Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Second Epistle to the Corinthians, Chapter 12ΠΡΟΣ ΚΟΡΙΝΘΙΟΥΣ Β′ ΙΒ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

1

Καυχᾶσθαι δεῖ· οὐ συμφέρον μέν, ἐλεύσομαι δὲ εἰς ὀπτασίας καὶ ἀποκαλύψεις κυρίου.

It is necessary to boast; it is not profitable, but I will go on to visions and revelations of the Lord.

Transition / concessionasyndetonResuming the forced 'fool's boasting,' Paul concedes its unprofitableness even as he presses on to a new and higher proof — visions and revelations.
Καυχᾶσθαιto boastPres Mid Inf · καυχάομαιcomplementary infinitive (subject of δεῖ)→ customary presentκαυχάομαι: 'boast, glory'; the leitmotif of the fool's speech — here boasting is admitted to be unavoidable, not laudable.
δεῖit is necessaryPres Act Indic 3 Sg · δεῖimpersonal main verb→ gnomic/situational presentδεῖ: impersonal 'it is necessary'; the constraint is imposed by the Corinthians' demand, not by Paul's appetite.
οὐnotnegative particle
συμφέρονprofitablePres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Neut · συμφέρωpredicate participle (substantival/elliptical 'it is')→ stative presentσυμφέρω: 'be advantageous, profit' (lit. 'bring together'); boasting yields no real benefit.
μένon the one handparticle (μέν … δέ correlation)
ἐλεύσομαιI will come/proceedFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ predictive futureἔρχομαι: 'come, go'; here metaphorically 'I will proceed (to the topic of)' — moving the discourse to visions.
δὲbutadversative/continuative particle
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal/topic)
ὀπτασίαςvisionsAccusativeobject of εἰςὀπτασία: 'vision, appearance' (cf. ὁράω); a visual disclosure granted from above.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀποκαλύψειςrevelationsAccusativeobject of εἰς (coordinate)ἀποκάλυψις: 'unveiling, revelation' (ἀπό + καλύπτω, 'uncover'); a disclosure of hidden divine reality.
κυρίουof the LordGenitivegenitive of source (revelations from the Lord)κύριος: 'Lord'; either the source ('from the Lord') or content ('about the Lord') of the disclosures — likely source.
2

οἶδα ἄνθρωπον ἐν Χριστῷ πρὸ ἐτῶν δεκατεσσάρων — εἴτε ἐν σώματι οὐκ οἶδα, εἴτε ἐκτὸς τοῦ σώματος οὐκ οἶδα, ὁ θεὸς οἶδεν — ἁρπαγέντα τὸν τοιοῦτον ἕως τρίτου οὐρανοῦ.

I know a man in Christ who fourteen years ago — whether in the body I do not know, or out of the body I do not know, God knows — such a one was caught up to the third heaven.

Asyndeton / report beginsasyndetonPaul narrates in detached third person ('a man in Christ') to distance himself from the boast; the doubled 'I do not know … God knows' underscores the experience's mystery.
οἶδαI knowPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · οἶδαmain verb→ perfect-with-present-forceοἶδα: 'know' (perfect of εἴδω with present sense); settled, certain knowledge.
ἄνθρωπονa manAccusativedirect objectἄνθρωπος: 'human being, man'; the studied indefiniteness veils Paul himself.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
ΧριστῷChristDativedat. of sphere (incorporative 'in Christ')Χριστός: the Pauline 'in Christ' — the man is identified by his union with Christ, not by status.
πρὸbeforepreposition + genitive (time)
ἐτῶνyearsGenitivegenitive of time (object of πρό)ἔτος: 'year'; πρὸ ἐτῶν δεκατεσσάρων = 'fourteen years ago.'
δεκατεσσάρωνfourteenGenitiveattributive numeralδεκατέσσαρες: 'fourteen'; the precise dating roots the experience in real history, not reverie.
εἴτεwhetherdisjunctive conjunction (εἴτε … εἴτε)
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
σώματιbodyDativedat. of sphereσῶμα: 'body'; whether the rapture was bodily or in some disembodied state Paul leaves open.
οὐκnotnegative particle
οἶδαI knowPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · οἶδαmain verb (parenthetical)→ perfect-with-present-force
εἴτεordisjunctive conjunction
ἐκτὸςout ofimproper preposition + genitive (separation)ἐκτός: 'outside, apart from'; the alternative to ἐν σώματι.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
σώματοςbodyGenitiveobject of ἐκτός
οὐκnotnegative particle
οἶδαI knowPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · οἶδαmain verb (parenthetical)→ perfect-with-present-force
theNominativearticle
θεὸςGodNominativesubject (parenthetical clause)
οἶδενknowsPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · οἶδαmain verb→ perfect-with-present-forceοἶδα: God's knowledge is set over against Paul's professed ignorance of the mode.
ἁρπαγένταhaving been caught upAor Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · ἁρπάζωadverbial/complementary ptc. (object-complement of οἶδα)→ constative aoristἁρπάζω: 'seize, snatch away'; the passive marks divine action — the man was caught up, he did not ascend (cf. Acts 8:39; 1 Thess 4:17).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
τοιοῦτονsuch a oneAccusativeresumptive demonstrative (object of ἁρπαγέντα clause)τοιοῦτος: 'such, of this kind'; resumes ἄνθρωπον after the parenthesis.
ἕωςas far asimproper preposition + genitive (extent)ἕως: 'up to, as far as'; marks the limit reached — the highest heaven.
τρίτουthirdGenitiveattributive ordinalτρίτος: 'third'; the 'third heaven' = the highest, God's dwelling, in the layered cosmology of Second-Temple Judaism.
οὐρανοῦheavenGenitiveobject of ἕωςοὐρανός: 'heaven, sky'; the third heaven is identified with Paradise in v.4.
3

καὶ οἶδα τὸν τοιοῦτον ἄνθρωπον — εἴτε ἐν σώματι εἴτε χωρὶς τοῦ σώματος οὐκ οἶδα, ὁ θεὸς οἶδεν —

And I know that such a man — whether in the body or apart from the body I do not know, God knows —

Resumptive restatementκαὶA near-verbatim restatement that resumes the thread after the digression of v.2, building toward the climax in v.4; the same agnosticism about the mode is repeated.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἶδαI knowPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · οἶδαmain verb→ perfect-with-present-force
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
τοιοῦτονsuchAccusativeattributive demonstrativeτοιοῦτος: 'such'; reidentifies the same anonymous figure of v.2.
ἄνθρωπονmanAccusativedirect object
εἴτεwhetherdisjunctive conjunction
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
σώματιbodyDativedat. of sphere
εἴτεordisjunctive conjunction
χωρὶςapart fromimproper preposition + genitive (separation)χωρίς: 'apart from, without'; a synonym here for ἐκτός in v.2.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
σώματοςbodyGenitiveobject of χωρίς
οὐκnotnegative particle
οἶδαI knowPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · οἶδαmain verb (parenthetical)→ perfect-with-present-force
theNominativearticle
θεὸςGodNominativesubject
οἶδενknowsPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · οἶδαmain verb→ perfect-with-present-force
4

ὅτι ἡρπάγη εἰς τὸν παράδεισον καὶ ἤκουσεν ἄρρητα ῥήματα ἃ οὐκ ἐξὸν ἀνθρώπῳ λαλῆσαι.

that he was caught up into Paradise and heard inexpressible words, which a man is not permitted to speak.

