1
Τοῦτο δὲ γίνωσκε, ὅτι ἐν ἐσχάταις ἡμέραις ἐνστήσονται καιροὶ χαλεποί·
But know this, that in the last days difficult times will come.
Solemn disclosureδὲA transition from the gentle correction of ch. 2 to a stern forecast: an imperative 'know this' introduces the prophetic warning that defines the section — the last days bring perilous seasons.
ΤοῦτοthisAccusativedirect object (proleptic, anticipating ὅτι)
δὲbuttransitional/contrastive conjunction
γίνωσκεknowPres Act Impv 2 Sg · γινώσκωimperative (main verb)→ customary present (standing awareness)γινώσκω: 'know, recognize'; the present imperative summons Timothy to a settled, ongoing awareness of what follows.
ὅτιthatconjunction (content clause, object of γίνωσκε)
ἐνinpreposition + dative (time)
ἐσχάταιςlastDativeattributive adjectiveἔσχατος: 'last, final'; ἔσχαται ἡμέραι = the eschatological era inaugurated by Christ's coming, stretching to the end.
ἡμέραιςdaysDativedat. of time (when)ἡμέρα: 'day'; the plural ἡμέραι as a period — the prophetic 'last days' (cf. Acts 2:17).
ἐνστήσονταιwill come/be presentFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἐνίστημιmain verb (ὅτι clause)→ predictive futureἐνίστημι: 'set in, be present, come upon' (ἐν + ἵστημι); not merely 'arrive' but 'press in, be upon us' — the seasons impose themselves.
καιροὶtimes/seasonsNominativesubjectκαιρός: 'appointed time, season' (vs. χρόνος, mere duration); critical, qualitative moments rather than chronological span.
χαλεποίdifficult/perilousNominativepredicate adjective (attributive to καιροί)χαλεπός: 'hard, harsh, dangerous'; used of fierce/savage men (Matt 8:28) — seasons that are menacing, not merely inconvenient.
2
ἔσονται γὰρ οἱ ἄνθρωποι φίλαυτοι, φιλάργυροι, ἀλαζόνες, ὑπερήφανοι, βλάσφημοι, γονεῦσιν ἀπειθεῖς, ἀχάριστοι, ἀνόσιοι,
For people will be lovers of self, lovers of money, boastful, arrogant, blasphemers, disobedient to parents, ungrateful, unholy,
Ground: the vice-catalogueγὰρThe γάρ explains why the seasons are perilous: it is the people who make them so. A long asyndetic vice-list begins, headed by the two cardinal loves — of self and of money — out of which the rest flow.
ἔσονταιwill beFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (equative)→ predictive futureεἰμί: 'be'; the future links the perilous seasons to the kind of people who fill them.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle
ἄνθρωποιpeopleNominativesubjectἄνθρωπος: 'human being, person'; here humanity at large in the last-days mold — possibly with an eye to the religious community itself (cf. v.5).
φίλαυτοιlovers of selfNominativepredicate nominativeφίλαυτος: 'self-loving' (φίλος + αὐτός); NT hapax — the fountainhead vice from which the catalogue springs; many of the list's terms are rare φιλο-/ἀ- compounds.
φιλάργυροιlovers of moneyNominativepredicate nominativeφιλάργυρος: 'money-loving' (φίλος + ἄργυρος, silver); cf. 1 Tim 6:10 — love of money as a root of evils.
ἀλαζόνεςboastfulNominativepredicate nominativeἀλαζών: 'braggart, pretender'; one who claims more than he is or has — empty self-promotion.
ὑπερήφανοιarrogantNominativepredicate nominativeὑπερήφανος: 'haughty, proud' (ὑπέρ + φαίνομαι, 'show oneself above'); the inward pride God opposes (Jas 4:6).
βλάσφημοιblasphemers/slanderersNominativepredicate nominativeβλάσφημος: 'reviling, slanderous'; abusive speech against God or men — the tongue turned to harm.
γονεῦσινto parentsDativedat. of reference (complement of ἀπειθεῖς)γονεύς: 'parent, begetter' (from γίνομαι); rebellion against parents marks social disintegration (cf. Rom 1:30).
