Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Second Epistle to the Corinthians, Chapter 8ΠΡΟΣ ΚΟΡΙΝΘΙΟΥΣ Β′ Η′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

1

Γνωρίζομεν δὲ ὑμῖν, ἀδελφοί, τὴν χάριν τοῦ θεοῦ τὴν δεδομένην ἐν ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις τῆς Μακεδονίας,

Now we make known to you, brothers, the grace of God that has been given in the churches of Macedonia,

Transition / new topicδέThe transitional δέ opens the long appeal for the Jerusalem collection (chs. 8–9). Paul begins not with a demand but with a report: the grace God has worked in Macedonia, set forth as a model.
Γνωρίζομενwe make knownPres Act Indic 1 Pl · γνωρίζωmain verb→ customary present (epistolary disclosure)γνωρίζω: 'make known, declare'; a disclosure formula introducing important new information.
δὲnowtransitional conjunctionδέ: mild connective marking the shift to a new section, the collection.
ὑμῖνto youDativeindirect object (recipient)
ἀδελφοίbrothersVocativevocative of addressἀδελφός: 'brother'; the familial address that frames the appeal in kinship rather than coercion.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
χάρινgraceAccusativedirect object of Γνωρίζομενχάρις: 'grace, favor'; the keyword of chs. 8–9, here God's grace as the enabling source of the Macedonians' giving — soon also the gift itself (vv.4, 6, 7, 19).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive of source/authorθεός: God; the grace is God's gift, not human achievement — generosity is itself a work of grace.
τὴνthe (one)Accusativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
δεδομένηνthat has been givenPerf Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Fem · δίδωμιattributive participle (w/ χάριν)→ intensive perfect (abiding result)δίδωμι: 'give'; the perfect marks a gift granted and still in effect — the grace remains operative in Macedonia.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
ταῖςtheDativearticle
ἐκκλησίαιςchurchesDativedat. of sphere (locus of the grace)ἐκκλησία: 'assembly, church'; the Macedonian congregations — Philippi, Thessalonica, Beroea.
τῆςofGenitivearticle
ΜακεδονίαςMacedoniaGenitivegenitive (region)Μακεδονία: the northern Roman province; its churches, themselves afflicted, become the surprising exemplar of liberality.
2

ὅτι ἐν πολλῇ δοκιμῇ θλίψεως ἡ περισσεία τῆς χαρᾶς αὐτῶν καὶ ἡ κατὰ βάθους πτωχεία αὐτῶν ἐπερίσσευσεν εἰς τὸ πλοῦτος τῆς ἁπλότητος αὐτῶν·

that in a severe test of affliction their abundance of joy and their deep poverty overflowed into the wealth of their generosity;

Content / explanationὅτιThe ὅτι unpacks the grace just announced: a paradox in which affliction and poverty, far from quenching giving, overflow into rich generosity — proof that the source is grace, not means.
ὅτιthatconjunction (content of the grace)ὅτι: introduces the explanatory content describing what the grace produced.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (circumstance)
πολλῇmuch/severeDativeattributive adjectiveπολύς: 'much, great'; intensifies the testing — it was severe, not mild.
δοκιμῇtest/provingDativedat. of circumstance/attendant conditionδοκιμή: 'test, proof, ordeal'; the assaying that demonstrates genuineness (cf. δοκιμάζω) — affliction as the crucible.
θλίψεωςof afflictionGenitivegenitive of content/sourceθλῖψις: 'pressure, affliction, tribulation'; the persecution and hardship under which the Macedonian churches lived.
theNominativearticle
περισσείαabundanceNominativesubject (coordinate)περισσεία: 'surplus, overflow, abundance'; the brimming-over of their joy despite affliction.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
χαρᾶςjoyGenitivegenitive of content (abundance consisting of joy)χαρά: 'joy'; the paradoxical joy of believers under pressure (cf. Phil 1; 1 Thess 1:6).
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
theNominativearticle
κατὰdown topreposition + genitive (degree/extent)κατά: here in the idiom κατὰ βάθους, 'down to the depths,' marking extreme degree.
βάθουςdepthGenitiveobject of κατά (extent)βάθος: 'depth'; κατὰ βάθους πτωχεία = 'rock-bottom poverty,' poverty plumbed to its depths.
πτωχείαpovertyNominativesubject (coordinate)πτωχεία: 'destitution, beggarly poverty'; from πτωχός, the crouching beggar — abject, not mere modest want.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession
ἐπερίσσευσενoverflowedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · περισσεύωmain verb (compound subject, sg. by attraction)→ constative aoristπερισσεύω: 'overflow, abound'; the verb of superabundance — their joy-and-poverty spilled over into liberality.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (result)
τὸtheAccusativearticle
πλοῦτοςwealthAccusativeobject of εἰς (result)πλοῦτος: 'riches, wealth'; the oxymoron with πτωχεία — destitution producing 'wealth' of generosity.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
ἁπλότητοςgenerosity/singlenessGenitiveepexegetic genitive (wealth consisting in generosity)ἁπλότης: 'singleness, sincerity'; of motive — an undivided heart that issues in open-handed 'liberality' (a settled NT sense, cf. 9:11, 13; Rom 12:8).
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession
3

ὅτι κατὰ δύναμιν, μαρτυρῶ, καὶ παρὰ δύναμιν, αὐθαίρετοι

for according to their ability — I testify — and beyond their ability, of their own accord,

Ground / amplificationὅτιA second ὅτι intensifies: their giving matched and then exceeded their means, and was wholly voluntary. Paul interjects 'I testify' as an eyewitness guarantor.
ὅτιforcausal/explanatory conjunctionὅτι: grounds the claim of v.2 by specifying the measure of their giving.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (standard)
δύναμινabilityAccusativeobject of κατά (standard/measure)δύναμις: 'power, capacity'; here financial 'means' — they gave to the full of what they could.
μαρτυρῶI testifyPres Act Indic 1 Sg · μαρτυρέωparenthetical main verb→ performative presentμαρτυρέω: 'bear witness'; Paul's parenthetical oath-like attestation as one who saw it firsthand.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
παρὰbeyondpreposition + accusative (comparison/excess)παρά: with the accusative, 'beyond, past' — here exceeding the measure of ability.
δύναμινabilityAccusativeobject of παρά (excess)δύναμις: repeated for the rhetorical antithesis κατὰ … παρά — they gave past what was prudent.
αὐθαίρετοιof their own accordNominativepredicate adjective (anticipating the subject of v.4)αὐθαίρετος: 'self-chosen, voluntary' (αὐτός + αἱρέομαι); the gift was unsolicited and spontaneous (cf. v.17).
4

μετὰ πολλῆς παρακλήσεως δεόμενοι ἡμῶν, τὴν χάριν καὶ τὴν κοινωνίαν τῆς διακονίας τῆς εἰς τοὺς ἁγίους,

with much entreaty begging of us the favor and the fellowship of the ministry to the saints —

