Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The First Epistle to the Thessalonians, Chapter 2ΠΡΟΣ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΙΣ Α′ Β′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

1

Αὐτοὶ γὰρ οἴδατε, ἀδελφοί, τὴν εἴσοδον ἡμῶν τὴν πρὸς ὑμᾶς ὅτι οὐ κενὴ γέγονεν,

For you yourselves know, brothers, our coming to you, that it has not been in vain,

Ground / appeal to knowledgeγάργάρ links back to 1:9 and grounds the defense of his ministry in the readers' own firsthand knowledge — the emphatic αὐτοί ('you yourselves') makes them the witnesses.
ΑὐτοὶyourselvesNominativeintensive pronoun (with implied subject of οἴδατε)αὐτός: here intensive, 'you yourselves' — emphatic, casting the readers as eyewitnesses of Paul's conduct.
γὰρforexplanatory/causal conjunction
οἴδατεyou knowPerf Act Indic 2 Pl · οἶδαmain verb→ intensive perfect (present force: 'you know')οἶδα: 'know' (perfect with present meaning); settled, possessed knowledge — a recurring appeal in this chapter (vv.1, 2, 5, 11).
ἀδελφοίbrothersVocativevocative of direct addressἀδελφός: 'brother'; the affectionate family address marks the warm tone of the whole chapter.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
εἴσοδονcoming/entranceAccusativedirect object (proleptic, resumed by ὅτι-clause)εἴσοδος: 'entrance, coming in' (εἰς + ὁδός); the apostles' arrival and reception at Thessalonica (cf. 1:9).
ἡμῶνourGenitivepossessive/subjective genitive
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (attributive, repeated)
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeobject of πρός
ὅτιthatconjunction (content clause, epexegetic of εἴσοδον)
οὐnotnegative particle
κενὴempty/in vainNominativepredicate nominative (of γέγονεν)κενός: 'empty, hollow, without result'; the visit was not fruitless or hollow in content — it bore lasting effect.
γέγονενit has beenPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (ὅτι clause)→ intensive perfect (abiding result)γίνομαι: 'become, come to be, prove'; the perfect stresses the visit's enduring, demonstrable outcome.
2

ἀλλὰ προπαθόντες καὶ ὑβρισθέντες, καθὼς οἴδατε, ἐν Φιλίπποις, ἐπαρρησιασάμεθα ἐν τῷ θεῷ ἡμῶν λαλῆσαι πρὸς ὑμᾶς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τοῦ θεοῦ ἐν πολλῷ ἀγῶνι.

but though we had already suffered and been outrageously treated, as you know, at Philippi, we took courage in our God to speak to you the gospel of God amid much conflict.

Contrast (positive counterpart)ἀλλὰἀλλά answers the negated κενή of v.1: far from empty, the visit came at cost — prior suffering at Philippi overcome by God-given boldness.
ἀλλὰbutadversative conjunction
προπαθόντεςhaving already sufferedAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · προπάσχωconcessive participle ('though we had suffered')→ antecedent aoristπροπάσχω: 'suffer beforehand' (προ- + πάσχω); a NT hapax — the prior mistreatment at Philippi (Acts 16:22–24).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὑβρισθέντεςhaving been outragedAor Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ὑβρίζωconcessive participle (coordinate)→ antecedent aoristὑβρίζω: 'treat insolently, outrage, mistreat'; connotes shameful, insulting violence — apt for the public beating of Roman citizens uncondemned.
καθὼςascomparative conjunction
οἴδατεyou knowPerf Act Indic 2 Pl · οἶδαverb (parenthetical appeal)→ intensive perfect (present force)
ἐνatpreposition + dative (place)
ΦιλίπποιςPhilippiDativedative of placeΦίλιπποι: Philippi, the Macedonian colony where Paul and Silas were beaten and jailed (Acts 16) shortly before reaching Thessalonica.
ἐπαρρησιασάμεθαwe took courage / spoke boldlyAor Mid Indic 1 Pl · παρρησιάζομαιmain verb→ ingressive aorist (entering into boldness)παρρησιάζομαι: 'speak freely/boldly, be courageous'; from παρρησία ('frankness, boldness') — outspoken confidence despite danger.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere/source of boldness)
τῷtheDativearticle
θεῷGodDativedative of sphere (the ground of the boldness)θεός: God; the boldness was not self-confidence but rested 'in our God' — divinely enabled.
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of relationship
λαλῆσαιto speakAor Act Inf · λαλέωcomplementary/epexegetical infinitive (of ἐπαρρησιασάμεθα)→ constative aoristλαλέω: 'speak, utter'; the content of the boldness — proclaiming the gospel openly.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeobject of πρός
τὸtheAccusativearticle
εὐαγγέλιονgospelAccusativedirect object of λαλῆσαιεὐαγγέλιον: 'good news, gospel'; the message proclaimed — its divine origin stressed by the following genitive.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive of source/authorθεός: the gospel's author — 'the gospel of God,' a refrain in vv.2, 8, 9.
ἐνamidpreposition + dative (attendant circumstance)
πολλῷmuchDativeattributive adjective
ἀγῶνιconflict/struggleDativedative of attendant circumstanceἀγών: 'contest, struggle' (athletic/military imagery); the opposition and strain accompanying the Thessalonian mission (Acts 17:5–9).
3

ἡ γὰρ παράκλησις ἡμῶν οὐκ ἐκ πλάνης οὐδὲ ἐξ ἀκαθαρσίας οὐδὲ ἐν δόλῳ,

For our appeal does not spring from error, nor from impurity, nor in deceit,

Ground (defense of motive)γάργάρ grounds the boldness in the purity of its source: a threefold denial — not error (false belief), nor impurity (unclean motive), nor guile (manipulative method).
theNominativearticle
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
παράκλησιςappeal/exhortationNominativesubject (predicate construction; copula implied)παράκλησις: 'appeal, exhortation, encouragement' (from παρακαλέω); the persuasive summons of Paul's preaching.
ἡμῶνourGenitivesubjective/possessive genitive
οὐκnotnegative particle
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)
πλάνηςerrorGenitiveobject of ἐκ (source denied)πλάνη: 'wandering, error, delusion'; here the source — the message is not rooted in deception or self-delusion.
οὐδὲnornegative coordinating conjunction
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (source)
ἀκαθαρσίαςimpurityGenitiveobject of ἐξ (source denied)ἀκαθαρσία: 'uncleanness, impurity'; here moral/motivational impurity — no sordid or sensual ulterior aim.
οὐδὲnornegative coordinating conjunction
ἐνinpreposition + dative (manner/means)
δόλῳdeceit/guileDativedative of manner (method denied)δόλος: 'deceit, treachery, bait' (originally a fisherman's lure); the manipulative method Paul disclaims.
4

ἀλλὰ καθὼς δεδοκιμάσμεθα ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ πιστευθῆναι τὸ εὐαγγέλιον οὕτως λαλοῦμεν, οὐχ ὡς ἀνθρώποις ἀρέσκοντες ἀλλὰ θεῷ τῷ δοκιμάζοντι τὰς καρδίας ἡμῶν.

but just as we have been approved by God to be entrusted with the gospel, so we speak, not as pleasing men but God, who tests our hearts.