Content of the knowingὅτιThe ὅτι clause delivers the climax: the rapture into Paradise and the hearing of words too sacred to repeat — a revelation, paradoxically, that cannot be deployed as a boast.
ὅτιthatconjunction (content clause)
ἡρπάγηhe was caught upAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἁρπάζωmain verb (ὅτι clause)→ constative aoristἁρπάζω: 'snatch away'; again the divine passive — the man is the recipient, not the agent, of the ascent.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
παράδεισονParadiseAccusativeobject of εἰς (goal)παράδεισος: 'park, garden, paradise' (a Persian loanword); the LXX term for Eden, here the heavenly abode of God's presence (cf. Luke 23:43; Rev 2:7).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἤκουσενhe heardAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb (coordinate)→ constative aoristἀκούω: 'hear'; the revelation was auditory — words, not merely sights.
ἄρρηταinexpressibleAccusativeattributive adjectiveἄρρητος: 'unspeakable, not to be uttered' (ἀ- privative + ῥητός, 'spoken'); a NT hapax — words either impossible or impermissible to articulate.
ῥήματαwordsAccusativedirect objectῥῆμα: 'word, utterance, thing said'; the content heard in Paradise.
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of λαλῆσαι)
οὐκnotnegative particle
ἐξὸνpermittedPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Neut · ἔξεστιpredicate participle (impersonal 'it is [not] lawful')→ stative presentἔξεστι(ν): 'it is permitted/lawful'; the neuter participle ἐξόν with implied ἐστίν — the disclosure is sacred, off-limits to speech.
ἀνθρώπῳfor a manDativedat. of reference (the one permitted)ἄνθρωπος: 'human being'; what is heard in heaven a mere human may not relay on earth.
λαλῆσαιto speakAor Act Inf · λαλέωcomplementary infinitive (with ἐξόν)→ constative aoristλαλέω: 'speak, utter'; the very act forbidden — hence the revelation cannot serve as boasting material.
5

ὑπὲρ τοῦ τοιούτου καυχήσομαι, ὑπὲρ δὲ ἐμαυτοῦ οὐ καυχήσομαι εἰ μὴ ἐν ταῖς ἀσθενείαις.

On behalf of such a one I will boast, but on behalf of myself I will not boast, except in my weaknesses.

Application of the visionasyndetonPaul disengages the boast: the rapt 'man' may be boasted of, but as for himself he will glory only in weakness — the inversion that governs the whole speech.
ὑπὲρon behalf ofpreposition + genitive (reference/advantage)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
τοιούτουsuch a oneGenitiveobject of ὑπέρ (substantival demonstrative)τοιοῦτος: 'such a one'; still the third-person veil over Paul's own experience.
καυχήσομαιI will boastFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · καυχάομαιmain verb→ predictive futureκαυχάομαι: 'boast'; permissible of the 'other' self, the recipient of grace.
ὑπὲρon behalf ofpreposition + genitive (reference)
δὲbutadversative particle
ἐμαυτοῦmyselfGenitiveobject of ὑπέρ (reflexive pronoun)
οὐnotnegative particle
καυχήσομαιI will boastFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · καυχάομαιmain verb (negated)→ predictive future
εἰifconjunction (εἰ μή = 'except')
μὴnotnegative particle (εἰ μή = 'except')εἰ μή: 'except, unless'; carves out the single allowable ground of boasting — weakness.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (ground/sphere)
ταῖςtheDativearticle
ἀσθενείαιςweaknessesDativedat. of sphere (sole ground of boasting)ἀσθένεια: 'weakness, infirmity' (ἀ- + σθένος, 'strength'); the recurring banner of the fool's speech, where weakness is glory.
6

ἐὰν γὰρ θελήσω καυχήσασθαι, οὐκ ἔσομαι ἄφρων, ἀλήθειαν γὰρ ἐρῶ· φείδομαι δέ, μή τις εἰς ἐμὲ λογίσηται ὑπὲρ ὃ βλέπει με ἢ ἀκούει ἐξ ἐμοῦ.

For if I should wish to boast, I will not be a fool, for I will speak the truth; but I refrain, lest anyone reckon of me beyond what he sees in me or hears from me.

Ground / qualificationγάρA double clarification: such boasting would be true, not foolish — yet Paul abstains, refusing to be evaluated by anything but his observable life and message.
ἐὰνifconjunction (3rd-class condition)
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
θελήσωI should wishAor Act Subj 1 Sg · θέλωverb of protasis (subjunctive)→ ingressive aoristθέλω: 'will, wish, want'; the hypothetical desire to boast.
καυχήσασθαιto boastAor Mid Inf · καυχάομαιcomplementary infinitive→ constative aorist
οὐκnotnegative particle
ἔσομαιI will beFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (apodosis)→ predictive future
ἄφρωνa foolNominativepredicate nominativeἄφρων: 'senseless, foolish' (ἀ- + φρήν, 'mind'); the 'fool' of the fool's speech — but real, not feigned, foolishness is denied here.
ἀλήθειανtruthAccusativedirect object (fronted, emphatic)ἀλήθεια: 'truth'; the boast, were he to make it, would be factual — distinguishing him from the lying rivals.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
ἐρῶI will speakFut Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ predictive futureλέγω (fut. ἐρῶ): 'say, speak'; what he would speak is truth, not fabrication.
φείδομαιI refrainPres Mid Indic 1 Sg · φείδομαιmain verb→ customary presentφείδομαι: 'spare, refrain, forbear'; Paul holds back from the boast for the readers' sake.
δέbutadversative particle
μήlestconjunction (negative purpose)
τιςanyoneNominativesubject (indefinite pronoun)
εἰςof/topreposition + accusative (reference)
ἐμὲmeAccusativeobject of εἰς (reference)
λογίσηταιshould reckonAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · λογίζομαιverb of purpose clause (subjunctive)→ ingressive aoristλογίζομαι: 'reckon, credit, estimate'; Paul will not be over-valued beyond verifiable reality.
ὑπὲρbeyondpreposition + accusative (comparison/excess)ὑπέρ + acc.: 'beyond, more than'; the limit is what is empirically observed.
whatAccusativerelative pronoun (object of βλέπει)
βλέπειhe seesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · βλέπωmain verb (rel. clause)→ customary presentβλέπω: 'see, observe'; the public, visible conduct of Paul.
μεmeAccusativedirect object
ordisjunctive conjunction
ἀκούειhearsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb (rel. clause)→ customary presentἀκούω: 'hear'; Paul's audible teaching — the second measure of true estimation.
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (source)
ἐμοῦmeGenitiveobject of ἐκ (source)
7

καὶ τῇ ὑπερβολῇ τῶν ἀποκαλύψεων. διὸ ἵνα μὴ ὑπεραίρωμαι, ἐδόθη μοι σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί, ἄγγελος Σατανᾶ, ἵνα με κολαφίζῃ, ἵνα μὴ ὑπεραίρωμαι.