Manner / continuationasyndetonThe participial clause completes the picture: so eager were they that they begged for the privilege of giving — reversing the usual scene where the apostle must persuade reluctant donors.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment/manner)
πολλῆςmuchGenitiveattributive adjective
παρακλήσεωςentreaty/appealGenitiveobject of μετά (manner)παράκλησις: 'appeal, urging, comfort'; here the urgent 'entreaty' with which they pressed Paul to let them share.
δεόμενοιbeggingPres Mid Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · δέομαιadverbial participle (manner)→ present (durative)δέομαι: 'beg, implore'; petition born of earnest need — they pleaded for the chance to give.
ἡμῶνof usGenitivegenitive object of δεόμενοι
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
χάρινfavorAccusativedirect object (content of the request)χάρις: here 'favor, privilege'; the collection is a gracious gift they begged to be allowed to share.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
κοινωνίανfellowship/participationAccusativedirect object (coordinate)κοινωνία: 'partnership, sharing'; giving as concrete fellowship in a common work (cf. Rom 15:26).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
διακονίαςministry/serviceGenitiveobjective/epexegetic genitiveδιακονία: 'service, ministry'; the relief-collection is a sacred 'ministry' to the saints (cf. vv.19–20; 9:1, 12–13).
τῆςthe (one)Genitivearticle (resumptive, w/ prep. phrase)
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction/benefit)
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
ἁγίουςsaintsAccusativeobject of εἰς (beneficiaries)ἅγιος: 'holy one, saint'; the impoverished Jerusalem believers, the collection's recipients (cf. Rom 15:25–26).
5

καὶ οὐ καθὼς ἠλπίσαμεν, ἀλλ' ἑαυτοὺς ἔδωκαν πρῶτον τῷ κυρίῳ καὶ ἡμῖν διὰ θελήματος θεοῦ,

and not as we had hoped, but they gave themselves first to the Lord and to us, through the will of God,

Climax / surpriseκαὶThe crowning point: they surpassed Paul's hope, for the gift of money was preceded by the gift of self — first to the Lord, then to his apostles. Self-surrender is the root of true liberality.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οὐnotnegative particleοὐ: objective negation; with the following ἀλλά forms the 'not … but' that marks the surprise.
καθὼςascomparative conjunctionκαθώς: 'just as, according as'; introduces the standard of expectation that was exceeded.
ἠλπίσαμενwe had hopedAor Act Indic 1 Pl · ἐλπίζωverb of the comparative clause→ constative aoristἐλπίζω: 'hope, expect'; even Paul's hopeful expectation fell short of what they did.
ἀλλ'butadversative conjunctionἀλλά: strong adversative; pivots from expectation to the surpassing reality.
ἑαυτοὺςthemselvesAccusativedirect object (emphatic, fronted)ἑαυτοῦ: reflexive 'themselves'; the fronted object stresses self-donation as primary.
ἔδωκανthey gaveAor Act Indic 3 Pl · δίδωμιmain verb→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give'; the central verb — what they 'gave' first was not money but themselves.
πρῶτονfirstadverb (priority/order)πρῶτον: 'first'; logical and moral priority — surrender to the Lord precedes and grounds the gift.
τῷto theDativearticle
κυρίῳLordDativeindirect object (recipient)κύριος: 'Lord'; the risen Christ, to whom self is given before any subordinate giving to men.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἡμῖνto usDativeindirect object (coordinate)
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (means/agency)
θελήματοςwillGenitiveobject of διά (means)θέλημα: 'will'; their self-giving was itself effected by and conformed to God's will.
θεοῦof GodGenitivesubjective/possessive genitive
6

εἰς τὸ παρακαλέσαι ἡμᾶς Τίτον, ἵνα καθὼς προενήρξατο οὕτως καὶ ἐπιτελέσῃ εἰς ὑμᾶς καὶ τὴν χάριν ταύτην.

so that we urged Titus that, as he had begun, so he would also complete among you this grace as well.

Result / purposeεἰς τὸThe Macedonian example moves Paul to act at Corinth: he charges Titus to bring to completion the collection he had earlier begun there. The argument turns from report (1–5) to appeal (6–).
εἰςso thatpreposition (w/ articular inf., result/purpose)εἰς τό + infinitive: a standard purpose/result construction, 'so as to, with the result that.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle (w/ infinitive)
παρακαλέσαιto urgeAor Act Inf · παρακαλέωarticular infinitive (result/purpose)→ constative aoristπαρακαλέω: 'urge, exhort, appeal to'; Paul's pastoral pressing of Titus to the task.
ἡμᾶςusAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive
ΤίτονTitusAccusativeobject of the infinitiveΤίτος: Titus, Paul's trusted Greek coworker, who had already started the collection at Corinth (cf. 7:6–15).
ἵναthatconjunction (introduces purpose/content)ἵνα: introduces the content of the urging — the goal set before Titus.
καθὼςascomparative conjunctionκαθώς: 'just as'; correlates with οὕτως — beginning answered by completing.
προενήρξατοhe had begunAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · προενάρχομαιverb of comparative clause→ constative aoristπροενάρχομαι: 'begin beforehand' (προ- + ἐν- + ἄρχομαι); a rare compound — Titus' earlier initiation of the collection.
οὕτωςsocorrelative adverbοὕτως: 'thus, so'; answers καθώς, drawing the line from start to finish.
καὶalsoadverbial/adjunctive conjunction
ἐπιτελέσῃhe would completeAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἐπιτελέωsubjunctive (purpose clause)→ constative aorist (effective)ἐπιτελέω: 'bring to completion, finish' (ἐπί-intensive of τελέω); the keynote of vv.6, 11 — finishing what was begun.
εἰςamongpreposition + accusative (sphere/direction)
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeobject of εἰς (sphere)
καὶalsoadjunctive conjunction (w/ χάριν)καί: 'also'; 'this grace too' — adding the collection to the other graces in which Corinth excels (v.7).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
χάρινgraceAccusativeobject of ἐπιτελέσῃχάρις: here the gracious 'undertaking' of the collection itself — the gift as a work of grace to be completed.
ταύτηνthisAccusativeattributive demonstrative
7

ἀλλ' ὥσπερ ἐν παντὶ περισσεύετε, πίστει καὶ λόγῳ καὶ γνώσει καὶ πάσῃ σπουδῇ καὶ τῇ ἐξ ἡμῶν ἐν ὑμῖν ἀγάπῃ, ἵνα καὶ ἐν ταύτῃ τῇ χάριτι περισσεύητε.

But just as you abound in everything — in faith and speech and knowledge and all earnestness and in the love from us among you — see that you abound in this grace also.

