεύομαι: 'be self-controlled, exercise restraint' (cf. 7:9); the athlete's strict training discipline.
ἐκεῖνοιtheyNominativesubject (demonstrative pronoun)ἐκεῖνος: 'that one, those'; the athletes, in contrast to 'we.'
μὲνindeedparticle (μέν … δέ)
οὖνtheninferential particle
ἵναthatconjunction (purpose)
φθαρτὸνperishableAccusativeattributive adjectiveφθαρτός: 'perishable, corruptible' (cf. 15:53–54); the withering pine or celery wreath of the games.
στέφανονwreath/crownAccusativedirect objectστέφανος: 'wreath, victor's crown' (not the royal διάδημα); the garland awarded the winner.
λάβωσινthey may receiveAor Act Subj 3 Pl · λαμβάνωsubjunctive (purpose clause)→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: 'receive'; the athletes' aim — a fading prize.
ἡμεῖςweNominativesubject (emphatic; verb implied)
δὲbutadversative conjunction
ἄφθαρτονimperishableAccusativeattributive adjective ('crown' implied)ἄφθαρτος: 'imperishable, incorruptible' (ἀ- + φθαρτός); the eternal crown that does not wither (cf. 1 Pet 5:4).
26

ἐγὼ τοίνυν οὕτως τρέχω ὡς οὐκ ἀδήλως, οὕτως πυκτεύω ὡς οὐκ ἀέρα δέρων·

So I myself run in this way, not aimlessly; I box in this way, not as one beating the air.

Paul's own disciplineτοίνυνPaul applies the image to himself with two metaphors — running and boxing — both purposeful, not random. His ministry is deliberate, directed effort, not shadow-sparring.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)
τοίνυνso/thereforeinferential particleτοίνυν: 'accordingly, therefore'; draws the personal conclusion.
οὕτωςin this wayadverb (manner)οὕτως: 'so, thus'; 'I run thus — namely, not aimlessly.'
τρέχωI runPres Act Indic 1 Sg · τρέχωmain verb→ customary presentτρέχω: 'run'; resuming the race image of his own ministry.
ὡςascomparative conjunction
οὐκnotnegative particle
ἀδήλωςaimlesslyadverb (manner)ἀδήλως: 'uncertainly, without a clear goal' (ἀ- + δῆλος, 'clear'); not running without direction.
οὕτωςin this wayadverb (manner)
πυκτεύωI boxPres Act Indic 1 Sg · πυκτεύωmain verb→ customary presentπυκτεύω: 'box, fight with fists' (from πύξ, 'with the fist'); the second athletic image.
ὡςascomparative conjunction
οὐκnotnegative particle
ἀέραairAccusativedirect object of δέρωνἀήρ: 'air'; 'beating the air' = landing no blows — wasted, missed effort.
δέρωνbeatingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · δέρωadverbial ptc. (manner; 'as one beating')→ progressive presentδέρω: 'beat, strike, flay'; the boxer who only flails — Paul does not.
27

ἀλλὰ ὑπωπιάζω μου τὸ σῶμα καὶ δουλαγωγῶ, μή πως ἄλλοις κηρύξας αὐτὸς ἀδόκιμος γένωμαι.

But I discipline my body and bring it into subjection, lest after preaching to others I myself should be disqualified.

Self-discipline & its stakeἀλλὰThe chapter's sober conclusion. Paul subdues his own body like a defeated opponent, lest the herald himself be ruled out of the contest. The freedom he so prized (v.1) is mastered by strenuous self-discipline — the example he sets before the self-indulgent 'strong.'
ἀλλὰbutadversative conjunctionἀλλά: 'but'; the positive counterpart to the negatives of v.26.
ὑπωπιάζωI discipline/buffetPres Act Indic 1 Sg · ὑπωπιάζωmain verb→ customary presentὑπωπιάζω: lit. 'strike under the eye, give a black eye' (ὑπώπιον, the area below the eye); a boxing term — Paul pummels his body into submission.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession
τὸtheAccusativearticle
σῶμαbodyAccusativedirect objectσῶμα: 'body'; not denigrated, but its appetites mastered for the gospel's sake.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
δουλαγωγῶbring into subjectionPres Act Indic 1 Sg · δουλαγωγέωmain verb→ customary presentδουλαγωγέω: 'lead into slavery, enslave' (δοῦλος + ἄγω); echoes ἐμαυτὸν ἐδούλωσα (v.19) — he masters his body as a slave.
μήlestconjunction (negative purpose/fear)
πωςsomehowparticle (with μή: 'lest somehow')πως: 'somehow'; μή πως = 'lest in any way.'
ἄλλοιςto othersDativedat. of indirect object (of κηρύξας)ἄλλος: 'other'; those to whom he has preached.
κηρύξαςhaving preachedAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · κηρύσσωadverbial ptc. (temporal/concessive)→ antecedent aoristκηρύσσω: 'proclaim as a herald' (κῆρυξ, 'herald'); aptly, the herald of the games who is himself disqualified.
αὐτὸςmyselfNominativeintensive pronoun (emphatic)αὐτός: intensive — 'I myself,' the dread of the preacher's own failure.
ἀδόκιμοςdisqualifiedNominativepredicate nominativeἀδόκιμος: 'failing the test, disqualified, rejected' (ἀ- + δόκιμος, 'approved'); like an athlete ruled out by the judges.
γένωμαιI should becomeAor Mid Subj 1 Sg · γίνομαιsubjunctive (negative purpose clause)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'become'; the feared outcome guarded against by self-discipline.