And because of the surpassing greatness of the revelations — therefore, so that I might not be exalted, there was given to me a thorn in the flesh, a messenger of Satan, to buffet me, so that I might not be exalted.

Inference / counterweightδιὸThe exaltation that the revelations might breed is checked by a divinely given thorn; the doubled 'lest I be exalted' frames the affliction as preventive grace. The opening clause is read with v.6 or as anacoluthon resumed by διό.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τῇtheDativearticle
ὑπερβολῇsurpassing greatnessDativedat. of causeὑπερβολή: 'excess, extraordinary degree' (cf. 'hyperbole'); the sheer magnitude of the revelations posed the danger of pride.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ἀποκαλύψεωνrevelationsGenitiveattributive/objective genitiveἀποκάλυψις: 'revelation'; the very gifts of vv.1–4, now the occasion of the thorn.
διὸthereforeinferential conjunctionδιό: 'wherefore, therefore'; draws the consequence — a counterweight was supplied.
ἵναso thatconjunction (negative purpose)
μὴnotnegative particle
ὑπεραίρωμαιI be exaltedPres Pass Subj 1 Sg · ὑπεραίρωverb of purpose clause→ present (durative)ὑπεραίρω: 'lift up over, exalt oneself' (ὑπέρ + αἴρω); passive 'be over-exalted, become conceited.'
ἐδόθηwas givenAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give'; the passive leaves the giver ambiguous — God ordains it, though Satan is the immediate agent (cf. Job 1–2).
μοιto meDativedat. of recipient (disadvantage)
σκόλοψa thorn/stakeNominativesubject of ἐδόθησκόλοψ: 'thorn, splinter, sharpened stake'; a piercing, embedded torment — its precise referent (ailment, opponents, temptation) Paul leaves undefined.
τῇtheDativearticle
σαρκίin the fleshDativedat. of place/sphere (or disadvantage)σάρξ: 'flesh'; here the physical/bodily realm — the thorn afflicts his bodily existence.
ἄγγελοςa messengerNominativeapposition to σκόλοψἄγγελος: 'messenger, angel'; the thorn personified as a hostile emissary.
Σατανᾶof SatanGenitivegenitive of source/subordinationΣατανᾶς: 'Satan, the adversary' (from Hebrew śāṭān); the thorn serves Satan's malice yet God's purpose.
ἵναtoconjunction (purpose)
μεmeAccusativedirect object
κολαφίζῃit might buffetPres Act Subj 3 Sg · κολαφίζωverb of purpose clause→ present (iterative)κολαφίζω: 'strike with the fist, beat, buffet'; the present pictures repeated, ongoing blows.
ἵναso thatconjunction (negative purpose, resumptive)
μὴnotnegative particle
ὑπεραίρωμαιI be exaltedPres Pass Subj 1 Sg · ὑπεραίρωverb of purpose clause (emphatic repetition)→ present (durative)ὑπεραίρω: the repeated clause brackets the verse, hammering the divine intent — humility.
8

ὑπὲρ τούτου τρὶς τὸν κύριον παρεκάλεσα ἵνα ἀποστῇ ἀπ' ἐμοῦ.

Concerning this I implored the Lord three times that it might depart from me.

Narrative responseasyndetonPaul's threefold petition (echoing Gethsemane's threefold prayer) seeks the thorn's removal — the natural human plea against affliction.
ὑπὲρconcerningpreposition + genitive (reference)
τούτουthisGenitiveobject of ὑπέρ (demonstrative)οὗτος: 'this'; refers to the thorn/messenger — masculine or neuter referent, 'this thing.'
τρὶςthree timesadverb (numerical)τρίς: 'thrice'; not casual repetition but earnest, completed entreaty.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
κύριονLordAccusativedirect object (the one entreated)κύριος: 'Lord'; here Christ, who answers in v.9 — prayer addressed directly to the risen Lord.
παρεκάλεσαI imploredAor Act Indic 1 Sg · παρακαλέωmain verb→ constative aoristπαρακαλέω: 'call alongside, urge, beseech' (παρά + καλέω); here earnest petition.
ἵναthatconjunction (content/purpose of request)
ἀποστῇit might departAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἀφίστημιverb of ἵνα clause→ ingressive aoristἀφίστημι: 'stand off, depart, withdraw' (ἀπό + ἵστημι); the prayer is for the thorn's complete removal.
ἀπ'frompreposition + genitive (separation)
ἐμοῦmeGenitiveobject of ἀπό (separation)
9

καὶ εἴρηκέν μοι· Ἀρκεῖ σοι ἡ χάρις μου· ἡ γὰρ δύναμις ἐν ἀσθενείᾳ τελεῖται. ἥδιστα οὖν μᾶλλον καυχήσομαι ἐν ταῖς ἀσθενείαις μου, ἵνα ἐπισκηνώσῃ ἐπ' ἐμὲ ἡ δύναμις τοῦ Χριστοῦ.

And he has said to me, "My grace is sufficient for you, for power is perfected in weakness." Most gladly, therefore, I will rather boast in my weaknesses, so that the power of Christ may rest upon me.

Divine answer / pivotκαὶThe theological heart of the chapter: the Lord's standing word reframes weakness as the very arena of grace and power, and Paul reorders his desire — he will boast in weakness so that Christ's power may tabernacle on him.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἴρηκένhe has saidPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγω (εἴρηκα)main verb→ intensive perfect (abiding word)λέγω (pf. εἴρηκα): 'say'; the perfect marks the answer as a settled, still-valid oracle, not a passing remark.
μοιto meDativeindirect object
Ἀρκεῖis sufficientPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀρκέωmain verb (oracle)→ gnomic presentἀρκέω: 'be enough, suffice'; the grace given is fully adequate — no more is needed than what is already supplied.
σοιfor youDativedat. of advantage
theNominativearticle
χάριςgraceNominativesubject of Ἀρκεῖχάρις: 'grace, favor'; Christ's enabling favor, sufficient in itself for the afflicted apostle.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of source/possession
theNominativearticle
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
δύναμιςpowerNominativesubject of τελεῖταιδύναμις: 'power, might'; divine power, which finds its full scope precisely where human strength fails.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
ἀσθενείᾳweaknessDativedat. of sphereἀσθένεια: 'weakness'; the surprising medium in which power reaches completion.
τελεῖταιis perfectedPres Pass Indic 3 Sg · τελέωmain verb (oracle)→ gnomic presentτελέω: 'complete, bring to its goal, perfect'; power attains its purpose, paradoxically, through weakness.
ἥδισταmost gladlyadverb (superlative of manner)ἥδιστα: 'most gladly, most sweetly' (superlative of ἡδέως); affliction is now embraced with joy.
οὖνthereforeinferential conjunction
μᾶλλονratheradverb (comparison/preference)μᾶλλον: 'more, rather'; Paul prefers to glory in weakness rather than seek its end.
καυχήσομαιI will boastFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · καυχάομαιmain verb→ predictive futureκαυχάομαι: 'boast'; the redirected boast — now gladly in weakness.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (ground/sphere)
ταῖςtheDativearticle
ἀσθενείαιςweaknessesDativedat. of sphereἀσθένεια: 'weakness'; the plural gathers up all his infirmities as occasions of grace.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession
ἵναso thatconjunction (purpose)
ἐπισκηνώσῃmay rest upon/tabernacleAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἐπισκηνόωverb of purpose clause→ ingressive aoristἐπισκηνόω: 'pitch a tent upon, take up residence over' (ἐπί + σκηνή, 'tent'); evokes the Shekinah glory tabernacling — Christ's power tents over Paul.
ἐπ'uponpreposition + accusative (place upon)
ἐμὲmeAccusativeobject of ἐπί
theNominativearticle
δύναμιςpowerNominativesubject of ἐπισκηνώσῃδύναμις: 'power'; the goal of embracing weakness — that Christ's power may dwell on him.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
ΧριστοῦChristGenitivegenitive of source/possessionΧριστός: the power is Christ's own — the same risen Lord who answered the prayer.
10