Exhortation from analogyἀλλ'Paul appeals to Corinth's acknowledged richness: a church that excels in faith, speech, knowledge, zeal, and love should excel equally in liberality. The collection completes their gifts.
ἀλλ'buttransitional/adversative conjunctionἀλλά: here marking a turn to direct exhortation — 'well then, just as…'
ὥσπερjust ascomparative conjunctionὥσπερ: 'just as'; sets up the comparison between present abundance and the abundance urged.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (respect/sphere)
παντὶeverythingDativedat. of respect (substantival)πᾶς: 'all, every'; 'in everything' — the comprehensive claim then itemized.
περισσεύετεyou aboundPres Act Indic 2 Pl · περισσεύωverb of comparative clause→ stative/customary presentπερισσεύω: 'abound, excel'; Corinth's spiritual affluence (cf. 1 Cor 1:5).
πίστειin faithDativedat. of respect (specification)πίστις: 'faith, trust'; first of the itemized excellences.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
λόγῳspeechDativedat. of respectλόγος: 'word, speech'; their eloquence and utterance (cf. 1 Cor 1:5).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
γνώσειknowledgeDativedat. of respectγνῶσις: 'knowledge'; the understanding the Corinthians prized (cf. 1 Cor 8:1).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πάσῃallDativeattributive adjective
σπουδῇearnestnessDativedat. of respectσπουδή: 'haste, diligence, zeal'; the eager earnestness that recurs through the chapter (vv.8, 16, 17, 22).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τῇtheDativearticle
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (source)
ἡμῶνusGenitiveobject of ἐξ (source of the love)
ἐνamongpreposition + dative (sphere)
ὑμῖνyouDativeobject of ἐν (sphere)
ἀγάπῃloveDativedat. of respect (the love 'from us among you')ἀγάπη: 'love'; the mutual love between apostle and church — a well-attested reading over 'your love for us.'
ἵναthatconjunction (purpose, w/ hortatory force)ἵνα: here the purpose clause functions as a gentle imperative — 'see that you abound.'
καὶalsoadjunctive conjunction
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
ταύτῃthisDativeattributive demonstrative
τῇtheDativearticle
χάριτιgraceDativeobject of ἐν (sphere)χάρις: again the gracious work of the collection — the 'grace' Corinth is to abound in.
περισσεύητεyou may aboundPres Act Subj 2 Pl · περισσεύωsubjunctive (purpose/hortatory clause)→ customary presentπερισσεύω: 'abound'; the same verb closes the verse — let the abundance extend to generosity.
8

Οὐ κατ' ἐπιταγὴν λέγω, ἀλλὰ διὰ τῆς ἑτέρων σπουδῆς καὶ τὸ τῆς ὑμετέρας ἀγάπης γνήσιον δοκιμάζων·

I say this not as a command, but to prove, through the earnestness of others, the genuineness of your love as well.

Qualification of the appealasyndetonPaul disclaims commanding; the appeal is a test. The Macedonians' zeal is the touchstone against which the authenticity of Corinthian love can be assayed — love proves itself in giving.
Οὐnotnegative particle
κατ'as/according topreposition + accusative (standard)
ἐπιταγὴνcommandAccusativeobject of κατά (standard)ἐπιταγή: 'command, injunction'; Paul declines to coerce — giving must be free (cf. 9:7).
λέγωI sayPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ customary presentλέγω: 'say, speak'; his manner of appeal, not its enforcement.
ἀλλὰbutadversative conjunctionἀλλά: contrasts command with the proving of love.
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (means)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
ἑτέρωνof othersGenitiveattributive genitive (the Macedonians)ἕτερος: 'other'; the Macedonian churches whose zeal serves as the measuring rod.
σπουδῆςearnestnessGenitiveobject of διά (means of testing)σπουδή: 'eagerness, zeal'; the others' earnestness becomes the test of Corinthian love.
καὶalsoadjunctive conjunction
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantizes adjective)
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
ὑμετέραςyourGenitivepossessive adjective (attributive)ὑμέτερος: 'your'; the possessive emphasizing it is their own love being tested.
ἀγάπηςloveGenitivegenitive (the love whose genuineness is tested)ἀγάπη: 'love'; love that is real is proved by action — here by generosity.
γνήσιονgenuinenessAccusativeobject of δοκιμάζων (substantival adj.)γνήσιος: 'genuine, true-born'; the 'genuineness' of their love — its tested authenticity.
δοκιμάζωνproving/testingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · δοκιμάζωadverbial participle (purpose)→ present (purposive)δοκιμάζω: 'test, prove, approve'; cognate with δοκιμή (v.2) — Paul aims to assay, not command, their love.
9

γινώσκετε γὰρ τὴν χάριν τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, ὅτι δι' ὑμᾶς ἐπτώχευσεν πλούσιος ὤν, ἵνα ὑμεῖς τῇ ἐκείνου πτωχείᾳ πλουτήσητε.

For you know the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, that though he was rich, for your sakes he became poor, so that you by his poverty might become rich.

Ground / theological motiveγάρThe explanatory γάρ anchors the whole appeal in the gospel: the incarnation is the supreme act of self-impoverishing grace. Christ's voluntary poverty enriches; his pattern motivates and shapes Christian giving.
γινώσκετεyou knowPres Act Indic 2 Pl · γινώσκωmain verb→ stative presentγινώσκω: 'know'; appeals to shared knowledge — the grace of Christ is common Christian conviction.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunctionγάρ: grounds the appeal of vv.7–8 in the example of Christ.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
χάρινgraceAccusativedirect objectχάρις: 'grace'; here Christ's self-giving grace — the theological fountainhead of all the chapter's 'grace.'
τοῦofGenitivearticle
κυρίουLordGenitivegenitive of source (the grace is his)κύριος: 'Lord'; the exalted title held together with the self-lowering it describes.
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of relationship
ἸησοῦJesusGenitiveapposition
ΧριστοῦChristGenitiveapposition
ὅτιthatconjunction (epexegetic, defining the grace)ὅτι: 'namely, that'; unfolds what the grace consists in.
δι'for the sake ofpreposition + accusative (cause/advantage)διά: with accusative, 'because of, for the sake of'; the impoverishment was for their benefit.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeobject of διά (beneficiaries)
ἐπτώχευσενhe became poorAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πτωχεύωmain verb (ὅτι clause)→ ingressive aorist (entered poverty)πτωχεύω: 'become poor, be a beggar'; the ingressive aorist of the incarnation — the rich Lord stooped to destitution.
πλούσιοςrichNominativepredicate adjective (w/ ὤν)πλούσιος: 'rich'; his pre-existent fullness/glory, the wealth he set aside (cf. Phil 2:6–7).
ὤνbeingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · εἰμίconcessive participle ('though being')→ present (timeless/concessive)εἰμί: 'be'; the concessive participle — 'although he was rich' — sharpens the paradox.
ἵναso thatconjunction (purpose)ἵνα: introduces the saving purpose of the self-impoverishment.
ὑμεῖςyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)the emphatic ὑμεῖς underscores the great exchange — his poverty, your riches.
τῇtheDativearticle
ἐκείνουhis/that one'sGenitivedemonstrative (possessive, emphatic)ἐκεῖνος: 'that one'; the emphatic 'his very own' poverty, set over against 'you.'
πτωχείᾳpovertyDativedat. of means/instrumentπτωχεία: 'poverty'; the same destitution as the Macedonians' (v.2) — by it the believers are enriched.
πλουτήσητεyou might become richAor Act Subj 2 Pl · πλουτέωsubjunctive (purpose clause)→ ingressive aorist (come into riches)πλουτέω: 'be/become rich'; the spiritual wealth of salvation gained through Christ's poverty — the gospel's great reversal.
10