ἀπειθεῖςdisobedientNominativepredicate nominativeἀπειθής: 'unpersuadable, disobedient' (ἀ- + πείθω); refusal to be persuaded into right submission.
ἀχάριστοιungratefulNominativepredicate nominativeἀχάριστος: 'thankless' (ἀ- + χάρις); echoing the primal ingratitude of Rom 1:21 — refusal to give thanks.
ἀνόσιοιunholyNominativepredicate nominativeἀνόσιος: 'impious, profane' (ἀ- + ὅσιος); lacking the basic reverence and natural decency the gods/God require.
3
ἄστοργοι, ἄσπονδοι, διάβολοι, ἀκρατεῖς, ἀνήμεροι, ἀφιλάγαθοι,
without natural affection, irreconcilable, slanderers, without self-control, savage, without love of good,
Vice-catalogue continuedasyndetonThe asyndetic list presses on with six more terms, several alpha-privatives denoting the absence of basic human and moral goods — affection, peaceableness, restraint, and the love of what is good.
ἄστοργοιwithout natural affectionNominativepredicate nominativeἄστοργος: 'devoid of family love' (ἀ- + στοργή, natural affection); the failure of even instinctive familial bonds (cf. Rom 1:31).
ἄσπονδοιirreconcilableNominativepredicate nominativeἄσπονδος: 'admitting no truce' (ἀ- + σπονδή, a libation sealing a treaty); implacable, refusing reconciliation.
διάβολοιslanderersNominativepredicate nominativeδιάβολος: 'slanderer, accuser' (διαβάλλω, 'throw across, accuse'); the same word used of the devil — here human malicious accusers.
ἀκρατεῖςwithout self-controlNominativepredicate nominativeἀκρατής: 'powerless over self' (ἀ- + κράτος); the opposite of ἐγκράτεια — unrestrained in appetite and impulse.
ἀνήμεροιsavage/brutalNominativepredicate nominativeἀνήμερος: 'untamed, fierce' (ἀ- + ἥμερος, tame); NT hapax — wild, lacking civility, beast-like in cruelty.
ἀφιλάγαθοιwithout love of goodNominativepredicate nominativeἀφιλάγαθος: 'not loving the good' (ἀ- + φιλάγαθος); NT hapax — a deliberate antithesis to the φιλάγαθος an overseer must be (Titus 1:8).
4
προδόται, προπετεῖς, τετυφωμένοι, φιλήδονοι μᾶλλον ἢ φιλόθεοι,
treacherous, reckless, conceited, lovers of pleasure rather than lovers of God,
Vice-catalogue: the climactic antithesisasyndetonThe list reaches its rhetorical point: the final pair sets a damning φιλο- antithesis — lovers of pleasure rather than lovers of God. The inverted love of v.2 (φίλαυτοι) is now named in full: affection misdirected from God to self-gratification.
προδόταιtraitorsNominativepredicate nominativeπροδότης: 'betrayer, traitor' (προδίδωμι, 'give over'); used of Judas (Luke 6:16) — one who hands over for advantage.
προπετεῖςreckless/rashNominativepredicate nominativeπροπετής: 'falling forward, headlong' (πρό + πίπτω); precipitate, acting without thought of consequence.
τετυφωμένοιpuffed up/conceitedPerf Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · τυφόωperfect ptc. (predicate, w/ ἔσονται)→ intensive perfect (settled state)τυφόω: 'wrap in smoke, befog,' hence 'be conceited, beclouded with pride' (cf. τῦφος, smoke/vanity); the perfect marks a fixed, swollen condition of mind.
φιλήδονοιlovers of pleasureNominativepredicate nominativeφιλήδονος: 'pleasure-loving' (φίλος + ἡδονή); NT hapax — devotion redirected to sensual gratification.
μᾶλλονratheradverb of comparison (degree)μᾶλλον: 'more, rather'; sets the decisive contrast between the two competing loves.