Contrast (positive ground)ἀλλὰἀλλά answers the negations of v.3 with the true ground: divine approval. The καθὼς … οὕτως structure ties the manner of speaking to God's prior testing.
ἀλλὰbutadversative conjunction
καθὼςjust ascomparative conjunction (correlative w/ οὕτως)
δεδοκιμάσμεθαwe have been approvedPerf Pass Indic 1 Pl · δοκιμάζωverb (comparative clause)→ intensive perfect (settled, abiding approval)δοκιμάζω: 'test, examine, and so approve'; the perfect denotes an approval given and standing — the metallurgist's testing that proves genuine.
ὑπὸbypreposition + genitive (agency)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive of agency
πιστευθῆναιto be entrusted withAor Pass Inf · πιστεύωinfinitive of result/purpose (of approval)→ constative aoristπιστεύω (pass.): 'be entrusted with'; the passive takes the thing entrusted (τὸ εὐαγγέλιον) as a retained accusative — they were made stewards of the gospel.
τὸtheAccusativearticle
εὐαγγέλιονgospelAccusativeretained accusative (of πιστευθῆναι)εὐαγγέλιον: the trust committed to them — a sacred deposit, not their own possession.
οὕτωςsoadverb (correlative w/ καθώς)
λαλοῦμενwe speakPres Act Indic 1 Pl · λαλέωmain verb→ customary presentλαλέω: 'speak'; the present marks the ongoing, habitual character of their preaching.
οὐχnotnegative particle
ὡςascomparative particle (manner)
ἀνθρώποιςmenDativedative complement of ἀρέσκοντεςἄνθρωπος: 'human being, person'; the false audience whose approval is not sought.
ἀρέσκοντεςpleasingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀρέσκωadverbial participle (manner)→ present (ongoing aim)ἀρέσκω: 'please, accommodate'; to be 'men-pleasers' is the courtier's vice Paul disowns (cf. Gal 1:10).
ἀλλὰbutadversative conjunction
θεῷGodDativedative complement (of implied ἀρέσκοντες)θεός: the true audience — Paul preaches to please God, the one searcher of motives.
τῷthe (one)Dativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
δοκιμάζοντιwho testsPres Act Ptc · Dat Sg Masc · δοκιμάζωattributive participle (modifies θεῷ)→ gnomic/customary presentδοκιμάζω: 'test, scrutinize'; the same root as v.4a — the God who approves is the God who continually examines the heart.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
καρδίαςheartsAccusativedirect object of δοκιμάζοντικαρδία: 'heart'; the Hebraic seat of will, thought, and motive — the inner self God alone reads (cf. Jer 11:20).
ἡμῶνourGenitivepossessive genitive
5

οὔτε γάρ ποτε ἐν λόγῳ κολακείας ἐγενήθημεν, καθὼς οἴδατε, οὔτε ἐν προφάσει πλεονεξίας, θεὸς μάρτυς,

For neither at any time did we come with a word of flattery, as you know, nor with a pretext for greed — God is witness —

Ground (corroboration)γάργάρ substantiates the God-pleasing claim of v.4 by two further denials (οὔτε … οὔτε): no flattering speech (toward them), no covetous pretext (toward gain), sealed by an appeal to God as witness.
οὔτεneithernegative correlative conjunction
γάρforexplanatory conjunction
ποτεever / at any timetemporal particle (indefinite)ποτέ: 'at some time, ever'; with the negative, 'never at any time' — comprehensive denial.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (manner)
λόγῳword/speechDativedative of mannerλόγος: 'word, speech'; here the manner of address — the verbal medium that could carry flattery.
κολακείαςof flatteryGenitiveattributive/descriptive genitiveκολακεία: 'flattery, fawning' (NT hapax); ingratiating speech aimed to manipulate — the demagogue's tool.
ἐγενήθημενwe came / proved to beAor Pass Indic 1 Pl · γίνομαιmain verb→ constative aoristγίνομαι (aor. pass. dep.): 'become, prove to be, behave'; of conduct shown during the visit — 'we never proved to be flatterers.'
καθὼςascomparative conjunction
οἴδατεyou knowPerf Act Indic 2 Pl · οἶδαverb (parenthetical appeal)→ intensive perfect (present force)
οὔτεnornegative correlative conjunction
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (manner)
προφάσειpretextDativedative of mannerπρόφασις: 'pretext, cloak, false motive'; a plausible front masking the real aim — here masking greed.
πλεονεξίαςof greedGenitiveobjective/descriptive genitive (the thing cloaked)πλεονεξία: 'greed, covetousness' (lit. 'wanting more'); grasping self-interest — the charge often leveled at itinerant teachers.
θεὸςGodNominativesubject (nominative; verbless oath clause)θεός: invoked as witness; the verbless clause 'God (is) witness' is a solemn oath formula corroborating the denial.
μάρτυςwitnessNominativepredicate nominativeμάρτυς: 'witness'; God can attest the hidden motive flattery cannot be checked by men, only by God.
6

οὔτε ζητοῦντες ἐξ ἀνθρώπων δόξαν, οὔτε ἀφ' ὑμῶν οὔτε ἀπ' ἄλλων, δυνάμενοι ἐν βάρει εἶναι ὡς Χριστοῦ ἀπόστολοι·

nor seeking glory from men, neither from you nor from others, though we could have insisted on our importance as apostles of Christ;