καὶ γνώμην ἐν τούτῳ δίδωμι· τοῦτο γὰρ ὑμῖν συμφέρει, οἵτινες οὐ μόνον τὸ ποιῆσαι ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ θέλειν προενήρξασθε ἀπὸ πέρυσι·

And in this I give my opinion, for this is profitable for you, who began a year ago not only to do but also to will;

CounselκαὶResuming the disclaimer of v.8, Paul offers counsel, not command. The Corinthians' early eagerness — being first not only to act but to want to — makes completion fitting and to their own advantage.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
γνώμηνopinion/judgmentAccusativedirect objectγνώμη: 'opinion, considered judgment'; advice freely offered, not an apostolic decree (cf. 1 Cor 7:25).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (reference)
τούτῳthisDativeobject of ἐν (the matter at hand)
δίδωμιI givePres Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ performative presentδίδωμι: 'give'; γνώμην δίδωμι = 'I give my opinion,' a measured counsel.
τοῦτοthisNominativesubject
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
ὑμῖνfor youDativedat. of advantage
συμφέρειis profitablePres Act Indic 3 Sg · συμφέρωmain verb (γάρ clause)→ gnomic/stative presentσυμφέρω: 'be advantageous, profit'; completing the gift serves their own spiritual good.
οἵτινεςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (qualitative, 'inasmuch as you')ὅστις: indefinite/qualitative relative; 'you, the very ones who…' grounding the counsel in their record.
οὐnotnegative particle
μόνονonlyadverb (w/ correlative ἀλλὰ καί)μόνον: 'only'; οὐ μόνον … ἀλλὰ καί = 'not only … but also.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle (w/ infinitive)
ποιῆσαιto doAor Act Inf · ποιέωarticular infinitive (object of προενήρξασθε)→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do, make'; the doing — the actual act of giving.
ἀλλὰbutadversative conjunction
καὶalsoadjunctive conjunction
τὸtheAccusativearticle (w/ infinitive)
θέλεινto willPres Act Inf · θέλωarticular infinitive (object)→ present (durative willing)θέλω: 'will, want'; the willing — the resolve and desire behind the act, in which they led the way.
προενήρξασθεyou began beforeAor Mid Indic 2 Pl · προενάρχομαιmain verb (relative clause)→ constative aoristπροενάρχομαι: 'begin beforehand'; Corinth had been first to start, a year before the Macedonians (cf. 9:2).
ἀπὸfrom/sincepreposition + genitive (time)
πέρυσιa year agoadverb (time)πέρυσι: 'last year, a year ago'; ἀπὸ πέρυσι dates the start of their initiative.
11

νυνὶ δὲ καὶ τὸ ποιῆσαι ἐπιτελέσατε, ὅπως καθάπερ ἡ προθυμία τοῦ θέλειν οὕτως καὶ τὸ ἐπιτελέσαι ἐκ τοῦ ἔχειν.

but now also complete the doing, so that, just as there was the readiness to will, so also there may be the completing out of what you have.

Exhortation (the practical point)νυνὶ δὲThe hortatory heart of the counsel: let the early eagerness now be matched by finished action. Readiness of will must issue in completion proportioned to actual means.
νυνὶnowadverb (time, emphatic)νυνί: emphatic 'now'; the present moment to bring the year-old resolve to completion.
δὲbut/andtransitional conjunctionδέ: marks the turn from past beginning (v.10) to present completion.
καὶalsoadjunctive conjunction
τὸtheAccusativearticle (w/ infinitive)
ποιῆσαιdoingAor Act Inf · ποιέωarticular infinitive (object of ἐπιτελέσατε)→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do'; now the doing, not just the willing, is to be carried through.
ἐπιτελέσατεcompleteAor Act Impv 2 Pl · ἐπιτελέωimperative (main exhortation)→ constative aorist (effective)ἐπιτελέω: 'finish, complete'; the chapter's keynote imperative — bring the collection to its end (cf. v.6).
ὅπωςso thatconjunction (purpose)ὅπως: 'in order that'; introduces the desired correspondence of will and deed.
καθάπερjust ascomparative conjunctionκαθάπερ: 'exactly as'; correlates with οὕτως — readiness answered by completion.
theNominativearticle
προθυμίαreadiness/eagernessNominativesubject of the comparative clauseπροθυμία: 'eagerness, willingness' (πρό + θυμός); the forward-leaning readiness commended again in 9:2.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (w/ infinitive)
θέλεινto willPres Act Inf · θέλωarticular infinitive (epexegetic genitive)→ present (durative)θέλω: 'will'; 'the readiness consisting in willing.'
οὕτωςsocorrelative adverbοὕτως: answers καθάπερ — 'so also.'
καὶalsoadjunctive conjunction
τὸtheNominativearticle (w/ infinitive, subject)
ἐπιτελέσαιcompletingAor Act Inf · ἐπιτελέωarticular infinitive (subject of implied verb)→ constative aoristἐπιτελέω: 'complete'; the completion set in parallel with the willing.
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (source)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (w/ infinitive)
ἔχεινto havePres Act Inf · ἔχωarticular infinitive (object of ἐκ)→ present (durative)ἔχω: 'have'; ἐκ τοῦ ἔχειν = 'out of what you have' — completion measured by actual resources (cf. v.12).
12

εἰ γὰρ ἡ προθυμία πρόκειται, καθὸ ἐὰν ἔχῃ εὐπρόσδεκτος, οὐ καθὸ οὐκ ἔχει.

For if the readiness is there, it is acceptable according to what one has, not according to what one does not have.