διὸ εὐδοκῶ ἐν ἀσθενείαις, ἐν ὕβρεσιν, ἐν ἀνάγκαις, ἐν διωγμοῖς καὶ στενοχωρίαις, ὑπὲρ Χριστοῦ· ὅταν γὰρ ἀσθενῶ, τότε δυνατός εἰμι.

Therefore I am content with weaknesses, with insults, with hardships, with persecutions and distresses, for the sake of Christ; for whenever I am weak, then I am strong.

Inference / paradoxδιὸThe conclusion drawn from the oracle: a catalogue of sufferings 'for Christ' is embraced, capped by the governing paradox of the whole speech — weakness is the locus of strength.
διὸthereforeinferential conjunctionδιό: 'wherefore'; draws out the practical consequence of v.9.
εὐδοκῶI am content / well pleasedPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εὐδοκέωmain verb→ customary presentεὐδοκέω: 'be well pleased, take pleasure in, consent gladly'; Paul positively delights in what would naturally repel.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere/reference)
ἀσθενείαιςweaknessesDativedat. of sphereἀσθένεια: 'weakness'; heads the suffering-list as its summary term.
ἐνinpreposition + dative
ὕβρεσινinsultsDativedat. of sphereὕβρις: 'insolence, outrage, mistreatment'; both the abuse suffered and the insolence of the abuser.
ἐνinpreposition + dative
ἀνάγκαιςhardshipsDativedat. of sphereἀνάγκη: 'necessity, distress, calamity'; the pressing constraints of apostolic life.
ἐνinpreposition + dative
διωγμοῖςpersecutionsDativedat. of sphereδιωγμός: 'persecution, pursuit' (cf. διώκω, 'chase'); hostility endured for the gospel.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
στενοχωρίαιςdistressesDativedat. of sphereστενοχωρία: 'narrowness, dire straits' (στενός + χώρα, 'narrow place'); the cramped, hemmed-in feeling of severe affliction.
ὑπὲρfor the sake ofpreposition + genitive (advantage/cause)
ΧριστοῦChristGenitiveobject of ὑπέρ (the reason that transvalues suffering)Χριστός: 'for Christ's sake' is the key qualifier — these are not random woes but borne for him.
ὅτανwheneverconjunction (indefinite temporal)ὅταν: 'whenever' (ὅτε + ἄν); the recurring, general condition.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
ἀσθενῶI am weakPres Act Subj 1 Sg · ἀσθενέωverb of ὅταν clause→ gnomic presentἀσθενέω: 'be weak, sick, powerless'; the verbal counterpart to ἀσθένεια.
τότεthenadverb (temporal correlative)
δυνατόςstrongNominativepredicate nominativeδυνατός: 'powerful, strong, able' (cf. δύναμις); the strength is Christ's power resting upon him, not native ability.
εἰμιI amPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ gnomic present
11

Γέγονα ἄφρων· ὑμεῖς με ἠναγκάσατε. ἐγὼ γὰρ ὤφειλον ὑφ' ὑμῶν συνίστασθαι· οὐδὲν γὰρ ὑστέρησα τῶν ὑπερλίαν ἀποστόλων, εἰ καὶ οὐδέν εἰμι.

I have become a fool; you compelled me. For I ought to have been commended by you, for I was in no way inferior to the super-apostles, even though I am nothing.

Recapitulation / reproachasyndetonDropping the third-person veil, Paul names the folly and pins responsibility on the Corinthians, who should have commended him; he equals the 'super-apostles' yet disclaims worth in himself.
ΓέγοναI have becomePerf Act Indic 1 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb→ intensive perfect (resultant state)γίνομαι: 'become'; the perfect marks the standing result — 'I now stand as a fool' (by their forcing).
ἄφρωνa foolNominativepredicate nominativeἄφρων: 'senseless one'; the self-designation of the fool's speech, owned ironically.
ὑμεῖςyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)
μεmeAccusativedirect object
ἠναγκάσατεyou compelledAor Act Indic 2 Pl · ἀναγκάζωmain verb→ constative aoristἀναγκάζω: 'compel, force' (cf. ἀνάγκη); the foolish boasting was extorted by their failure to defend him.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
ὤφειλονI oughtImpf Act Indic 1 Sg · ὀφείλωmain verb (unfulfilled obligation)→ imperfect (obligation, contrary to fact)ὀφείλω: 'owe, be obligated'; the imperfect signals a duty they failed to discharge — 'I ought to have been [but was not] commended.'
ὑφ'bypreposition + genitive (agency)
ὑμῶνyouGenitivegenitive of agency
συνίστασθαιto be commendedPres Pass Inf · συνίστημιcomplementary infinitive (with ὤφειλον)→ present (durative)συνίστημι: 'commend, present, prove'; they, not he, should have established his credentials.
οὐδὲνin nothingAccusativeaccusative of respect / adverbialοὐδείς: 'no one, nothing'; 'in no respect' inferior.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
ὑστέρησαI was inferior / fell shortAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ὑστερέωmain verb→ constative aoristὑστερέω: 'lack, fall short, be inferior'; Paul yields nothing in apostolic standing.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
ὑπερλίανsuper-/eminentadverb used attributively (with ἀποστόλων)ὑπερλίαν: 'exceedingly, super-' (ὑπέρ + λίαν); the ironic title 'super-apostles' for the intruding rivals (cf. 11:5).
ἀποστόλωνapostlesGenitivegenitive of comparison (after ὑστέρησα)ἀπόστολος: 'apostle, envoy'; here the self-styled super-apostles whom Paul matches.
εἰifconjunction (εἰ καί = 'even though')
καὶevenadverbial (εἰ καί, concessive)εἰ καί: 'even if, although'; concedes Paul's own nothingness while affirming his parity.
οὐδένnothingNominativepredicate nominativeοὐδείς: 'nothing'; Paul's self-estimate apart from Christ — humility undergirding the parity.
εἰμιI amPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative present
12

τὰ μὲν σημεῖα τοῦ ἀποστόλου κατειργάσθη ἐν ὑμῖν ἐν πάσῃ ὑπομονῇ, σημείοις τε καὶ τέρασιν καὶ δυνάμεσιν.