ἢthancomparative particle
φιλόθεοιlovers of GodNominativepredicate nominative (second member of comparison)φιλόθεος: 'God-loving' (φίλος + θεός); NT hapax — the good love displaced by pleasure-love; the catalogue's moral pivot.
5
ἔχοντες μόρφωσιν εὐσεβείας τὴν δὲ δύναμιν αὐτῆς ἠρνημένοι· καὶ τούτους ἀποτρέπου.
having a form of godliness but denying its power. Avoid such people.
Climactic paradox + commandasyndetonThe catalogue culminates in religious hypocrisy: an outward shape of godliness emptied of its power. The line returns to the main level with a sharp imperative — Timothy is to turn away from such people, the first of the chapter's commands.
ἔχοντεςhavingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἔχωadverbial ptc. (concessive/attendant, w/ ἔσονται)→ customary present (characteristic)ἔχω: 'have, hold'; the participle resumes the future ἔσονται of v.2 — they will be 'having' the mere shape of religion.
μόρφωσινform/outward shapeAccusativedirect objectμόρφωσις: 'form, embodiment, semblance'; here the mere outward appearance (vs. the inward μορφή/reality), an empty mold of piety.
εὐσεβείαςof godlinessGenitiveobjective/descriptive genitiveεὐσέβεια: 'piety, godliness' (εὖ + σέβομαι, 'reverence well'); a key Pastoral term for true reverent devotion — here counterfeited.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
δὲbutadversative conjunction (postpositive)
δύναμινpowerAccusativedirect object of ἠρνημένοιδύναμις: 'power'; the transforming efficacy of true godliness, which their shell of religion repudiates.
αὐτῆςof itGenitivegenitive of reference (to εὐσεβείας)
ἠρνημένοιhaving deniedPerf Mid Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀρνέομαιadverbial ptc. (concessive, parallel to ἔχοντες)→ intensive perfect (abiding refusal)ἀρνέομαι: 'deny, disown, refuse'; the perfect marks a settled repudiation — they have rejected and continue to reject godliness's power.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (introduces command)
τούτουςtheseAccusativedirect object (fronted, emphatic)οὗτος: 'this one'; the demonstrative gathers up the whole vice-list — 'people of this sort.'
ἀποτρέπουturn away from / avoidPres Mid Impv 2 Sg · ἀποτρέπωimperative (main verb)→ customary present (habitual avoidance)ἀποτρέπω (mid.): 'turn oneself away from, shun' (ἀπό + τρέπω); NT hapax — the present imperative enjoins a continual habit of avoidance.
6
ἐκ τούτων γάρ εἰσιν οἱ ἐνδύνοντες εἰς τὰς οἰκίας καὶ αἰχμαλωτίζοντες γυναικάρια σεσωρευμένα ἁμαρτίαις, ἀγόμενα ἐπιθυμίαις ποικίλαις,
For among these are those who creep into households and captivate weak women burdened with sins, led astray by various desires,
Concrete illustrationγάρThe γάρ grounds the command of v.5 by naming a concrete subset: stealthy predators who infiltrate homes and take captive vulnerable women already weighed down with sin and driven by shifting desires — the abstract list now wears a face.
ἐκof/from amongpreposition + genitive (partitive)
τούτωνtheseGenitiveobject of ἐκ (partitive)
γάρforexplanatory conjunction
εἰσινarePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (existential/identifying)→ stative present
οἱthoseNominativearticle (substantizes the participles)
ἐνδύνοντεςcreeping inPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἐνδύνωsubstantival participle→ customary present (characteristic activity)ἐνδύνω: 'slip in, worm one's way in' (ἐν + δύνω, 'sink, enter'); NT hapax — the stealthy, insinuating entry of false teachers.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (entry)
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
οἰκίαςhouseholdsAccusativeobject of εἰςοἰκία: 'house, household'; the domestic setting where house-churches met — the seedbed targeted by the infiltrators.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
αἰχμαλωτίζοντεςtaking captivePres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · αἰχμαλωτίζωsubstantival participle (parallel to ἐνδύνοντες)→ customary present (characteristic activity)αἰχμαλωτίζω: 'lead captive, take as a prisoner of war' (αἰχμή, spear + ἁλωτός, captured); a violent metaphor for spiritual seduction and enslavement.