Principle / groundγάρThe governing principle of acceptable giving: God measures the gift by willing readiness and actual means, not by an absolute amount. This relieves the poor and guards against pretension.
εἰifconjunction (1st-class condition)εἰ: 'if'; a real condition — assuming the readiness is in fact present.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunctionγάρ: grounds the 'out of what you have' of v.11 in a general rule.
theNominativearticle
προθυμίαreadinessNominativesubjectπροθυμία: 'eagerness, willingness'; the heart's readiness is what makes a gift acceptable.
πρόκειταιis presentPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · πρόκειμαιverb of the conditional clause→ stative presentπρόκειμαι: 'lie before, be present, be set forth'; the readiness already 'lies ready' at hand.
καθὸaccording to whatconjunction (measure/proportion)καθό: 'in so far as, according as'; sets the proportion — by what one has.
ἐὰνeverparticle (indefinite, w/ subjunctive)ἐάν: here the indefinite particle generalizing καθό — 'according to whatever one has.'
ἔχῃone hasPres Act Subj 3 Sg · ἔχωsubjunctive (indefinite relative clause)→ present (general)ἔχω: 'have'; the measure is present possession, whatever its amount.
εὐπρόσδεκτοςacceptableNominativepredicate adjective (subject 'it/the gift' implied)εὐπρόσδεκτος: 'well-received, acceptable' (εὖ + προσδέχομαι); the gift welcomed by God when given from a willing heart (cf. 6:2; Rom 15:16).
οὐnotnegative particle
καθὸaccording to whatconjunction (measure/proportion)καθό: repeated for the contrast — not measured by what one lacks.
οὐκnotnegative particle
ἔχειone hasPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔχωverb of the contrasting clause→ present (general)ἔχω: 'have'; God does not require what one does not possess.
13

οὐ γὰρ ἵνα ἄλλοις ἄνεσις, ὑμῖν θλῖψις· ἀλλ' ἐξ ἰσότητος

For it is not that there should be relief for others and hardship for you, but as a matter of equality;

Clarification of aimγάρPaul forestalls the fear of impoverishing the givers: the goal is not to ease others by burdening Corinth, but a fair balance — ἰσότης — among the churches.
οὐnotnegative particle
γὰρforexplanatory conjunctionγάρ: explains the proportionate measure of v.12 — no one is to be crushed.
ἵναthatconjunction (purpose; verb elided)ἵνα: introduces the (negated) supposed purpose; the verb 'should be' is understood.
ἄλλοιςfor othersDativedat. of advantageἄλλος: 'other'; the recipients in Jerusalem.
ἄνεσιςrelief/easeNominativesubject (predicate of elided verb)ἄνεσις: 'relaxation, relief' (ἀνίημι, 'let up'); the easing of others' want — but not at Corinth's ruin.
ὑμῖνfor youDativedat. of disadvantage
θλῖψιςhardship/afflictionNominativesubject (predicate of elided verb)θλῖψις: 'pressure, affliction'; here financial 'distress' — the opposite of relief, which Paul denies he intends.
ἀλλ'butadversative conjunctionἀλλά: pivots to the true aim — equality.
ἐξout of/as a matter ofpreposition + genitive (basis/principle)ἐκ: here marking the principle on which the arrangement rests.
ἰσότητοςequality/fairnessGenitiveobject of ἐξ (governing principle)ἰσότης: 'equality, fairness' (ἴσος, 'equal'); a balanced proportion among the churches, not enforced sameness (cf. v.14; Col 4:1).
14

ἐν τῷ νῦν καιρῷ τὸ ὑμῶν περίσσευμα εἰς τὸ ἐκείνων ὑστέρημα, ἵνα καὶ τὸ ἐκείνων περίσσευμα γένηται εἰς τὸ ὑμῶν ὑστέρημα, ὅπως γένηται ἰσότης·

at the present time your abundance supplying their lack, so that their abundance also may supply your lack, that there may be equality.

Explanation of equalityasyndetonEquality unpacked as reciprocal supply across time: present surplus meets present need, against a day when the flow may reverse. Mutual interdependence in the body of Christ.
ἐνin/atpreposition + dative (time)
τῷtheDativearticle
νῦνpresentadverb used attributively (w/ καιρῷ)νῦν: 'now'; ὁ νῦν καιρός = 'the present time,' the current season of Corinthian plenty.
καιρῷtime/seasonDativedat. of time (when)καιρός: 'appointed time, season'; the opportune moment for sharing.
τὸtheNominativearticle
ὑμῶνyourGenitivepossessive genitive
περίσσευμαabundance/surplusNominativesubject (verb 'is/supplies' implied)περίσσευμα: 'surplus, what is over'; the present plenty Corinth can share.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (goal/benefit)
τὸtheAccusativearticle
ἐκείνωνtheirGenitivedemonstrative (possessive)ἐκεῖνος: 'that one'; 'theirs' — the Jerusalem saints.
ὑστέρημαlack/needAccusativeobject of εἰς (the need supplied)ὑστέρημα: 'deficiency, lack, what is wanting'; their material need (cf. 9:12; Phil 2:30).
ἵναso thatconjunction (purpose)ἵνα: introduces the reciprocal purpose — the future reversal.
καὶalsoadjunctive conjunction
τὸtheNominativearticle
ἐκείνωνtheirGenitivedemonstrative (possessive)
περίσσευμαabundanceNominativesubject of γένηταιπερίσσευμα: their future surplus, whether material or (as often read) spiritual.
γένηταιmay become/serveAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · γίνομαιsubjunctive (purpose clause)→ ingressive aoristγίνομαι: 'become, come to be'; their abundance 'coming to be' a supply for Corinth's need.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (goal)
τὸtheAccusativearticle
ὑμῶνyourGenitivepossessive genitive
ὑστέρημαlackAccusativeobject of εἰςὑστέρημα: 'lack'; Corinth's possible future want, to be met in turn.
ὅπωςthatconjunction (purpose/result)ὅπως: 'in order that'; the summarizing goal.
γένηταιmay beAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · γίνομαιsubjunctive (purpose clause)→ ingressive aoristγίνομαι: 'come to be'; the result toward which the whole arrangement tends.
ἰσότηςequalityNominativesubject of γένηταιἰσότης: 'equality, fairness'; the recurring keyword (v.13) naming the goal.
15

καθὼς γέγραπται· Ὁ τὸ πολὺ οὐκ ἐπλεόνασεν, καὶ ὁ τὸ ὀλίγον οὐκ ἠλαττόνησεν.

as it is written, "The one who gathered much had nothing left over, and the one who gathered little had no lack."

Scriptural confirmationκαθὼςA citation of Exodus 16:18 (LXX) on the manna: God's provision leveled surplus and shortage so that none lacked. The wilderness economy becomes the warrant for ecclesial equality.
καθὼςascomparative conjunction (citation formula)καθώς: 'just as'; the standard formula introducing a Scripture quotation.
γέγραπταιit is writtenPerf Pass Indic 3 Sg · γράφωmain verb (citation formula)→ intensive perfect (abiding authority)γράφω: 'write'; the perfect 'it stands written' — Scripture's enduring force (cf. Rom 1:17).
the (one)Nominativearticle (substantival, subject)the article alone substantizes — 'the one who [gathered],' the gatherer of the manna.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (w/ substantival adj.)
πολὺmuchAccusativeobject (implied 'gathered')πολύς: 'much'; the large portion of manna gathered.
οὐκnotnegative particle
ἐπλεόνασενhad over/aboundedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πλεονάζωmain verb (citation)→ constative aoristπλεονάζω: 'have more than enough, abound'; the gatherer of much had no excess left.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
the (one)Nominativearticle (substantival, subject)
τὸtheAccusativearticle (w/ substantival adj.)
ὀλίγονlittleAccusativeobject (implied 'gathered')ὀλίγος: 'little, few'; the small portion gathered.
οὐκnotnegative particle
ἠλαττόνησενhad lack/too littleAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐλαττονέωmain verb (citation)→ constative aoristἐλαττονέω: 'have too little, fall short' (ἐλάττων, 'less'); the gatherer of little lacked nothing — divine sufficiency for all.
16