Continued denialοὔτεA third sphere of denial: not glory-seeking from people. The closing participle δυνάμενοι concedes a right (apostolic weight) that they deliberately did not press.
οὔτεnornegative correlative conjunction
ζητοῦντεςseekingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ζητέωadverbial participle (manner; continues ἐγενήθημεν)→ present (ongoing pursuit denied)ζητέω: 'seek, strive for'; the present pictures a habitual pursuit Paul disclaims.
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (source)
ἀνθρώπωνmenGenitiveobject of ἐξ (source denied)ἄνθρωπος: 'people'; human praise as the disclaimed source of glory.
δόξανgloryAccusativedirect object of ζητοῦντεςδόξα: 'glory, honor, esteem'; human acclaim, the third disowned motive after pleasing and gain.
οὔτεneithernegative correlative conjunction
ἀφ'frompreposition + genitive (source)
ὑμῶνyouGenitiveobject of ἀπό
οὔτεnornegative correlative conjunction
ἀπ'frompreposition + genitive (source)
ἄλλωνothersGenitiveobject of ἀπό (substantival adj.)ἄλλος: 'another, other'; not even from a wider audience was honor sought.
δυνάμενοιthough being ablePres Mid Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · δύναμαιconcessive participle ('though we could')→ present (ongoing capacity)δύναμαι: 'be able, have power/right'; concedes a legitimate apostolic prerogative not exercised.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (state/manner)
βάρειweight/burdenDativedative in idiom (ἐν βάρει εἶναι)βάρος: 'weight, burden'; ἐν βάρει εἶναι can mean 'to throw one's weight about / assert one's importance' or 'to be a financial burden' — double-edged, picked up by v.9's hard labor.
εἶναιto bePres Act Inf · εἰμίcomplementary infinitive (of δυνάμενοι)→ stative present
ὡςascomparative particle (capacity/role)
Χριστοῦof ChristGenitivepossessive genitive (modifies ἀπόστολοι)Χριστός: Christ; their authority is derivative — apostles belonging to and sent by him.
ἀπόστολοιapostlesNominativepredicate nominative (with εἶναι)ἀπόστολος: 'commissioned envoy'; the plural includes Silvanus and Timothy as Paul's fellow-emissaries.
7

ἀλλὰ ἐγενήθημεν ἤπιοι ἐν μέσῳ ὑμῶν, ὡς ἐὰν τροφὸς θάλπῃ τὰ ἑαυτῆς τέκνα·

but we were gentle among you, as a nursing mother cherishes her own children.

Contrast (positive portrait)ἀλλὰἀλλά pivots from the disclaimers (vv.3–6) to the warm reality: gentleness, illustrated by the maternal simile that governs vv.7–8 — the nurse who tends her own children.
ἀλλὰbutadversative conjunction
ἐγενήθημενwe were / proved to beAor Pass Indic 1 Pl · γίνομαιmain verb→ constative aoristγίνομαι (aor. pass. dep.): 'become, prove to be'; resumes the verb of v.5 to state positively what they did show themselves to be.
ἤπιοιgentleNominativepredicate nominativeἤπιος: 'gentle, kind, mild' (cf. 2 Tim 2:24). The witnesses divide here between ἤπιοι and νήπιοι ('infants'); the single ν is shared with the preceding ἐγενήθημεΝ. ἤπιοι (printed) best fits the nurse-image that follows; NA28/THGNT prefer νήπιοι.
ἐνamong / inpreposition + dative (place)
μέσῳthe midstDativedative of place (substantival adj. in ἐν μέσῳ)μέσος: 'middle, midst'; ἐν μέσῳ ὑμῶν = 'in your midst,' stressing presence among, not above, them.
ὑμῶνof youGenitivepartitive/possessive genitive
ὡςascomparative particle (introduces simile)
ἐὰν(if/-ever)particle (ὡς ἐάν = 'as when/whenever', generalizing the simile)ἐάν: with ὡς forms a generalizing comparison ('as whenever a nurse...'), the subjunctive expressing the typical case.
τροφὸςnursing motherNominativesubject of θάλπῃτροφός: 'nurse, one who feeds'; here likely a nursing mother (note 'her own children'), the tender image of self-giving care.
θάλπῃcherishes / keeps warmPres Act Subj 3 Sg · θάλπωverb (subjunctive in ὡς ἐάν comparison)→ gnomic/customary presentθάλπω: 'warm, cherish, foster' (lit. of a bird warming its young); tender, nurturing care (cf. Eph 5:29).
τὰtheAccusativearticle
ἑαυτῆςher ownGenitivereflexive possessive genitiveἑαυτοῦ: reflexive 'her own'; the emphasis 'her own children' deepens the bond of the simile.
τέκναchildrenAccusativedirect object of θάλπῃτέκνον: 'child' (from τίκτω, 'bear'); the object of the nurse's cherishing — the Thessalonians figured as her babes.
8

οὕτως ὁμειρόμενοι ὑμῶν εὐδοκοῦμεν μεταδοῦναι ὑμῖν οὐ μόνον τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τοῦ θεοῦ ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰς ἑαυτῶν ψυχάς, διότι ἀγαπητοὶ ἡμῖν ἐγενήθητε.

So, yearning over you, we were pleased to share with you not only the gospel of God but also our own selves, because you had become dear to us.

Result / consequence of the simileοὕτωςοὕτως draws out the maternal image: such affection that they gave not only the message but themselves; the διότι clause grounds it in love ('you had become beloved').
οὕτωςso / thusadverb (resumes the simile of v.7)
ὁμειρόμενοιyearning overPres Mid Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ὁμείρομαιadverbial participle (cause/manner)→ present (ongoing affection)ὁμείρομαι (also ἱμείρομαι): 'long for, yearn over' (NT hapax); a rare, tender term, perhaps nursery language for a mother's affectionate clinging.
ὑμῶνover youGenitivegenitive object of ὁμειρόμενοι
εὐδοκοῦμενwe were pleasedImpf Act Indic 1 Pl · εὐδοκέωmain verb→ customary imperfect (settled disposition)εὐδοκέω: 'be pleased, take delight, resolve gladly'; their self-giving was glad and willing, not grudging.
μεταδοῦναιto share / impartAor Act Inf · μεταδίδωμιcomplementary infinitive (of εὐδοκοῦμεν)→ constative aoristμεταδίδωμι: 'give a share of, impart'; to hand over part of what is one's own — here both message and self.
ὑμῖνto youDativeindirect object (recipient)
οὐnotnegative particle (οὐ μόνον … ἀλλὰ καί)
μόνονonlyadverb (with οὐ … ἀλλὰ καί)
τὸtheAccusativearticle
εὐαγγέλιονgospelAccusativedirect object of μεταδοῦναιεὐαγγέλιον: the gospel — the first thing imparted, but not the only thing.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive of source/author
ἀλλὰbutadversative conjunction (in correlation)
καὶalsoadverbial (ascensive, completing οὐ μόνον … ἀλλὰ καί)
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
ἑαυτῶνour ownGenitivereflexive possessive genitiveἑαυτοῦ: reflexive 'our own'; underscores the costliness — they gave their very selves.
ψυχάςselves / livesAccusativesecond direct object of μεταδοῦναιψυχή: 'soul, life, self'; here the whole living person — to share one's ψυχή is to give oneself wholly.
διότιbecausecausal conjunctionδιότι: 'because, for the reason that'; introduces the ground of such self-giving — love.
ἀγαπητοὶbeloved / dearNominativepredicate nominativeἀγαπητός: 'beloved, dear'; the readers had become objects of the missionaries' deep affection.
ἡμῖνto usDativedative of reference/relation
ἐγενήθητεyou had becomeAor Pass Indic 2 Pl · γίνομαιmain verb (causal clause)→ constative aoristγίνομαι (aor. pass. dep.): 'become'; the relationship had grown into one of cherished love.
9

μνημονεύετε γάρ, ἀδελφοί, τὸν κόπον ἡμῶν καὶ τὸν μόχθον· νυκτὸς καὶ ἡμέρας ἐργαζόμενοι πρὸς τὸ μὴ ἐπιβαρῆσαί τινα ὑμῶν ἐκηρύξαμεν εἰς ὑμᾶς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τοῦ θεοῦ.