The signs of an apostle were indeed worked among you with all endurance, by signs and wonders and mighty deeds.

Evidential groundμὲνProof of his parity: the authenticating apostolic signs were performed among them, framed first of all by patient endurance — the apostle's truest credential.
τὰtheNominativearticle
μὲνindeedparticle (μέν, here nearly affirmative)
σημεῖαsignsNominativesubject of κατειργάσθησημεῖον: 'sign'; the authenticating marks of genuine apostleship.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
ἀποστόλουapostleGenitivegenitive of source/possession (signs that mark an apostle)ἀπόστολος: 'apostle'; 'the signs of the apostle' = the credentials proper to apostolic office.
κατειργάσθηwere workedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · κατεργάζομαιmain verb (neut. pl. subj. w/ sg. verb)→ constative aoristκατεργάζομαι: 'work out, accomplish, bring about' (intensive of ἐργάζομαι); the passive again leaves God as the true worker.
ἐνamongpreposition + dative (place/sphere)
ὑμῖνyouDativedat. of place (among you)
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (manner/attendant circumstance)
πάσῃallDativeattributive adjective
ὑπομονῇenduranceDativedat. of mannerὑπομονή: 'steadfast endurance, perseverance' (ὑπό + μένω, 'remain under'); placed first — the chief apostolic credential is patient suffering.
σημείοιςsignsDativedat. of means/instrumentσημεῖον: 'sign'; here the means by which apostleship was attested.
τεboth/andconnective particle (τε … καί)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τέρασινwondersDativedat. of meansτέρας: 'wonder, portent'; the awe-evoking aspect of a miracle — never used alone of Christian miracles, always paired with σημεῖα.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
δυνάμεσινmighty deedsDativedat. of meansδύναμις: 'mighty work, miracle'; the power-aspect of the miraculous — the standard triad signs/wonders/powers (cf. Acts 2:22; Heb 2:4).
13

τί γάρ ἐστιν ὃ ἡσσώθητε ὑπὲρ τὰς λοιπὰς ἐκκλησίας, εἰ μὴ ὅτι αὐτὸς ἐγὼ οὐ κατενάρκησα ὑμῶν; χαρίσασθέ μοι τὴν ἀδικίαν ταύτην.

For in what were you made inferior to the rest of the churches, except that I myself did not burden you? Forgive me this wrong!

Rhetorical question / ironyγάρBiting irony: the only respect in which Corinth was 'shortchanged' relative to other churches was that Paul refused their support — for which he mock-pleads forgiveness.
τίwhatNominativepredicate nominative (interrogative)τίς: 'who, what'; opens the rhetorical question.
γάρforexplanatory conjunction
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative present
in whichAccusativerelative pronoun (accusative of respect)
ἡσσώθητεyou were made inferiorAor Pass Indic 2 Pl · ἡσσόομαιmain verb (rel. clause)→ constative aoristἡσσόομαι: 'be made less, be inferior, be worsted' (cf. ἥσσων, 'less'); were the Corinthians shortchanged relative to other churches?
ὑπὲρcompared topreposition + accusative (comparison)ὑπέρ + acc.: 'beyond, more than'; here 'in comparison with.'
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
λοιπὰςrest of theAccusativeattributive adjectiveλοιπός: 'remaining, rest'; the other congregations Paul served.
ἐκκλησίαςchurchesAccusativeobject of ὑπέρἐκκλησία: 'assembly, church'; the gathered people of God in each locale.
εἰifconjunction (εἰ μή = 'except')
μὴnotnegative particle (εἰ μή = 'except')
ὅτιthatconjunction (content)
αὐτὸςmyselfNominativeintensive pronoun (w/ ἐγώ)αὐτός: 'self'; emphatic — 'I myself,' personally.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic)
οὐnotnegative particle
κατενάρκησαI burdenedAor Act Indic 1 Sg · καταναρκάωmain verb→ constative aoristκαταναρκάω: 'be a burden, weigh down' (lit. 'benumb,' from νάρκη, 'numbness'); a rare word (only here and 11:9; 12:14) for sponging on others' support.
ὑμῶνyouGenitivegenitive object of καταναρκάω
χαρίσασθέforgiveAor Mid Impv 2 Pl · χαρίζομαιmain verb (imperative, ironic)→ constative aorist (imperatival)χαρίζομαι: 'show favor, forgive, freely grant' (from χάρις); the mock-apology — 'pardon me this injustice!'
μοιmeDativedat. of advantage
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἀδικίανwrongAccusativedirect objectἀδικία: 'unrighteousness, wrong, injustice'; used ironically for the supposed offense of refusing pay.
ταύτηνthisAccusativedemonstrative (attributive)
14

Ἰδοὺ τρίτον τοῦτο ἑτοίμως ἔχω ἐλθεῖν πρὸς ὑμᾶς, καὶ οὐ καταναρκήσω· οὐ γὰρ ζητῶ τὰ ὑμῶν ἀλλὰ ὑμᾶς, οὐ γὰρ ὀφείλει τὰ τέκνα τοῖς γονεῦσιν θησαυρίζειν, ἀλλὰ οἱ γονεῖς τοῖς τέκνοις.

Behold, this third time I am ready to come to you, and I will not be a burden; for I do not seek what is yours but you, for the children ought not to store up for the parents, but the parents for the children.