γυναικάριαweak/little womenAccusativedirect objectγυναικάριον: diminutive of γυνή, 'little woman, silly woman'; NT hapax — a contemptuous diminutive marking not all women but the easily-swayed, here exploited by the predators.
σεσωρευμέναheaped up/burdenedPerf Pass Ptc · Acc Pl Neut · σωρεύωattributive participle (modifies γυναικάρια)→ intensive perfect (accumulated state)σωρεύω: 'heap up, pile' (σωρός, a heap); the perfect pictures sins piled high and still lying on them — a guilty load that makes them susceptible.
ἁμαρτίαιςwith sinsDativedat. of means/respect (w/ σεσωρευμένα)ἁμαρτία: 'sin, failure'; the burden under which they are pinned, exploited by the false teachers.
ἀγόμεναbeing ledPres Pass Ptc · Acc Pl Neut · ἄγωattributive participle (modifies γυναικάρια)→ present (ongoing passive)ἄγω: 'lead, drive'; the present passive depicts a continual being-driven — they are not their own masters but towed by appetite.
ἐπιθυμίαιςby desiresDativedat. of means/agency (w/ ἀγόμενα)ἐπιθυμία: 'desire, craving, lust' (ἐπί + θυμός); the cravings that supply the leash by which they are led.
ποικίλαιςvariousDativeattributive adjectiveποικίλος: 'many-colored, manifold, of various kinds'; the desires are diverse and ever-shifting, never satisfied.
7
πάντοτε μανθάνοντα καὶ μηδέποτε εἰς ἐπίγνωσιν ἀληθείας ἐλθεῖν δυνάμενα.
always learning and never able to come to a knowledge of the truth.
Pathos of the captivesasyndetonA pointed paradox describing the captive women: perpetual learners who never arrive at the truth. Endless instruction without saving knowledge — restless curiosity that the false teachers feed but never satisfy.
πάντοτεalwaysadverb (frequency)πάντοτε: 'at all times, always'; set in sharp antithesis to μηδέποτε — perpetual activity, never the result.
μανθάνονταlearningPres Act Ptc · Acc Pl Neut · μανθάνωattributive participle (modifies γυναικάρια)→ customary present (continual)μανθάνω: 'learn, be instructed' (cf. μαθητής, disciple); the ceaseless taking-in of teaching that never matures into truth.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
μηδέποτεneveradverb (negative, frequency)μηδέποτε: 'never' (μηδέ + ποτέ); the negative with the participle suits the subjective/characterizing color of μή.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)
ἐπίγνωσινknowledgeAccusativeobject of εἰς (goal)ἐπίγνωσις: 'full/recognitional knowledge' (ἐπί-intensive of γνῶσις); in the Pastorals the saving, decisive knowledge of the truth (cf. 1 Tim 2:4) they never reach.
ἀληθείαςof truthGenitiveobjective genitiveἀλήθεια: 'truth'; here the gospel truth — the proper object of saving knowledge, forever eluding them.
ἐλθεῖνto comeAor Act Inf · ἔρχομαιcomplementary infinitive (of δυνάμενα)→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come, arrive'; εἰς ἐπίγνωσιν ἐλθεῖν = 'to arrive at knowledge' — the unreached destination.
δυνάμεναbeing ablePres Mid Ptc · Acc Pl Neut · δύναμαιattributive participle (modifies γυναικάρια)→ stative presentδύναμαι: 'be able, have power'; their incapacity is moral/volitional, the fruit of being led by lusts (v.6).
8
ὃν τρόπον δὲ Ἰάννης καὶ Ἰαμβρῆς ἀντέστησαν Μωϋσεῖ, οὕτως καὶ οὗτοι ἀνθίστανται τῇ ἀληθείᾳ, ἄνθρωποι κατεφθαρμένοι τὸν νοῦν, ἀδόκιμοι περὶ τὴν πίστιν.