For you remember, brothers, our labor and toil: working night and day so as not to burden any of you, we proclaimed to you the gospel of God.

Ground (evidence of self-giving)γάργάρ proves the self-giving of v.8: their manual labor 'night and day' so as to be no burden — concrete evidence that they sought nothing material from the Thessalonians.
μνημονεύετεyou rememberPres Act Indic 2 Pl · μνημονεύωmain verb (appeal to memory)→ customary presentμνημονεύω: 'remember, call to mind, mention'; another appeal to the readers' own recollection (cf. οἴδατε).
γάρforexplanatory conjunction
ἀδελφοίbrothersVocativevocative of direct addressἀδελφός: 'brother'; the warm address recurs at each turn of the appeal.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
κόπονlaborAccusativedirect object of μνημονεύετεκόπος: 'labor, toil to the point of weariness'; wearying exertion — the first of a near-synonymous pair.
ἡμῶνourGenitivepossessive genitive
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
μόχθονtoil / hardshipAccusativedirect object (coordinate)μόχθος: 'toil, hardship, struggle'; paired with κόπος for rhetorical force — strenuous, painful labor.
νυκτὸςby nightGenitivegenitive of time (within which)νύξ: 'night'; the genitive marks the time-frame — labor extending through the night.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἡμέραςby dayGenitivegenitive of time (within which)ἡμέρα: 'day'; with νυκτός, a vivid idiom for unremitting work.
ἐργαζόμενοιworkingPres Mid Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἐργάζομαιadverbial participle (manner/attendant circumstance)→ present (ongoing activity)ἐργάζομαι: 'work, labor'; of Paul's self-supporting trade (tentmaking, Acts 18:3) so as to preach free of charge.
πρὸςso aspreposition + articular infinitive (purpose)
τὸtheAccusativearticle (nominalizes infinitive)
μὴnotnegative particle (with infinitive)
ἐπιβαρῆσαίto burdenAor Act Inf · ἐπιβαρέωarticular infinitive of purpose (πρὸς τό + inf.)→ constative aoristἐπιβαρέω: 'put a weight on, burden' (cf. βάρος, v.6); financial imposition deliberately avoided.
τιναanyoneAccusativedirect object of ἐπιβαρῆσαι (indefinite pronoun)τις: 'someone, anyone'; not a single member of the church was to be burdened.
ὑμῶνof youGenitivepartitive genitive
ἐκηρύξαμενwe proclaimedAor Act Indic 1 Pl · κηρύσσωmain verb (of the main clause)→ constative aoristκηρύσσω: 'proclaim, herald, preach'; the public announcement of the gospel as a herald's official message.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction/recipient)
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeobject of εἰς
τὸtheAccusativearticle
εὐαγγέλιονgospelAccusativedirect object of ἐκηρύξαμενεὐαγγέλιον: the gospel — the heralded content, again 'of God.'
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive of source/author
10

ὑμεῖς μάρτυρες καὶ ὁ θεός, ὡς ὁσίως καὶ δικαίως καὶ ἀμέμπτως ὑμῖν τοῖς πιστεύουσιν ἐγενήθημεν,

You are witnesses, and God, how holily and righteously and blamelessly we behaved toward you who believe,

Appeal to witnesses (asyndeton)asyndetonAsyndeton heightens the solemnity: a double witness (the readers and God) to the threefold adverbial portrait of Paul's conduct — holy, righteous, blameless.
ὑμεῖςyouNominativesubject (emphatic; verbless 'you are witnesses')
μάρτυρεςwitnessesNominativepredicate nominativeμάρτυς: 'witness'; the readers' own observation, joined with God's, certifies his conduct.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
theNominativearticle
θεόςGodNominativesubject (coordinate, with implied 'is witness')θεός: God as co-witness — the one who sees the inner life the human witnesses cannot.
ὡςhowconjunction (introduces content of witness)
ὁσίωςholilyadverb of mannerὁσίως: 'in a holy manner'; piety toward God, fulfilling sacred duty (the Godward dimension of conduct).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
δικαίωςrighteouslyadverb of mannerδικαίως: 'in a righteous/just manner'; uprightness toward people (the manward dimension).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀμέμπτωςblamelesslyadverb of mannerἀμέμπτως: 'blamelessly, without fault'; giving no ground for reproach — the summary of the triad.
ὑμῖνtoward youDativedative of reference/relation
τοῖςthe (ones)Dativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
πιστεύουσινwho believePres Act Ptc · Dat Pl Masc · πιστεύωsubstantival participle (in apposition to ὑμῖν)→ present (characteristic)πιστεύω: 'believe, trust'; identifies the readers by their faith — 'you the believing ones.'
ἐγενήθημενwe behaved / proved to beAor Pass Indic 1 Pl · γίνομαιmain verb (in the ὡς clause)→ constative aoristγίνομαι (aor. pass. dep.): 'become, prove to be, conduct oneself'; with the adverbs, of the manner in which they lived among them.
11

καθάπερ οἴδατε ὡς ἕνα ἕκαστον ὑμῶν ὡς πατὴρ τέκνα ἑαυτοῦ

just as you know how, like a father with his own children, we dealt with each one of you —

Comparison / continuationκαθάπερκαθάπερ resumes the appeal to their knowledge and introduces the second great simile (after the nurse): the father with his children, governing the participles of v.12.
καθάπερjust ascomparative conjunctionκαθάπερ: 'exactly as, just as' (intensive of καθώς); marks close correspondence with what the readers themselves know.
οἴδατεyou knowPerf Act Indic 2 Pl · οἶδαverb (appeal to knowledge)→ intensive perfect (present force)
ὡςhowconjunction (introduces manner clause)
ἕναoneAccusativewith ἕκαστον, 'each single one' (object of the implied verb)εἷς: 'one'; ἕνα ἕκαστον = 'each one individually,' stressing personal, one-by-one pastoral care.
ἕκαστονeachAccusativedistributive (object of implied παρεκαλοῦμεν, v.12)ἕκαστος: 'each, every'; the apostle's attention to individuals, not only the congregation as a mass.
ὑμῶνof youGenitivepartitive genitive
ὡςas / likecomparative particle (introduces father-simile)
πατὴρa fatherNominativesubject of the simile (with implied verb)πατήρ: 'father'; the complementary parental image to the nurse of v.7 — now firm, formative guidance.
τέκναchildrenAccusativeobject within the simile (the father's children)τέκνον: 'child'; the objects of a father's instruction and exhortation.
ἑαυτοῦhis ownGenitivereflexive possessive genitiveἑαυτοῦ: reflexive 'his own'; as with the nurse (v.7), the bond is personal and proprietary — 'his own children.'
12

παρακαλοῦντες ὑμᾶς καὶ παραμυθούμενοι καὶ μαρτυρόμενοι εἰς τὸ περιπατεῖν ὑμᾶς ἀξίως τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ καλοῦντος ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν ἑαυτοῦ βασιλείαν καὶ δόξαν.

exhorting and encouraging and charging you to walk worthily of God, who calls you into his own kingdom and glory.