Χάρις δὲ τῷ θεῷ τῷ διδόντι τὴν αὐτὴν σπουδὴν ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ Τίτου,

But thanks be to God, who put the same earnestness on your behalf into the heart of Titus,

Thanksgiving / transition to delegatesδέA burst of thanksgiving turns the section toward the administration of the gift. Titus' zeal for Corinth is God-given — the same σπουδή Paul has been urging. The travel-arrangements (16–24) safeguard the collection.
ΧάριςthanksNominativesubject (in a thanksgiving formula)χάρις: here 'thanks, gratitude'; χάρις τῷ θεῷ = 'thanks be to God' (cf. 2:14; 9:15) — a play on the chapter's keyword.
δὲbut/nowtransitional conjunctionδέ: marks the turn to the commendation of the delegates.
τῷtoDativearticle
θεῷGodDativedat. of recipient (of thanks)θεός: God, who is the author of Titus' earnest care — gratitude redirected to him.
τῷthe (one)Dativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
διδόντιwho put/givesPres Act Ptc · Dat Sg Masc · δίδωμιattributive participle (w/ θεῷ)→ present (characterizing)δίδωμι: 'give, put'; God 'puts' the earnestness into Titus' heart — every good zeal traced to him.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
αὐτὴνsameAccusativeintensive/identical adjectiveαὐτός: here 'the same'; Titus shares Paul's own earnest concern for Corinth.
σπουδὴνearnestnessAccusativedirect object of διδόντισπουδή: 'eagerness, diligence'; the keyword of the chapter (vv.7, 8, 22) now embodied in Titus.
ὑπὲρon behalf ofpreposition + genitive (advantage)
ὑμῶνyouGenitiveobject of ὑπέρ (those benefited)
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place/sphere)
τῇtheDativearticle
καρδίᾳheartDativedat. of place (locus of the zeal)καρδία: 'heart'; the inner seat of will and affection where God plants the earnestness.
Τίτουof TitusGenitivegenitive of possessionΤίτος: Titus; named again as the lead delegate of the collection (cf. v.6, 23).
17

ὅτι τὴν μὲν παράκλησιν ἐδέξατο, σπουδαιότερος δὲ ὑπάρχων αὐθαίρετος ἐξῆλθεν πρὸς ὑμᾶς.

for he welcomed our appeal, but being more earnest, of his own accord he went out to you.

Ground of thanksgivingὅτιWhy Paul thanks God: Titus not only accepted the request but, of his own eager initiative, set out — the same voluntary spirit (αὐθαίρετος) as the Macedonians (v.3).
ὅτιforcausal conjunctionὅτι: grounds the thanksgiving — it explains Titus' commendable response.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
μὲνon the one handparticle (μέν … δέ correlative)μέν: anticipates the δέ — 'indeed he accepted… but more than that…'
παράκλησινappealAccusativedirect object of ἐδέξατοπαράκλησις: 'appeal, exhortation'; Paul's urging of v.6 that Titus go.
ἐδέξατοhe welcomed/acceptedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · δέχομαιmain verb (μέν clause)→ constative aoristδέχομαι: 'receive, welcome'; Titus gladly took up the commission.
σπουδαιότεροςmore earnestNominativepredicate adjective (comparative, w/ ὑπάρχων)σπουδαῖος: 'earnest, diligent'; comparative — Titus was 'more than usually' eager, the cognate of σπουδή.
δὲbutparticle (μέν … δέ)δέ: answers μέν, escalating from acceptance to spontaneous eagerness.
ὑπάρχωνbeingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ὑπάρχωcausal/circumstantial participle→ present (concurrent)ὑπάρχω: 'be, exist'; a near-synonym of εἰμί, here 'being (as he is) more earnest.'
αὐθαίρετοςof his own accordNominativepredicate adjective (manner)αὐθαίρετος: 'self-chosen, voluntary'; the same word as v.3 — Titus' going was spontaneous, not merely obedient.
ἐξῆλθενhe went outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (δέ clause)→ constative aorist (epistolary perspective)ἐξέρχομαι: 'go out, set out'; Titus' departure for Corinth — perhaps an epistolary aorist from the readers' standpoint.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeobject of πρός
18

συνεπέμψαμεν δὲ μετ' αὐτοῦ τὸν ἀδελφὸν οὗ ὁ ἔπαινος ἐν τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ διὰ πασῶν τῶν ἐκκλησιῶν,

And with him we sent the brother whose praise in the gospel is through all the churches,

Commendation of delegate (1)δέThe first of two unnamed brothers accompanying Titus. His gospel reputation across the churches lends the delegation credibility — a safeguard for the integrity of the funds.
συνεπέμψαμενwe sent withAor Act Indic 1 Pl · συμπέμπωmain verb→ constative aorist (epistolary)συμπέμπω: 'send along with' (σύν + πέμπω); the formal dispatch of a delegate alongside Titus.
δὲandconnective conjunction
μετ'withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveobject of μετά (Titus)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἀδελφὸνbrotherAccusativedirect object of συνεπέμψαμενἀδελφός: 'brother'; an unnamed but well-known coworker (traditionally guessed to be Luke or another, but left anonymous).
οὗwhoseGenitiverelative pronoun (possessive genitive)
theNominativearticle
ἔπαινοςpraiseNominativesubject (verb 'is' implied)ἔπαινος: 'praise, commendation'; his good repute, earned in gospel service.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
τῷtheDativearticle
εὐαγγελίῳgospelDativedat. of sphere (realm of his service)εὐαγγέλιον: 'gospel'; his renown is specifically in gospel work, not worldly distinction.
διὰthroughoutpreposition + genitive (extent)διά: with genitive of extent, 'throughout, all over.'
πασῶνallGenitiveattributive adjective
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
ἐκκλησιῶνchurchesGenitiveobject of διά (extent of his fame)ἐκκλησία: 'church'; his reputation is universal among the congregations.
19

οὐ μόνον δὲ ἀλλὰ καὶ χειροτονηθεὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ἐκκλησιῶν συνέκδημος ἡμῶν σὺν τῇ χάριτι ταύτῃ τῇ διακονουμένῃ ὑφ' ἡμῶν πρὸς τὴν τοῦ κυρίου δόξαν καὶ προθυμίαν ἡμῶν,

and not only that, but he was also appointed by the churches as our traveling companion in this grace that is being administered by us for the glory of the Lord himself and to show our readiness,