Just as Jannes and Jambres opposed Moses, so these also oppose the truth — men corrupted in mind, disqualified concerning the faith.
Typological comparisonδὲA comparison drawn from Jewish tradition: as Pharaoh's magicians resisted Moses, so these resist the truth. The analogy diagnoses them — minds depraved, and tested-and-found-wanting with respect to the faith.
ὃνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (w/ τρόπον, adverbial acc.)
τρόπονmannerAccusativeadverbial accusative (ὃν τρόπον = 'in the way that')τρόπος: 'manner, way'; ὃν τρόπον … οὕτως forms the correlative 'just as … so' frame of the comparison.
δὲnowtransitional conjunction
ἸάννηςJannesNominativesubjectἸάννης: Jannes; a name (with Jambres) supplied by Jewish tradition for Pharaoh's magicians who mimicked Moses' signs (Exod 7:11), unnamed in the OT.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἸαμβρῆςJambresNominativesubject (coordinate)Ἰαμβρῆς: Jambres; the second traditional magician; Paul cites a well-known extrabiblical legend to illustrate, not to canonize it.
ἀντέστησανopposedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀνθίστημιmain verb (subordinate comparison clause)→ constative aoristἀνθίστημι: 'set oneself against, resist, oppose' (ἀντί + ἵστημι); the magicians' counterfeiting resistance to God's servant.
ΜωϋσεῖMosesDativedat. of opposition (object of ἀντέστησαν)Μωϋσῆς: Moses; the bearer of God's revelation, against whom the magicians' opposition foreshadows resistance to the truth.
οὕτωςsoadverb (correlative w/ ὃν τρόπον)
καὶalsoadverbial (ascensive)
οὗτοιtheseNominativesubject (the false teachers)οὗτος: 'this one'; gathers the predators of vv.6–7 as the antitype of the magicians.
ἀνθίστανταιopposePres Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἀνθίστημιmain verb (apodosis of comparison)→ customary present (ongoing resistance)ἀνθίστημι: 'resist, oppose'; the present makes the resistance a continuing, characteristic stance against the truth.
τῇtheDativearticle
ἀληθείᾳtruthDativedat. of opposition (object of ἀνθίστανται)ἀλήθεια: 'truth'; the gospel now stands where Moses stood — the object of their resistance.
ἄνθρωποιmenNominativeapposition to οὗτοιἄνθρωπος: 'human being'; introduces the diagnostic apposition characterizing them.
κατεφθαρμένοιcorruptedPerf Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · καταφθείρωattributive participle (modifies ἄνθρωποι)→ intensive perfect (ruined condition)καταφθείρω: 'utterly corrupt, ruin' (κατά-perfective + φθείρω); the perfect marks a thoroughly depraved, settled state of the mind.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
νοῦνmindAccusativeaccusative of respect (corrupted as to the mind)νοῦς: 'mind, understanding'; the seat of their corruption — the faculty of judgment ruined.
ἀδόκιμοιdisqualified/counterfeitNominativepredicate adj. (apposition to ἄνθρωποι)ἀδόκιμος: 'failing the test, rejected, counterfeit' (ἀ- + δόκιμος, approved); tested as metal and found base — disqualified.
περὶconcerningpreposition + accusative (reference)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
πίστινfaithAccusativeobject of περί (sphere of reference)πίστις: here 'the faith' as the body of Christian belief; the sphere in which they prove counterfeit.
9
ἀλλ' οὐ προκόψουσιν ἐπὶ πλεῖον· ἡ γὰρ ἄνοια αὐτῶν ἔκδηλος ἔσται πᾶσιν, ὡς καὶ ἡ ἐκείνων ἐγένετο.
But they will not advance further, for their folly will become plain to all, as also that of those men became.
Reassuring limitἀλλ'A strong adversative caps the comparison with comfort: the impostors' progress is bounded. Their folly, like the magicians' before Pharaoh, will be unmasked for all to see — evil's advance has a limit set by God.