Announcement of the third visitasyndetonThe speech turns to the imminent third visit; Paul's policy of non-burdening is grounded in paternal love — he seeks them, not their possessions, as parents provide for children, not the reverse.
ἸδοὺbeholdAor Mid Impv 2 Sg · ὁράω (interjection)attention-marker (frozen imperative)→ imperativalἰδού: 'look! behold!'; a fossilized imperative used to arrest attention.
τρίτονa third timeAccusativeadverbial accusative (of time)τρίτος: 'third'; 'this third time' — the imminent visit, with two prior (or one prior, one intended).
τοῦτοthisAccusativedemonstrative (w/ τρίτον)
ἑτοίμωςreadilyadverb (manner; ἑτοίμως ἔχω = 'I am ready')ἑτοίμως: 'readily'; ἑτοίμως ἔχω is an idiom, 'I am in readiness.'
ἔχωI have/amPres Act Indic 1 Sg · ἔχωmain verb (idiom w/ ἑτοίμως)→ stative presentἔχω: 'have, hold'; with the adverb = 'be ready, be disposed.'
ἐλθεῖνto comeAor Act Inf · ἔρχομαιcomplementary infinitive→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come'; the object of his readiness.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeobject of πρός
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οὐnotnegative particle
καταναρκήσωI will burdenFut Act Indic 1 Sg · καταναρκάωmain verb→ predictive futureκαταναρκάω: 'be a burden'; Paul reaffirms his settled policy for the coming visit.
οὐnotnegative particle
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
ζητῶI seekPres Act Indic 1 Sg · ζητέωmain verb→ customary presentζητέω: 'seek, desire'; what Paul truly pursues is the people themselves.
τὰthe thingsAccusativearticle (substantizing, w/ ὑμῶν)
ὑμῶνof youGenitivepossessive genitive (τὰ ὑμῶν = 'your goods')
ἀλλὰbutstrong adversative conjunction
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object (of implied ζητῶ)
οὐnotnegative particle
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
ὀφείλειoughtPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ὀφείλωmain verb (gnomic principle)→ gnomic presentὀφείλω: 'owe, be obligated'; states a general norm of family economy.
τὰtheNominativearticle
τέκναchildrenNominativesubject of ὀφείλειτέκνον: 'child' (from τίκτω, 'beget'); the Corinthians as Paul's spiritual offspring.
τοῖςfor theDativearticle
γονεῦσινparentsDativedat. of advantageγονεύς: 'parent, begetter' (cf. γίνομαι); the natural providers in the family analogy.
θησαυρίζεινto store upPres Act Inf · θησαυρίζωcomplementary infinitive (with ὀφείλει)→ customary presentθησαυρίζω: 'lay up treasure, save up' (cf. θησαυρός, 'treasure'); the obligation runs from parent to child, not child to parent.
ἀλλὰbutstrong adversative
οἱtheNominativearticle
γονεῖςparentsNominativesubject (of implied θησαυρίζειν ὀφείλουσιν)γονεύς: 'parent'; Paul, as spiritual father, accepts the parent's role of providing.
τοῖςfor theDativearticle
τέκνοιςchildrenDativedat. of advantageτέκνον: 'child'; the beneficiaries of parental provision.
15

ἐγὼ δὲ ἥδιστα δαπανήσω καὶ ἐκδαπανηθήσομαι ὑπὲρ τῶν ψυχῶν ὑμῶν. εἰ περισσοτέρως ὑμᾶς ἀγαπῶν, ἧσσον ἀγαπῶμαι;

And I will most gladly spend and be utterly spent for your souls. If I love you more abundantly, am I to be loved less?

Intensification of loveδὲPaul presses the paternal logic to its limit — total self-expenditure for their souls — and laments the painful asymmetry: greater love met by lesser return.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)
δὲandcontinuative particle
ἥδισταmost gladlyadverb (superlative of manner)ἥδιστα: 'most gladly'; the same eager joy as in v.9, now in self-giving.
δαπανήσωI will spendFut Act Indic 1 Sg · δαπανάωmain verb→ predictive futureδαπανάω: 'spend, expend (resources)'; Paul will lay out all he has for them.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐκδαπανηθήσομαιI will be utterly spentFut Pass Indic 1 Sg · ἐκδαπανάωmain verb→ predictive futureἐκδαπανάω: 'spend out completely, exhaust' (ἐκ-intensive); a NT hapax — Paul will pour out his very self to the last.
ὑπὲρforpreposition + genitive (advantage)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
ψυχῶνsoulsGenitiveobject of ὑπέρψυχή: 'soul, life, person'; the whole persons of the Corinthians, their eternal good, is the object of his expenditure.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivepossessive genitive
εἰifconjunction (1st-class condition, here interrogative)
περισσοτέρωςmore abundantlyadverb (comparative degree)περισσοτέρως: 'more abundantly, all the more' (comparative of περισσῶς); the surplus of Paul's love.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object of ἀγαπῶν
ἀγαπῶνlovingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀγαπάωconditional/causal participle→ present (durative)ἀγαπάω: 'love'; the self-giving covenant love that defines Paul's ministry.
ἧσσονlessadverb (comparative degree)ἧσσον: 'less' (comparative neut. of ἥσσων); the painful disproportion of their response.
ἀγαπῶμαιam I lovedPres Pass Indic 1 Sg · ἀγαπάωmain verb (question)→ present (durative)ἀγαπάω: here passive — Paul's love is requited with diminishing affection, a grief he voices openly.
16

ἔστω δέ, ἐγὼ οὐ κατεβάρησα ὑμᾶς· ἀλλὰ ὑπάρχων πανοῦργος δόλῳ ὑμᾶς ἔλαβον.

But be that as it may, I did not burden you; yet, being crafty, I took you by deceit — so it is alleged.

Concession / rebuttal of slanderδέPaul cites the opponents' insinuation: granting he took nothing directly, they charge he 'caught' the Corinthians by cunning (e.g. via the collection or his agents). The next verses dismantle the slur.
ἔστωlet it be / be that as it mayPres Act Impv 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (concessive imperative)→ imperativalεἰμί (impv. ἔστω): 'let it be so'; a conceding formula, 'granted.'
δέbutadversative particle
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)
οὐnotnegative particle
κατεβάρησαI burdenedAor Act Indic 1 Sg · καταβαρέωmain verb→ constative aoristκαταβαρέω: 'weigh down, burden' (κατά + βάρος, 'weight'); a NT hapax, synonymous with καταναρκάω — he was no financial dead-weight.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object
ἀλλὰyetadversative conjunction (introducing the charge)
ὑπάρχωνbeingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ὑπάρχωcausal/concessive participle→ present (durative)ὑπάρχω: 'be, exist, be inherently'; introduces the alleged character — 'being (supposedly) crafty.'
πανοῦργοςcraftyNominativepredicate adjective (w/ ὑπάρχων)πανοῦργος: 'unscrupulous, cunning' (lit. 'ready for anything,' πᾶν + ἔργον); the slander voiced by his detractors.
δόλῳby deceitDativedat. of means/mannerδόλος: 'guile, trickery, bait' (originally a fisherman's lure); the charge of underhanded entrapment.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object
ἔλαβονI took / caughtAor Act Indic 1 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: 'take, catch'; here 'caught' as with a snare — the verb of the imagined cunning, repeated ironically from his opponents' lips.
17

μή τινα ὧν ἀπέσταλκα πρὸς ὑμᾶς, δι' αὐτοῦ ἐπλεονέκτησα ὑμᾶς;

Did I take advantage of you through any of those I sent to you?