Manner (participial expansion of v.11)asyndetonThree participles spell out the father's dealings — exhorting, encouraging, charging — converging on a single goal (εἰς τό): a walk worthy of the calling God into his kingdom and glory.
παρακαλοῦντεςexhortingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · παρακαλέωadverbial participle (manner; resumes v.11)→ present (ongoing activity)παρακαλέω: 'urge, exhort, encourage' (παρά + καλέω, 'call alongside'); the first of three nuances of fatherly speech.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object of παρακαλοῦντες
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
παραμυθούμενοιencouraging / comfortingPres Mid Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · παραμυθέομαιadverbial participle (coordinate)→ present (ongoing activity)παραμυθέομαι: 'encourage, console, cheer on'; the consoling, heartening side of pastoral speech.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
μαρτυρόμενοιcharging / solemnly testifyingPres Mid Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · μαρτύρομαιadverbial participle (coordinate)→ present (ongoing activity)μαρτύρομαι: 'testify solemnly, charge, insist'; the weightier, adjuring note — calling them to their duty as before God.
εἰςtopreposition + articular infinitive (purpose/goal)
τὸtheAccusativearticle (nominalizes infinitive)
περιπατεῖνto walkPres Act Inf · περιπατέωarticular infinitive of purpose (εἰς τό + inf.)→ customary present (manner of life)περιπατέω: 'walk about,' metaphor for conduct/way of life (Hebraic hālak); the ethical aim of all the exhortation.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive
ἀξίωςworthilyadverb of manner (with genitive of standard)ἀξίως: 'worthily, in a manner befitting'; conduct matching the dignity of the God who calls.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive of standard (with ἀξίως)θεός: the measure of the worthy walk — God himself, identified by his calling.
τοῦthe (one)Genitivearticle (substantizes ptc.)
καλοῦντοςwho callsPres Act Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · καλέωattributive participle (modifies θεοῦ)→ present (ongoing/characteristic calling)καλέω: 'call, summon'; the present pictures God's continual calling — the basis and direction of the worthy walk.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object of καλοῦντος
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἑαυτοῦhis ownGenitivereflexive possessive genitive (governs both nouns)ἑαυτοῦ: reflexive 'his own'; the kingdom and glory belong to the calling God himself.
βασιλείανkingdomAccusativeobject of εἰς (goal of the calling)βασιλεία: 'kingdom, reign'; the realm and rule into which believers are summoned — here eschatological.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
δόξανgloryAccusativeobject of εἰς (coordinate goal)δόξα: 'glory, splendor'; paired with kingdom — the radiant destiny of the called (cf. 2:19–20).
13

Καὶ διὰ τοῦτο καὶ ἡμεῖς εὐχαριστοῦμεν τῷ θεῷ ἀδιαλείπτως, ὅτι παραλαβόντες λόγον ἀκοῆς παρ' ἡμῶν τοῦ θεοῦ ἐδέξασθε οὐ λόγον ἀνθρώπων ἀλλὰ καθώς ἐστιν ἀληθῶς λόγον θεοῦ, ὃς καὶ ἐνεργεῖται ἐν ὑμῖν τοῖς πιστεύουσιν.

And for this reason we also give thanks to God unceasingly, that when you received the word of God which you heard from us, you accepted it not as the word of men but as it truly is, the word of God, which also is at work in you who believe.

Renewed thanksgiving (inference)Καὶ διὰ τοῦτοA second thanksgiving period: 'for this reason' looks back to their worthy reception of the message. The ὅτι clause states the cause — they took it as God's own word, not man's.
Καὶandconnective conjunction
διὰbecause ofpreposition + accusative (cause)
τοῦτοthisAccusativeobject of διά (demonstrative; cause)οὗτος: 'this'; διὰ τοῦτο = 'for this reason' — pointing forward to the ὅτι clause.
καὶalsoadverbial (ascensive)
ἡμεῖςweNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)
εὐχαριστοῦμενwe give thanksPres Act Indic 1 Pl · εὐχαριστέωmain verb→ customary presentεὐχαριστέω: 'give thanks'; reopens the thanksgiving begun at 1:2, now focused on their reception of the word.
τῷtheDativearticle
θεῷGodDativeindirect object (recipient of thanks)
ἀδιαλείπτωςunceasinglyadverb of mannerἀδιαλείπτως: 'without ceasing'; the constancy of the thanksgiving (cf. 1:2; 5:17).
ὅτιthatconjunction (causal/content of thanks)
παραλαβόντεςhaving receivedAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · παραλαμβάνωtemporal/circumstantial participle (antecedent to ἐδέξασθε)→ antecedent aoristπαραλαμβάνω: 'receive, take over' (esp. of receiving tradition/teaching); the objective reception of the message as it was delivered.
λόγονwordAccusativedirect object of παραλαβόντεςλόγος: 'word, message'; here the gospel message as preached.
ἀκοῆςof hearingGenitivegenitive of source/quality (λόγον ἀκοῆς = 'the message heard')ἀκοή: 'hearing, report, the thing heard'; λόγος ἀκοῆς = the word as something proclaimed and heard (cf. Rom 10:16–17).
παρ'frompreposition + genitive (source)
ἡμῶνusGenitiveobject of παρά (the human messengers)
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive of source/author (modifies λόγον: 'the word of God')θεός: though heard 'from us,' the word's true author is God — the point the verse drives home.
ἐδέξασθεyou accepted / welcomedAor Mid Indic 2 Pl · δέχομαιmain verb (ὅτι clause)→ constative aoristδέχομαι: 'receive, welcome' (subjective, willing reception, vs. the more neutral παραλαμβάνω); they embraced it gladly.
οὐnotnegative particle (οὐ … ἀλλά)
λόγονwordAccusativeobject complement (what they did NOT take it as)
ἀνθρώπωνof menGenitivegenitive of source (the false estimate)ἄνθρωπος: 'human'; the word was not a merely human pronouncement, as they rightly perceived.
ἀλλὰbutadversative conjunction
καθώςascomparative conjunction
ἐστινit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb (in καθώς clause)→ stative present (abiding reality)
ἀληθῶςtrulyadverb (emphasizing reality)ἀληθῶς: 'truly, in reality'; the message is in fact, not merely in claim, God's word.
λόγονwordAccusativeobject complement (what it truly is)
θεοῦof GodGenitivegenitive of source/authorθεός: the true source — 'the word of God,' the climactic affirmation.
ὃςwhichNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἐνεργεῖται; masc., agreeing w/ λόγον)
καὶalsoadverbial (ascensive)
ἐνεργεῖταιis at workPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐνεργέωmain verb (relative clause)→ present (ongoing operation)ἐνεργέω: 'work, be effective, operate'; the word is no dead letter but an active power energizing believers (cf. Heb 4:12).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
ὑμῖνyouDativeobject of ἐν (sphere of the word's working)
τοῖςthe (ones)Dativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
πιστεύουσινwho believePres Act Ptc · Dat Pl Masc · πιστεύωsubstantival participle (in apposition to ὑμῖν)→ present (characteristic)πιστεύω: 'believe'; the word's effective power operates precisely in those who believe — faith is the condition of its working.
14