Further commendation (1)οὐ μόνον δὲ ἀλλὰ καὶMore than famous, the brother was formally elected by the churches to travel with Paul in handling the gift — an official accountability. The collection serves the Lord's glory and displays Paul's eagerness.
οὐnotnegative particle (in correlative)
μόνονonlyadverb (οὐ μόνον … ἀλλὰ καί)μόνον: 'only'; the correlative escalates from reputation to official appointment.
δὲandconnective particle
ἀλλὰbutadversative conjunction
καὶalsoadjunctive conjunction
χειροτονηθεὶςhaving been appointedAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · χειροτονέωattributive/substantival participle (w/ the brother)→ constative aorist (decisive act)χειροτονέω: 'appoint, elect' (orig. 'stretch out the hand' to vote); the churches formally chose him — collective accountability.
ὑπὸbypreposition + genitive (agency)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
ἐκκλησιῶνchurchesGenitivegenitive of agency (those who appointed)ἐκκλησία: 'church'; the congregations as the appointing body, ensuring transparency.
συνέκδημοςtraveling companionNominativepredicate nom. / apposition (the role he was appointed to)συνέκδημος: 'fellow traveler' (σύν + ἐκ + δῆμος); a companion on the journey delivering the gift (cf. Acts 19:29).
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of association
σὺνwith/inpreposition + dative (association)
τῇtheDativearticle
χάριτιgrace/giftDativeobject of σύν (the collection)χάρις: again the collection as a 'gracious gift,' here the thing being administered.
ταύτῃthisDativeattributive demonstrative
τῇthe (one)Dativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
διακονουμένῃbeing administeredPres Pass Ptc · Dat Sg Fem · διακονέωattributive participle (w/ χάριτι)→ present (ongoing process)διακονέω: 'serve, administer'; the ongoing handling of the relief fund as sacred service.
ὑφ'bypreposition + genitive (agency)
ἡμῶνusGenitivegenitive of agency
πρὸςforpreposition + accusative (purpose/goal)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
κυρίουLordGenitivegenitive (objective: glory directed to the Lord)κύριος: 'Lord'; the collection's ultimate aim is his glory, not human credit.
δόξανgloryAccusativeobject of πρός (purpose)δόξα: 'glory, honor'; the gift glorifies the Lord himself.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
προθυμίανreadinessAccusativeobject of πρός (coordinate purpose)προθυμία: 'eagerness'; the same readiness of v.11–12, here shown in the careful administration.
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of possession
20

στελλόμενοι τοῦτο, μή τις ἡμᾶς μωμήσηται ἐν τῇ ἁδρότητι ταύτῃ τῇ διακονουμένῃ ὑφ' ἡμῶν·

taking care of this, that no one should blame us in this lavish gift that is being administered by us;

Purpose / safeguardasyndetonPaul names his administrative scruple: by sending vetted delegates he forestalls any accusation of mishandling so large a sum. Financial transparency protects the gospel's credibility.
στελλόμενοιtaking care/avoidingPres Mid Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · στέλλωadverbial participle (purpose/manner)→ present (concurrent intent)στέλλω (mid.): 'arrange, take precaution, guard against'; Paul is 'taking pains' to avoid scandal.
τοῦτοthisAccusativedirect object (anticipating the μή clause)
μήlestconjunction (negative purpose)μή: introduces the apprehension/precaution — 'so that no one may…'
τιςanyoneNominativesubject (indefinite pronoun)τις: 'someone, anyone'; an unspecified potential critic.
ἡμᾶςusAccusativedirect object of μωμήσηται
μωμήσηταιshould blameAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · μωμάομαιsubjunctive (negative purpose clause)→ constative aoristμωμάομαι: 'find fault, blame, censure' (μῶμος, 'blemish'); to charge with a defect — here, of dishonesty (cf. 6:3).
ἐνin/regardingpreposition + dative (reference)
τῇtheDativearticle
ἁδρότητιlavish gift/abundanceDativedat. of reference (the matter of blame)ἁδρότης: 'abundance, lavishness' (ἁδρός, 'thick, full-grown'); a NT hapax — the 'bountiful' size of the gift, hence the need for care.
ταύτῃthisDativeattributive demonstrative
τῇthe (one)Dativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
διακονουμένῃbeing administeredPres Pass Ptc · Dat Sg Fem · διακονέωattributive participle→ present (ongoing)διακονέω: 'administer, serve'; the same verb as v.19 — the fund's ongoing handling.
ὑφ'bypreposition + genitive (agency)
ἡμῶνusGenitivegenitive of agency
21

προνοοῦμεν γὰρ καλὰ οὐ μόνον ἐνώπιον κυρίου ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐνώπιον ἀνθρώπων.

for we take thought for what is honorable not only before the Lord but also before men.

Principle / groundγάρA maxim (echoing Prov 3:4 LXX) grounds the precaution: integrity must be visible as well as real — what is right before God should also be evidently right before people.
προνοοῦμενwe take thought/providePres Act Indic 1 Pl · προνοέωmain verb→ customary presentπρονοέω: 'think of beforehand, take forethought, provide' (πρό + νοέω); to plan with care for what is right (cf. Rom 12:17).
γὰρforexplanatory conjunctionγάρ: grounds the precaution of v.20 in a principle of conduct.
καλὰhonorable thingsAccusativedirect object (substantival adjective)καλός: 'good, noble, honorable'; conduct that is fine and seemly, visibly upright (cf. Prov 3:4 LXX).
οὐnotnegative particle
μόνονonlyadverb (οὐ μόνον … ἀλλὰ καί)
ἐνώπιονbeforeimproper preposition + genitive (in the sight of)ἐνώπιον: 'in the presence/sight of'; the sphere of accountability — first God's.
κυρίουthe LordGenitiveobject of ἐνώπιονκύριος: 'Lord'; the primary witness before whom integrity is kept.
ἀλλὰbutadversative conjunction
καὶalsoadjunctive conjunction
ἐνώπιονbeforeimproper preposition + genitiveἐνώπιον: repeated — integrity must also be evident to people.
ἀνθρώπωνmenGenitiveobject of ἐνώπιονἄνθρωπος: 'human being, person'; the watching public before whom the church's honesty is displayed.
22

συνεπέμψαμεν δὲ αὐτοῖς τὸν ἀδελφὸν ἡμῶν ὃν ἐδοκιμάσαμεν ἐν πολλοῖς πολλάκις σπουδαῖον ὄντα, νυνὶ δὲ πολὺ σπουδαιότερον πεποιθήσει πολλῇ τῇ εἰς ὑμᾶς.

And we sent with them our brother whom we have often tested in many matters and found earnest, but now much more earnest because of his great confidence in you.