Rhetorical rebuttalasyndetonThe first question dismantling the charge: through none of his envoys did Paul exploit them — the expected answer is an emphatic 'No.'
μή[not / surely not]interrogative particle (expecting 'no')μή: introduces a question anticipating a negative answer — 'surely I did not …?'
τιναanyoneAccusativeobject (indefinite pronoun; resumed by δι' αὐτοῦ)
ὧνof those whomGenitiverelative pronoun (partitive genitive)
ἀπέσταλκαI have sentPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb (rel. clause)→ intensive perfectἀποστέλλω: 'send with a commission' (cf. ἀπόστολος); the perfect views his commissioned envoys as a standing fact.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeobject of πρός
δι'throughpreposition + genitive (agency/means)
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveobject of διά (resumes τινα)
ἐπλεονέκτησαI took advantage ofAor Act Indic 1 Sg · πλεονεκτέωmain verb (question)→ constative aoristπλεονεκτέω: 'take advantage of, defraud, exploit' (from πλεονέκτης, 'greedy one'); the very vice imputed to him, here flatly denied.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object
18

παρεκάλεσα Τίτον καὶ συναπέστειλα τὸν ἀδελφόν· μήτι ἐπλεονέκτησεν ὑμᾶς Τίτος; οὐ τῷ αὐτῷ πνεύματι περιεπατήσαμεν; οὐ τοῖς αὐτοῖς ἴχνεσιν;

I urged Titus to go, and I sent the brother with him. Titus did not take advantage of you, did he? Did we not walk in the same spirit? Did we not in the same footsteps?

Specific exhibitasyndetonTitus is the test case: his conduct, and Paul's, displayed the same Spirit and identical 'footsteps' of integrity — answering the slander with a concrete, verifiable instance.
παρεκάλεσαI urgedAor Act Indic 1 Sg · παρακαλέωmain verb→ constative aoristπαρακαλέω: 'urge, exhort, appeal to'; Paul dispatched Titus at his own initiative.
ΤίτονTitusAccusativedirect objectΤίτος: Titus, Paul's trusted Gentile coworker and emissary to Corinth (cf. 2:13; 7:6; 8:6).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
συναπέστειλαI sent with himAor Act Indic 1 Sg · συναποστέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristσυναποστέλλω: 'send along with' (σύν + ἀποστέλλω); the companion accompanied Titus as witness/safeguard.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἀδελφόνbrotherAccusativedirect objectἀδελφός: 'brother'; an unnamed fellow-believer sent with Titus (cf. 8:18–22).
μήτι[surely not]interrogative particle (expecting 'no')μήτι: a strengthened μή — 'he didn't, did he?'
ἐπλεονέκτησενtook advantage ofAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πλεονεκτέωmain verb (question)→ constative aoristπλεονεκτέω: 'exploit, defraud'; the same verb as v.17, now of Titus — likewise denied.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object
ΤίτοςTitusNominativesubject
οὐ[not]interrogative particle (expecting 'yes')οὐ: introduces a question expecting an affirmative answer — 'did we not …? (we did)'
τῷtheDativearticle
αὐτῷsameDativeidentifying adjectiveαὐτός: 'same'; the identity of Paul's and Titus's conduct.
πνεύματιspiritDativedat. of manner/sphereπνεῦμα: 'spirit'; either disposition ('the same spirit') or the Holy Spirit who governed both — the same animating principle.
περιεπατήσαμενwe walkedAor Act Indic 1 Pl · περιπατέωmain verb (question)→ constative aoristπεριπατέω: 'walk about,' metaphor for conduct of life (a Semitic idiom, Hebrew hālak); the same manner of life for both.
οὐ[not]interrogative particle (expecting 'yes')
τοῖςtheDativearticle
αὐτοῖςsameDativeidentifying adjectiveαὐτός: 'same'; identical steps — no divergence in integrity.
ἴχνεσινfootstepsDativedat. of manner (elliptical 'walk')ἴχνος: 'footprint, track'; 'in the same footsteps' = following the identical path of honest dealing.
19

Πάλαι δοκεῖτε ὅτι ὑμῖν ἀπολογούμεθα; κατέναντι θεοῦ ἐν Χριστῷ λαλοῦμεν· τὰ δὲ πάντα, ἀγαπητοί, ὑπὲρ τῆς ὑμῶν οἰκοδομῆς.

Have you been thinking all along that we are defending ourselves to you? It is before God, in Christ, that we are speaking; and all of it, beloved, is for your upbuilding.

Clarification of purposeasyndetonPaul corrects a possible misreading: the whole defense is not self-justification before a human tribunal but speech 'before God, in Christ,' aimed wholly at the church's edification.
Πάλαιall along / long sinceadverb (time)πάλαι: 'long ago, all this while'; 'have you been supposing all along …?'
δοκεῖτεyou thinkPres Act Indic 2 Pl · δοκέωmain verb (question)→ present (durative)δοκέω: 'think, suppose, seem'; their mistaken impression.
ὅτιthatconjunction (content)
ὑμῖνto youDativedat. of reference/indirect object
ἀπολογούμεθαwe are defending ourselvesPres Mid Indic 1 Pl · ἀπολογέομαιmain verb (ὅτι clause)→ present (durative)ἀπολογέομαι: 'make a defense, give account' (cf. 'apology, apologetics'); Paul denies that the Corinthians are his judges.
κατέναντιbefore / in the sight ofimproper preposition + genitive (in the presence of)κατέναντι: 'opposite, before, in the presence of'; the true audience is God, not the church.
θεοῦGodGenitiveobject of κατέναντι
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
ΧριστῷChristDativedat. of sphere (incorporative 'in Christ')Χριστός: the sphere of union with Christ in which all Paul's speech is uttered — coram Deo and in Christ.
λαλοῦμενwe speakPres Act Indic 1 Pl · λαλέωmain verb→ present (durative)λαλέω: 'speak'; all his utterance is under God's gaze.
τὰtheNominativearticle (substantizing, w/ πάντα)
δὲandcontinuative particle
πάνταall thingsNominativesubject (of implied 'is/are')πᾶς: 'all'; the entire defense and the whole letter.
ἀγαπητοίbelovedVocativevocative of addressἀγαπητός: 'beloved'; the tender direct address that softens the rebuke — they remain dearly loved.
ὑπὲρforpreposition + genitive (advantage/purpose)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
ὑμῶνyourGenitivepossessive genitive (fronted for emphasis)
οἰκοδομῆςupbuildingGenitiveobject of ὑπέρ (the goal)οἰκοδομή: 'building up, edification' (οἶκος + δέμω, 'build a house'); the constructive aim of all Paul's severity (cf. 10:8; 13:10).
20

φοβοῦμαι γὰρ μή πως ἐλθὼν οὐχ οἵους θέλω εὕρω ὑμᾶς, κἀγὼ εὑρεθῶ ὑμῖν οἷον οὐ θέλετε, μή πως ἔρις, ζῆλος, θυμοί, ἐριθεῖαι, καταλαλιαί, ψιθυρισμοί, φυσιώσεις, ἀκαταστασίαι·

For I fear that perhaps when I come I may not find you such as I wish, and that I may be found by you such as you do not wish — that perhaps there may be strife, jealousy, outbursts of anger, selfish ambitions, slanders, whisperings, conceits, disorders;