ἀλλ'butadversative conjunction
οὐnotnegative particle
προκόψουσινthey will advanceFut Act Indic 3 Pl · προκόπτωmain verb→ predictive futureπροκόπτω: 'cut forward, make progress, advance' (a pioneer cutting a path); ironically the same verb as 2:16 — here their advance is curbed.
ἐπὶtopreposition + accusative (degree/extent)
πλεῖονmore/furtherAccusativeobject of ἐπί (comparative, extent)πλείων: 'more, greater' (comparative of πολύς); ἐπὶ πλεῖον = 'further, to a greater extent.'
ἡtheNominativearticle
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
ἄνοιαfolly/madnessNominativesubjectἄνοια: 'want of understanding, folly, madness' (ἀ- + νοῦς); the senselessness of the corrupted mind (v.8) now to be exposed.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession
ἔκδηλοςplain/evidentNominativepredicate adjectiveἔκδηλος: 'wholly evident, conspicuous' (ἐκ-intensive + δῆλος); NT hapax — their folly will be fully out in the open.
ἔσταιwill beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (equative)→ predictive future
πᾶσινto allDativedat. of reference (those to whom it is plain)πᾶς: 'all, everyone'; the public scope of the exposure — no one will be deceived in the end.
ὡςascomparative conjunction
καὶalsoadverbial (ascensive)
ἡthe (folly)Nominativearticle (substantizes, anaphora to ἄνοια)
ἐκείνωνof those menGenitivegenitive of possession (Jannes and Jambres)ἐκεῖνος: 'that one'; the more remote demonstrative points back to the magicians — their exposed folly is the precedent.
ἐγένετοbecameAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (comparison clause)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'become, come to be'; the magicians' folly did become evident (Exod 8:18–19) — the historical guarantee of the prediction.
10
Σὺ δὲ παρηκολούθησάς μου τῇ διδασκαλίᾳ, τῇ ἀγωγῇ, τῇ προθέσει, τῇ πίστει, τῇ μακροθυμίᾳ, τῇ ἀγάπῃ, τῇ ὑπομονῇ,
But you have followed my teaching, conduct, purpose, faith, patience, love, steadfastness,
Emphatic contrast (Timothy)δὲThe emphatic Σὺ δέ pivots from the impostors to Timothy. Against their counterfeit, his life has closely traced Paul's — a seven-fold list moving from doctrine and conduct to the inner virtues of faith, patience, love, and endurance.
ΣὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)σύ: 'you'; the expressed pronoun is emphatic — Timothy stands in deliberate contrast to 'these' (v.8).
δὲbutcontrastive conjunction
παρηκολούθησάςyou have followedAor Act Indic 2 Sg · παρακολουθέωmain verb→ constative aorist (summing the relationship)παρακολουθέω: 'follow closely, accompany, follow as a disciple' (παρά + ἀκολουθέω); to trace someone's path and grasp it — Timothy has tracked Paul's whole way of life.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (governs the datives)
τῇtheDativearticle
διδασκαλίᾳteachingDativedat. complement of παρηκολούθησας (what was followed)διδασκαλία: 'teaching, doctrine'; a key Pastoral word — the apostolic instruction Timothy has absorbed.
τῇtheDativearticle
ἀγωγῇconduct/manner of lifeDativedat. complement (parallel)ἀγωγή: 'way of life, conduct' (from ἄγω, 'lead'); NT hapax — the manner in which Paul 'led' his life, his bearing.
τῇtheDativearticle
προθέσειpurpose/resolveDativedat. complement (parallel)πρόθεσις: 'setting forth, purpose, resolve' (πρό + τίθημι); Paul's deliberate aim and commitment in ministry.
τῇtheDativearticle
πίστειfaithDativedat. complement (parallel)πίστις: 'faith, faithfulness'; here Paul's personal trust/fidelity, the inner spring of the virtues following.
τῇtheDativearticle
μακροθυμίᾳpatience/longsufferingDativedat. complement (parallel)μακροθυμία: 'long-temperedness, forbearance' (μακρός + θυμός); patience with persons, slowness to anger under provocation.
τῇtheDativearticle
ἀγάπῃloveDativedat. complement (parallel)ἀγάπη: 'love'; the self-giving love that crowns the Christian virtues, modeled in Paul's ministry.