ὑμεῖς γὰρ μιμηταὶ ἐγενήθητε, ἀδελφοί, τῶν ἐκκλησιῶν τοῦ θεοῦ τῶν οὐσῶν ἐν τῇ Ἰουδαίᾳ ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ, ὅτι τὰ αὐτὰ ἐπάθετε καὶ ὑμεῖς ὑπὸ τῶν ἰδίων συμφυλετῶν καθὼς καὶ αὐτοὶ ὑπὸ τῶν Ἰουδαίων,

For you, brothers, became imitators of the churches of God in Christ Jesus that are in Judea, because you suffered the same things from your own countrymen as they did from the Jews,

Ground (evidence of the word's working)γάργάρ supports v.13: a sign the word is at work is their endurance under persecution, which made them imitators of the suffering Judean churches.
ὑμεῖςyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
μιμηταὶimitatorsNominativepredicate nominativeμιμητής: 'imitator' (cf. 1:6); here imitators not by copying but by sharing the same experience of suffering.
ἐγενήθητεyou becameAor Pass Indic 2 Pl · γίνομαιmain verb→ constative aoristγίνομαι (aor. pass. dep.): 'become'; they came to share the lot of the persecuted churches.
ἀδελφοίbrothersVocativevocative of direct address
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ἐκκλησιῶνchurchesGenitiveobjective genitive (with μιμηταί)ἐκκλησία: 'assembly, church'; the called-out congregations — here the Judean believers.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivepossessive genitive ('of God')
τῶνthe (ones)Genitivearticle (substantizes ptc.)
οὐσῶνthat arePres Act Ptc · Gen Pl Fem · εἰμίattributive participle (modifies ἐκκλησιῶν)→ stative present
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
τῇtheDativearticle
ἸουδαίᾳJudeaDativedative of placeἸουδαία: Judea; the homeland of the first churches and of the persecution-model in view.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere/union)
ΧριστῷChristDativedative of sphere (union with Christ)Χριστός: Christ; ἐν Χριστῷ marks the churches' identity — distinguishing them from the unbelieving nation.
ἸησοῦJesusDativedative in apposition to Χριστῷ
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction
τὰtheAccusativearticle
αὐτὰsame thingsAccusativedirect object of ἐπάθετε (τὰ αὐτά, 'the same')αὐτός: with the article, 'the same'; the identical kind of suffering.
ἐπάθετεyou sufferedAor Act Indic 2 Pl · πάσχωmain verb (causal clause)→ constative aoristπάσχω: 'suffer, experience'; here of persecution endured.
καὶalsoadverbial (ascensive, with ὑμεῖς)
ὑμεῖςyouNominativesubject (resumptive, emphatic)
ὑπὸfrom / bypreposition + genitive (agency)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
ἰδίωνownGenitiveattributive adjectiveἴδιος: 'one's own'; emphasizes that the persecutors were their fellow-citizens, not foreigners.
συμφυλετῶνcountrymenGenitivegenitive of agency (object of ὑπό)συμφυλέτης: 'fellow-tribesman, compatriot' (NT hapax); the Gentile Thessalonians' own townspeople (Acts 17:5).
καθὼςascomparative conjunction
καὶalsoadverbial (ascensive)
αὐτοὶtheyNominativesubject of implied ἔπαθον (the Judean churches)αὐτός: 'they themselves'; the Judean believers, the original sufferers.
ὑπὸfrom / bypreposition + genitive (agency)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
ἸουδαίωνJews / JudeansGenitivegenitive of agency (object of ὑπό)Ἰουδαῖος: 'Jew, Judean'; here specifically the non-believing Judean opponents who persecuted the churches (not the people as a whole).
15

τῶν καὶ τὸν κύριον ἀποκτεινάντων Ἰησοῦν καὶ τοὺς προφήτας καὶ ἡμᾶς ἐκδιωξάντων, καὶ θεῷ μὴ ἀρεσκόντων, καὶ πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις ἐναντίων,

who killed both the Lord Jesus and the prophets, and drove us out, and do not please God, and are hostile to all people,

Relative expansion (characterization)asyndetonA chain of substantival participles characterizing the persecutors: killers of the Lord and prophets, expellers of the apostles, displeasing to God, and hostile to all — a mounting indictment.
τῶνthe (ones)Genitivearticle (substantizes the participle chain; modifies Ἰουδαίων)
καὶbothcorrelative conjunction (καὶ … καί)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
κύριονLordAccusativedirect object of ἀποκτεινάντωνκύριος: 'Lord'; the placing of the title first heightens the enormity — they killed the Lord himself.
ἀποκτεινάντωνhaving killedAor Act Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · ἀποκτείνωsubstantival/attributive participle (modifies Ἰουδαίων)→ constative aoristἀποκτείνω: 'kill, put to death'; of the crucifixion, here laid at the door of the persecuting opposition.
ἸησοῦνJesusAccusativeaccusative in apposition to κύριον
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
προφήταςprophetsAccusativedirect object (coordinate with κύριον)προφήτης: 'prophet'; the OT pattern of slaying God's messengers (cf. Matt 23:31; Luke 11:47–51).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἡμᾶςusAccusativedirect object of ἐκδιωξάντων
ἐκδιωξάντωνhaving driven outAor Act Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · ἐκδιώκωsubstantival/attributive participle (coordinate)→ constative aoristἐκδιώκω: 'drive out, persecute severely' (ἐκ-intensive of διώκω); the harrying of Paul from city to city (Acts 17:5–10).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
θεῷGodDativedative complement of ἀρεσκόντων
μὴnotnegative particle (with participle)
ἀρεσκόντωνpleasingPres Act Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · ἀρέσκωsubstantival/attributive participle (coordinate)→ present (characteristic)ἀρέσκω: 'please'; the same verb as v.4 — pointed contrast: Paul pleases God, his opponents do not.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πᾶσινallDativeattributive adjective
ἀνθρώποιςpeopleDativedative of relation (with ἐναντίων)ἄνθρωπος: 'people, humankind'; the charge of misanthropy echoes a common ancient complaint, here turned on the persecutors.
ἐναντίωνhostile / opposedGenitivepredicate adjective (within the participial chain; substantival)ἐναντίος: 'opposed, contrary, hostile'; their opposition to the gospel mission sets them against all people's good.
16