Ground of concern / apprehensionγάρThe reason for the edifying intent: Paul dreads finding unrepented communal sins on arrival — a vice-list of eight relational disorders that fracture the church's life.
φοβοῦμαιI fearPres Mid Indic 1 Sg · φοβέομαιmain verb→ present (durative)φοβέομαι: 'fear, be afraid'; the pastoral apprehension governing vv.20–21.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
μήlestconjunction (after verb of fearing)
πωςperhapsparticle (indefinite)πως: 'somehow, perhaps'; μή πως = 'lest somehow.'
ἐλθὼνhaving comeAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἔρχομαιtemporal participle→ antecedent aoristἔρχομαι: 'come'; 'on arriving.'
οὐχnotnegative particle
οἵουςsuch asAccusativecorrelative relative (qualitative)οἷος: 'of what sort'; 'not the kind I wish.'
θέλωI wishPres Act Indic 1 Sg · θέλωmain verb (rel. clause)→ present (durative)θέλω: 'wish, want'; Paul's hope for their spiritual state.
εὕρωI may findAor Act Subj 1 Sg · εὑρίσκωverb of fear-clause (subjunctive)→ ingressive aoristεὑρίσκω: 'find, discover'; what he will encounter on arrival.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object
κἀγὼand INominativesubject (crasis καί + ἐγώ, emphatic)κἀγώ: crasis of καὶ ἐγώ, 'and I.'
εὑρεθῶI may be foundAor Pass Subj 1 Sg · εὑρίσκωverb of fear-clause (subjunctive, passive)→ ingressive aoristεὑρίσκω: passive 'be found, prove to be'; he too might appear in an unwished-for guise (stern, disciplinary).
ὑμῖνby youDativedat. of agent/reference
οἷονsuch asAccusativecorrelative relative (qualitative)οἷος: 'of what sort'; 'the kind you do not wish.'
οὐnotnegative particle
θέλετεyou wishPres Act Indic 2 Pl · θέλωmain verb (rel. clause)→ present (durative)
μήlestconjunction (resumptive, w/ implied 'there be')
πωςperhapsparticle (indefinite)
ἔριςstrifeNominativesubject (of implied verb)ἔρις: 'strife, contention, quarreling'; heads the vice-list — the disease already diagnosed at Corinth (1 Cor 1:11).
ζῆλοςjealousyNominativesubject (coordinate)ζῆλος: 'zeal, jealousy, envy'; here the negative party-spirit and rivalry.
θυμοίoutbursts of angerNominativesubject (coordinate)θυμός: 'passion, rage, outburst'; the plural denotes flares of temper.
ἐριθεῖαιselfish ambitionsNominativesubject (coordinate)ἐριθεία: 'selfish ambition, factiousness' (orig. 'work for hire, intrigue'); self-seeking partisanship.
καταλαλιαίslandersNominativesubject (coordinate)καταλαλιά: 'evil speaking, slander' (κατά + λαλέω, 'speak against'); open defamation.
ψιθυρισμοίwhisperingsNominativesubject (coordinate)ψιθυρισμός: 'whispering, secret gossip' (onomatopoeic); covert backbiting, the twin of open slander.
φυσιώσειςconceitsNominativesubject (coordinate)φυσίωσις: 'puffing up, conceit, arrogance' (cf. φυσιόω, 'inflate'); the swollen self-importance Paul condemned at Corinth (1 Cor 4–5; 8:1).
ἀκαταστασίαιdisordersNominativesubject (coordinate)ἀκαταστασία: 'disorder, tumult, instability' (ἀ- + καθίστημι, 'set in order'); the social chaos these vices breed.
21

μὴ πάλιν ἐλθόντος μου ταπεινώσῃ με ὁ θεός μου πρὸς ὑμᾶς, καὶ πενθήσω πολλοὺς τῶν προημαρτηκότων καὶ μὴ μετανοησάντων ἐπὶ τῇ ἀκαθαρσίᾳ καὶ πορνείᾳ καὶ ἀσελγείᾳ ᾗ ἔπραξαν.

lest, when I come again, my God may humble me before you, and I may mourn over many who have sinned before and have not repented of the impurity and sexual immorality and licentiousness which they practiced.

Deepest fear / mourningasyndetonThe climactic dread: not the relational vices only but unrepented moral filth — impurity, fornication, licentiousness — which would humble Paul and turn his visit to mourning. The chapter ends on this somber note, propelling the warnings of ch. 13.
μὴlestconjunction (continues the fear of v.20)
πάλινagainadverb (repetition)πάλιν: 'again'; the recurrence points to the painful 'second visit' behind 2 Corinthians (cf. 2:1; 13:2).
ἐλθόντοςhaving comeAor Act Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · ἔρχομαιgenitive absolute (temporal)→ antecedent aoristἔρχομαι: 'come'; the genitive absolute 'when I have come (again).'
μουI / myGenitivesubject of genitive absolute
ταπεινώσῃmay humbleAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ταπεινόωverb of fear-clause (subjunctive)→ ingressive aoristταπεινόω: 'make low, humble, humiliate'; Paul fears God will humble him through grief over the church's sin.
μεmeAccusativedirect object
theNominativearticle
θεόςGodNominativesubject
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship
πρὸςbeforepreposition + accusative (in relation to)
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeobject of πρός
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πενθήσωI may mournAor Act Subj 1 Sg · πενθέωverb of fear-clause (coordinate subjunctive)→ ingressive aoristπενθέω: 'mourn, grieve, lament' (as for the dead); deep sorrow over impenitent members.
πολλοὺςmanyAccusativedirect object (substantival adj.)πολύς: 'many'; the troubling scope — not a few isolated cases.
τῶνof thoseGenitivearticle (substantizes the participles; partitive)
προημαρτηκότωνwho have sinned beforePerf Act Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · προαμαρτάνωsubstantival participle (partitive genitive)→ intensive perfect (abiding guilt)προαμαρτάνω: 'sin beforehand / formerly' (προ- + ἁμαρτάνω); the perfect marks sin whose effect persists — they remain in their former sin.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
μὴnotnegative particle (w/ participle)
μετανοησάντωνhaving repentedAor Act Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · μετανοέωsubstantival participle (negated)→ constative aoristμετανοέω: 'change one's mind, repent' (μετά + νοέω); the absence of repentance is what makes their case grievous.
ἐπὶof / overpreposition + dative (occasion/reference)
τῇtheDativearticle
ἀκαθαρσίᾳimpurityDativeobject of ἐπίἀκαθαρσία: 'uncleanness, impurity' (ἀ- + καθαρός, 'clean'); moral defilement, esp. sexual.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πορνείᾳsexual immoralityDativeobject of ἐπί (coordinate)πορνεία: 'fornication, sexual immorality' (cf. πόρνη); illicit sexual conduct broadly — a besetting Corinthian sin (1 Cor 5–6).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀσελγείᾳlicentiousnessDativeobject of ἐπί (coordinate)ἀσέλγεια: 'sensuality, debauchery, shameless excess'; unbridled indulgence flaunting all restraint.
whichDativerelative pronoun (dat. by attraction; object of ἔπραξαν)
ἔπραξανthey practicedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · πράσσωmain verb (rel. clause)→ constative aoristπράσσω: 'do, practice, perform'; the habitual commission of these sins, now unrepented.