τῇtheDativearticle
ὑπομονῇsteadfastness/enduranceDativedat. complement (parallel)ὑπομονή: 'remaining under, endurance, perseverance' (ὑπό + μένω); steadfastness under trial — fittingly last, leading into the persecutions of v.11.
11
τοῖς διωγμοῖς, τοῖς παθήμασιν, οἷά μοι ἐγένετο ἐν Ἀντιοχείᾳ, ἐν Ἰκονίῳ, ἐν Λύστροις, οἵους διωγμοὺς ὑπήνεγκα, καὶ ἐκ πάντων με ἐρρύσατο ὁ κύριος.
my persecutions, my sufferings — what kinds of things happened to me at Antioch, at Iconium, at Lystra; what persecutions I endured! And out of them all the Lord rescued me.
Persecutions and deliveranceasyndetonThe list extends to Paul's persecutions and sufferings, made vivid by named locales from Timothy's home region (Acts 13–14) and capped by a confession of the Lord's rescue — endurance and deliverance held together.
τοῖςtheDativearticle
διωγμοῖςpersecutionsDativedat. complement of παρηκολούθησας (continued from v.10)διωγμός: 'persecution, pursuit' (διώκω, 'pursue, persecute'); the hostile pursuit Timothy witnessed Paul endure.
τοῖςtheDativearticle
παθήμασινsufferingsDativedat. complement (parallel)πάθημα: 'suffering, hardship' (πάσχω, 'suffer'); the experiences of affliction that accompanied the persecutions.
οἷάsuch as / what kindsNominativerelative/correlative pronoun (subject of ἐγένετο)οἷος: 'of what sort, such as'; the qualitative relative — 'the sort of things that befell me.'
μοιto meDativedat. of disadvantage (recipient of the suffering)
ἐγένετοhappenedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (relative clause; neut. pl. subj. + sg. verb)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'come to pass, happen'; the singular verb with neuter plural subject (οἷα) is regular Greek idiom.
ἐνatpreposition + dative (place)
ἈντιοχείᾳAntiochDativedat. of placeἈντιόχεια: Pisidian Antioch, where Paul was expelled (Acts 13:50); the first of three places near Timothy's home where persecution struck.
ἐνatpreposition + dative (place)
ἸκονίῳIconiumDativedat. of placeἸκόνιον: Iconium, where a plot to stone Paul forced his flight (Acts 14:5).
ἐνatpreposition + dative (place)
ΛύστροιςLystraDativedat. of placeΛύστρα: Lystra, where Paul was stoned and left for dead (Acts 14:19) — Timothy's own town (Acts 16:1).
οἵουςwhat kind ofAccusativequalitative relative (modifies διωγμούς)οἷος: 'of what sort'; here exclamatory — 'what persecutions!' — heightening the pathos.
διωγμοὺςpersecutionsAccusativedirect object of ὑπήνεγκαδιωγμός: 'persecution'; resumed for emphasis as the object of Paul's enduring.
ὑπήνεγκαI enduredAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ὑποφέρωmain verb (relative clause)→ constative aoristὑποφέρω: 'bear up under, endure' (ὑπό + φέρω, 'carry under'); to sustain a weight without giving way.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (separation/source)
πάντωνallGenitiveobject of ἐκ (substantival, 'all of them')πᾶς: 'all'; from every one of those persecutions the Lord delivered him.
μεmeAccusativedirect object of ἐρρύσατο
ἐρρύσατοrescuedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ῥύομαιmain verb→ constative aoristῥύομαι: 'draw to oneself, rescue, deliver'; the verb of God's saving snatch from danger (cf. 4:17–18) — endurance and rescue both true.
ὁtheNominativearticle
κύριοςLordNominativesubject (of ἐρρύσατο)κύριος: 'Lord'; the risen Christ as the agent of Paul's deliverance — the confession that turns suffering into testimony.
12
καὶ πάντες δὲ οἱ θέλοντες εὐσεβῶς ζῆν ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ διωχθήσονται.