κωλυόντων ἡμᾶς τοῖς ἔθνεσιν λαλῆσαι ἵνα σωθῶσιν, εἰς τὸ ἀναπληρῶσαι αὐτῶν τὰς ἁμαρτίας πάντοτε. ἔφθασεν δὲ ἐπ' αὐτοὺς ἡ ὀργὴ εἰς τέλος.

hindering us from speaking to the Gentiles that they might be saved — so as always to fill up the measure of their sins. But wrath has come upon them at last.

Continued characterization → verdictasyndetonA final participle (hindering the Gentile mission) caps the indictment; the εἰς τό clause states its dreadful effect (filling up their sins), and the δέ sentence pronounces the verdict — wrath has overtaken them.
κωλυόντωνhinderingPres Act Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · κωλύωsubstantival/attributive participle (caps the chain)→ present (ongoing opposition)κωλύω: 'hinder, forbid, prevent'; the climactic charge — obstructing the Gentiles' access to salvation.
ἡμᾶςusAccusativeaccusative object of κωλυόντων (one hindered)
τοῖςtheDativearticle
ἔθνεσινGentiles / nationsDativedative complement of λαλῆσαι (indirect object)ἔθνος: 'nation'; plural = the Gentiles, the audience the opponents would deny the gospel.
λαλῆσαιto speakAor Act Inf · λαλέωcomplementary infinitive (of κωλυόντων)→ constative aoristλαλέω: 'speak'; the action being prevented — proclamation to the Gentiles.
ἵναthatconjunction (purpose)
σωθῶσινthey might be savedAor Pass Subj 3 Pl · σῴζωverb (purpose clause)→ constative aorist (subjunctive of purpose)σῴζω: 'save, rescue, preserve'; the goal of the preaching the opponents obstruct — the Gentiles' salvation.
εἰςso aspreposition + articular infinitive (result/purpose)
τὸtheAccusativearticle (nominalizes infinitive)
ἀναπληρῶσαιto fill upAor Act Inf · ἀναπληρόωarticular infinitive of result (εἰς τό + inf.)→ constative aoristἀναπληρόω: 'fill up, complete (a measure)'; the OT motif of sin reaching its full measure before judgment (cf. Gen 15:16; Matt 23:32).
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitive
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
ἁμαρτίαςsinsAccusativedirect object of ἀναπληρῶσαιἁμαρτία: 'sin' (lit. 'missing the mark'); the accumulating guilt that hastens judgment.
πάντοτεalwaysadverb of timeπάντοτε: 'always'; the persistent, habitual character of the sin-filling.
ἔφθασενhas come / overtakenAor Act Indic 3 Sg · φθάνωmain verb (new sentence; verdict)→ proleptic/constative aorist (a settled, certain arrival)φθάνω: 'come upon, arrive, anticipate, overtake'; the wrath has 'arrived/overtaken' — perhaps prophetically certain, or referring to a recent decisive event.
δὲbutadversative/transitional conjunction
ἐπ'uponpreposition + accusative (direction/goal)
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativeobject of ἐπί
theNominativearticle
ὀργὴwrathNominativesubject of ἔφθασενὀργή: 'wrath, anger'; God's judicial wrath — here the eschatological/decreed judgment overtaking the persecutors.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (degree/result)
τέλοςthe end / at last / fullyAccusativeobject of εἰς (adverbial: 'fully, to the uttermost, at last')τέλος: 'end, goal, completion'; εἰς τέλος can mean 'finally/at last,' 'completely,' or 'forever' — the wrath in its full or final measure.
17

Ἡμεῖς δέ, ἀδελφοί, ἀπορφανισθέντες ἀφ' ὑμῶν πρὸς καιρὸν ὥρας, προσώπῳ οὐ καρδίᾳ, περισσοτέρως ἐσπουδάσαμεν τὸ πρόσωπον ὑμῶν ἰδεῖν ἐν πολλῇ ἐπιθυμίᾳ.

But we, brothers, having been bereft of you for a short while — in person, not in heart — endeavored all the more eagerly, with great desire, to see your face.

Transition (return to Paul and the readers)δέδέ turns from the persecutors back to Paul's own heart: the painful separation ('orphaned' from them) only intensified his longing to see them again.
ἩμεῖςweNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)
δέbut / nowtransitional/adversative conjunction
ἀδελφοίbrothersVocativevocative of direct address
ἀπορφανισθέντεςhaving been bereft / orphanedAor Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀπορφανίζωtemporal/causal participle (antecedent)→ antecedent aoristἀπορφανίζω: 'make an orphan of, bereave' (NT hapax; from ὀρφανός, 'orphan'); a poignant image — Paul torn from them as a parent from children.
ἀφ'frompreposition + genitive (separation)
ὑμῶνyouGenitiveobject of ἀπό (separation)
πρὸςforpreposition + accusative (extent of time)
καιρὸνa season / timeAccusativeobject of πρός (extent of time)καιρός: 'time, season, occasion'; πρὸς καιρὸν ὥρας = 'for the span of an hour,' i.e. a brief while.
ὥραςof an hourGenitivegenitive of quality (qualifies καιρόν)ὥρα: 'hour'; intensifies the brevity — only a short, momentary separation, soon to be ended (Paul hopes).
προσώπῳin person / in faceDativedative of referenceπρόσωπον: 'face, presence, person'; separation only outwardly — 'face' contrasted with 'heart.'
οὐnotnegative particle
καρδίᾳin heartDativedative of reference (antithesis to προσώπῳ)καρδία: 'heart'; in affection they were never parted — the bond remained unbroken.
περισσοτέρωςall the morecomparative adverb (degree)περισσοτέρως: 'more abundantly, all the more'; the absence heightened rather than dulled the longing.
ἐσπουδάσαμενwe were eager / endeavoredAor Act Indic 1 Pl · σπουδάζωmain verb→ constative aoristσπουδάζω: 'be eager, make every effort, hasten'; earnest, diligent endeavor to return.
τὸtheAccusativearticle
πρόσωπονfaceAccusativedirect object of ἰδεῖνπρόσωπον: 'face'; 'to see your face' = the longed-for personal reunion.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivepossessive genitive
ἰδεῖνto seeAor Act Inf · ὁράωcomplementary infinitive (of ἐσπουδάσαμεν)→ constative aoristὁράω: 'see'; the content of the eager endeavor — to behold them again.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (manner)
πολλῇgreatDativeattributive adjective
ἐπιθυμίᾳdesire / longingDativedative of mannerἐπιθυμία: 'desire, longing, yearning' (here positive); the intense affectionate craving to be reunited.
18