Commendation of delegate (2)δέA third member of the delegation, a proven brother whose tested earnestness is now heightened by his confidence in Corinth — itself a tactful expression of expectation that they will give.
συνεπέμψαμενwe sent withAor Act Indic 1 Pl · συμπέμπωmain verb→ constative aorist (epistolary)συμπέμπω: 'send along with'; the same dispatch-verb as v.18 — a second companion added.
δὲandconnective conjunction
αὐτοῖςthemDativedat. of association (Titus and the first brother)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἀδελφὸνbrotherAccusativedirect object of συνεπέμψαμενἀδελφός: 'brother'; a second unnamed delegate, distinct from the one of v.18.
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of relationship
ὃνwhomAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐδοκιμάσαμεν)
ἐδοκιμάσαμενwe testedAor Act Indic 1 Pl · δοκιμάζωmain verb (relative clause)→ constative aoristδοκιμάζω: 'test, prove, approve'; the same verb as v.8 — the brother is a 'proven' man.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere/respect)
πολλοῖςmany thingsDativeobject of ἐν (substantival)πολύς: 'many'; the many matters in which he was tried.
πολλάκιςoftenadverb (frequency)πολλάκις: 'often, many times'; his reliability proved repeatedly.
σπουδαῖονearnestAccusativeobject complement (w/ ὄντα)σπουδαῖος: 'earnest, diligent'; the cognate of σπουδή — earnestness again the prized trait.
ὄνταbeingPres Act Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · εἰμίsupplementary participle (w/ ἐδοκιμάσαμεν)→ present (characterizing)εἰμί: 'be'; 'found him to be earnest' — the participle completes the verb of testing.
νυνὶnowadverb (time)νυνί: emphatic 'now'; his present heightened zeal.
δὲbutadversative/transitional conjunction
πολὺmuchadverbial accusative (degree, w/ comparative)πολύς: here adverbial 'much,' intensifying the comparative.
σπουδαιότερονmore earnestAccusativeobject complement (comparative adj.)σπουδαῖος: comparative 'more earnest'; his zeal now intensified.
πεποιθήσειby confidenceDativedat. of causeπεποίθησις: 'confidence, trust' (from πείθω/πέποιθα); the reliance that fuels his eagerness — peculiarly Pauline (cf. 1:15; 3:4).
πολλῇgreatDativeattributive adjective
τῇtheDativearticle (w/ prep. phrase)
εἰςin/towardpreposition + accusative (direction of confidence)
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeobject of εἰς
23

εἴτε ὑπὲρ Τίτου, κοινωνὸς ἐμὸς καὶ εἰς ὑμᾶς συνεργός· εἴτε ἀδελφοὶ ἡμῶν, ἀπόστολοι ἐκκλησιῶν, δόξα Χριστοῦ.

Whether as to Titus, he is my partner and fellow worker for you; or as to our brothers, they are apostles of the churches, the glory of Christ.

Summary commendationεἴτεPaul sums up the credentials of the delegation: Titus his partner, the brothers official envoys of the churches and a credit to Christ. The double εἴτε covers all three messengers.
εἴτεwhetherconjunction (εἴτε … εἴτε disjunction)εἴτε: 'whether, if'; introduces the first of two alternatives — 'as for Titus.'
ὑπὲρas to/on behalf ofpreposition + genitive (reference)ὑπέρ: here 'concerning, as regards' — introducing the subject of the commendation.
ΤίτουTitusGenitiveobject of ὑπέρΤίτος: Titus; the lead delegate now formally vouched for.
κοινωνὸςpartnerNominativepredicate nominative (verb 'is' implied)κοινωνός: 'partner, sharer'; cognate of κοινωνία (v.4) — Titus shares Paul's work and mission.
ἐμὸςmyNominativepossessive adjectiveἐμός: 'my'; the personal bond between Paul and Titus.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (benefit/direction)
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeobject of εἰς
συνεργόςfellow workerNominativepredicate nominative (coordinate)συνεργός: 'co-worker' (σύν + ἔργον); a favorite Pauline term for a ministry colleague (cf. Rom 16:3).
εἴτεor whetherconjunction (second alternative)εἴτε: the second member — 'as for our brothers.'
ἀδελφοὶbrothersNominativesubject (verb 'are' implied)ἀδελφός: 'brother'; the two delegates of vv.18, 22.
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of relationship
ἀπόστολοιapostles/messengersNominativepredicate nominativeἀπόστολος: 'one sent, envoy'; here in the non-technical sense — official 'messengers' commissioned by the churches (cf. Phil 2:25).
ἐκκλησιῶνof churchesGenitivegenitive of source (sent by the churches)ἐκκλησία: 'church'; they are envoys delegated by the congregations.
δόξαgloryNominativepredicate nominative (apposition)δόξα: 'glory, honor'; the brothers reflect and enhance the honor of Christ — 'a credit to Christ.'
Χριστοῦof ChristGenitivegenitive (objective/possessive)Χριστός: Christ; their conduct redounds to his glory.
24

τὴν οὖν ἔνδειξιν τῆς ἀγάπης ὑμῶν καὶ ἡμῶν καυχήσεως ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν εἰς αὐτοὺς ἐνδεικνύμενοι εἰς πρόσωπον τῶν ἐκκλησιῶν.

Therefore show them, before the churches, the proof of your love and of our boasting about you.

Concluding exhortationοὖνThe inferential οὖν caps the chapter: receive the delegates well, giving public demonstration of the love Paul has praised and vindicating his boasting about Corinth before the watching churches.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
οὖνthereforeinferential conjunctionοὖν: 'therefore'; draws the practical conclusion from the commendation of the delegates.
ἔνδειξινproof/demonstrationAccusativedirect object of ἐνδεικνύμενοιἔνδειξις: 'demonstration, proof' (ἐνδείκνυμι); a visible showing-forth — here of their love (cf. Rom 3:25–26).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
ἀγάπηςloveGenitiveobjective genitive (proof of love)ἀγάπη: 'love'; the genuine love whose proof is concrete generosity (cf. v.8).
ὑμῶνyourGenitivepossessive genitive
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἡμῶνourGenitivepossessive genitive (w/ καυχήσεως)
καυχήσεωςboastingGenitiveobjective genitive (coordinate w/ ἀγάπης)καύχησις: 'boasting, exultation'; Paul's confident boast about Corinth (cf. 7:4, 14), to be vindicated by their gift.
ὑπὲρabout/on behalf ofpreposition + genitive (reference)
ὑμῶνyouGenitiveobject of ὑπέρ
εἰςto/towardpreposition + accusative (direction)
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativeobject of εἰς (the delegates)
ἐνδεικνύμενοιshowing/demonstratingPres Mid Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἐνδείκνυμιparticiple for imperative (hortatory)→ present (imperatival)ἐνδείκνυμι: 'show forth, demonstrate'; the participle stands for an imperative — 'show, give proof' (a Greek idiom; cf. Rom 12:9–19).
εἰςbefore/in the face ofpreposition + accusative (in the presence of)
πρόσωπονface/presenceAccusativeobject of εἰς (εἰς πρόσωπον = 'before, in view of')πρόσωπον: 'face, presence'; εἰς πρόσωπον = 'in the sight of' — the demonstration is public, before the churches.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
ἐκκλησιῶνchurchesGenitivegenitive (the watching congregations)ἐκκλησία: 'church'; the wider fellowship before whom Corinth's love is to be displayed.