διότι ἠθελήσαμεν ἐλθεῖν πρὸς ὑμᾶς, ἐγὼ μὲν Παῦλος καὶ ἅπαξ καὶ δίς, καὶ ἐνέκοψεν ἡμᾶς ὁ Σατανᾶς.

because we wanted to come to you — I, Paul, more than once — and Satan hindered us.

Ground (explaining the eagerness)διότιδιότι grounds v.17: the longing was no mere sentiment but a settled resolve ('I, Paul, again and again'); yet the planned visit was thwarted — and Paul names the obstacle: Satan.
διότιbecausecausal conjunctionδιότι: 'because, for the reason that'; grounds the eager effort just described.
ἠθελήσαμενwe wantedAor Act Indic 1 Pl · θέλωmain verb→ constative aoristθέλω: 'will, wish, want'; the deliberate intention to return, repeatedly formed.
ἐλθεῖνto comeAor Act Inf · ἔρχομαιcomplementary infinitive (of ἠθελήσαμεν)→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come, go'; the content of the wish — to reach them.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeobject of πρός
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic; narrows the plural to Paul)ἐγώ: 'I'; Paul singles himself out from the missionary 'we' for personal emphasis.
μὲνindeedparticle (μέν solitarium; emphasizes ἐγώ)
ΠαῦλοςPaulNominativeapposition to ἐγώΠαῦλος: the apostle names himself — a rare first-person singular in this 'we' letter, stressing personal involvement.
καὶbothcorrelative conjunction (καὶ … καί)
ἅπαξonceadverb (numeral)ἅπαξ: 'once'; ἅπαξ καὶ δίς = 'once and again, more than once' — repeated attempts.
καὶandcorrelative conjunction
δίςtwiceadverb (numeral)δίς: 'twice'; with ἅπαξ, an idiom for 'repeatedly.'
καὶand yet / butconjunction (adversative force here)
ἐνέκοψενhindered / thwartedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐγκόπτωmain verb (new clause)→ constative aoristἐγκόπτω: 'hinder, impede, cut in' (a military term for breaking up a road to block an advance); the visits were obstructed.
ἡμᾶςusAccusativedirect object of ἐνέκοψεν
theNominativearticle
ΣατανᾶςSatanNominativesubject of ἐνέκοψενΣατανᾶς: 'Satan, the adversary' (from Hebrew śāṭān); the personal opponent of God's work, named as the agent behind the obstruction.
19

τίς γὰρ ἡμῶν ἐλπὶς ἢ χαρὰ ἢ στέφανος καυχήσεως— ἢ οὐχὶ καὶ ὑμεῖς —ἔμπροσθεν τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ ἐν τῇ αὐτοῦ παρουσίᾳ;

For what is our hope or joy or crown of boasting before our Lord Jesus at his coming? Is it not indeed you?

Ground (the reason for the longing)γάργάρ explains why the separation was so painful and the longing so deep: the Thessalonians themselves are Paul's eschatological hope, joy, and crown — his glory at Christ's parousia.
τίςwhat / whoNominativeinterrogative pronoun (predicate)τίς: interrogative 'who? what?'; opens a rhetorical question whose answer is 'you.'
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
ἡμῶνourGenitivepossessive genitive
ἐλπὶςhopeNominativesubject (predicate of the question)ἐλπίς: 'hope, expectation'; the converts are the substance of Paul's hopeful expectation at the judgment.
ordisjunctive conjunction
χαρὰjoyNominativesubject (coordinate)χαρά: 'joy, gladness'; they are the cause of his rejoicing (cf. v.20; Phil 4:1).
ordisjunctive conjunction
στέφανοςcrownNominativesubject (coordinate)στέφανος: 'wreath, crown' (the victor's/festal garland, not a royal diadem); the prize and badge of honor — here his converts.
καυχήσεωςof boasting / exultationGenitiveattributive/descriptive genitive (στέφανος καυχήσεως)καύχησις: 'boasting, exultation'; 'crown of boasting' = the wreath one exults in — an OT idiom (cf. Prov 16:31; Ezek 16:12).
ordisjunctive conjunction (introduces the answer)
οὐχὶnot indeednegative interrogative particle (expects 'yes')οὐχί: emphatic 'not'; ἢ οὐχί introduces a question demanding an affirmative — 'is it not indeed...?'
καὶeven / alsoadverbial (ascensive)
ὑμεῖςyouNominativepredicate nominative (the answer: 'you are')ὑμεῖς: the emphatic 'you' supplies the answer — the Thessalonians themselves are all of these.
ἔμπροσθενbeforeimproper preposition + genitive (place/presence)ἔμπροσθεν: 'before, in front of, in the presence of'; the setting is the Lord's tribunal at his coming.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
κυρίουLordGenitiveobject of ἔμπροσθενκύριος: 'Lord'; before whom Paul will present his converts as his joy.
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of relationship
ἸησοῦJesusGenitiveapposition to κυρίου
ἐνatpreposition + dative (time)
τῇtheDativearticle
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive (in attributive position)
παρουσίᾳcoming / presenceDativedative of time (when)παρουσία: 'coming, arrival, presence'; the technical term for Christ's eschatological advent — a key word in this letter (cf. 3:13; 4:15; 5:23).
20

ὑμεῖς γάρ ἐστε ἡ δόξα ἡμῶν καὶ ἡ χαρά.

For you are our glory and joy.

Ground / summary affirmationγάρA terse γάρ confirms the answer of v.19, dropping the question form for plain assertion: 'you are our glory and joy' — the emphatic, affectionate climax of the chapter.
ὑμεῖςyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)
γάρforexplanatory conjunction
ἐστεyou arePres Act Indic 2 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative present
theNominativearticle
δόξαgloryNominativepredicate nominativeδόξα: 'glory, honor'; the converts are Paul's honor and pride before the Lord (cf. v.12's 'kingdom and glory').
ἡμῶνourGenitivepossessive genitive
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
theNominativearticle
χαράjoyNominativepredicate nominative (coordinate)χαρά: 'joy'; the warm final note — the Thessalonians are the apostle's abiding gladness.