Indeed, all who desire to live godly in Christ Jesus will be persecuted.
Generalizing principleκαὶ … δὲPaul's experience becomes a universal axiom: the καὶ … δέ ('and indeed') broadens the point — persecution is not exceptional but the lot of every believer who resolves to live godly in Christ.
καὶand indeedconjunction (w/ δέ: 'and indeed, moreover')καὶ … δέ: a correlative pair adding and intensifying — 'and in fact, moreover.'
πάντεςallNominativesubject (substantival adj.)πᾶς: 'all'; the universal scope — no godly life is exempt.
δὲindeed/moreoverconjunction (postpositive, w/ καί)
οἱthe (ones)Nominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
θέλοντεςwho desirePres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · θέλωsubstantival participle (subject)→ customary present (settled resolve)θέλω: 'will, wish, resolve'; the persecuted are those who deliberately set their will to godliness, not merely drift.
εὐσεβῶςgodlyadverb of mannerεὐσεβῶς: 'in a godly manner, piously' (cf. εὐσέβεια); the adverbial counterpart to the godliness counterfeited in v.5.
ζῆνto livePres Act Inf · ζάωcomplementary infinitive (of θέλοντες)→ customary presentζάω: 'live'; the whole conduct of life, here qualified as godly and Christ-centered.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere/union)
ΧριστῷChristDativedat. of sphere (union with Christ)Χριστός: 'Christ'; ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ — the sphere of union in which godly living is possible and within which it draws hostility.
ἸησοῦJesusDativeapposition to Χριστῷ
διωχθήσονταιwill be persecutedFut Pass Indic 3 Pl · διώκωmain verb→ predictive future (gnomic)διώκω: 'pursue, persecute'; the future states a near-axiomatic certainty — godliness invites the world's hostility (cf. John 15:20).
13
πονηροὶ δὲ ἄνθρωποι καὶ γόητες προκόψουσιν ἐπὶ τὸ χεῖρον, πλανῶντες καὶ πλανώμενοι.
But evil people and impostors will advance to the worse, deceiving and being deceived.
Counter-movementδὲA grim contrast to the godly: while believers suffer, the wicked will go from bad to worse. The terse epigram 'deceiving and being deceived' exposes the closed circuit of deception — they are both agents and victims of the lie.
πονηροὶevilNominativeattributive adjectiveπονηρός: 'evil, wicked, malignant' (πόνος, 'toil/pain'); active, harm-bent badness.
δὲbutcontrastive conjunction
ἄνθρωποιpeopleNominativesubjectἄνθρωπος: 'human being'; the wicked counterpart to the godly 'all' of v.12.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
γόητεςimpostors/charlatansNominativesubject (coordinate)γόης: originally a sorcerer who wails incantations (γοάω, 'wail'), then 'cheat, swindler'; NT hapax — fitting after the magician allusion of v.8.
προκόψουσινwill advanceFut Act Indic 3 Pl · προκόπτωmain verb→ predictive futureπροκόπτω: 'make progress, advance'; the bitter irony — their only 'progress' is deeper into evil (echoing 2:16; contrast v.9).
ἐπὶtopreposition + accusative (direction/degree)
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantizes adj.)
χεῖρονworseAccusativeobject of ἐπί (substantival comparative)χείρων: 'worse' (comparative of κακός); ἐπὶ τὸ χεῖρον = 'to the worse' — a downward trajectory.
πλανῶντεςdeceivingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · πλανάωadverbial ptc. (manner/result)→ customary present (continual)πλανάω: 'lead astray, deceive' (cf. πλάνη, 'wandering, error'); the active deceiving of others.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πλανώμενοιbeing deceivedPres Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · πλανάωadverbial ptc. (parallel; passive)→ present (ongoing passive)πλανάω (pass.): 'be led astray'; the same verb in the passive — deceivers are themselves caught in the deception they spread.
14
σὺ δὲ μένε ἐν οἷς ἔμαθες καὶ ἐπιστώθης, εἰδὼς παρὰ τίνων ἔμαθες,
But you, continue in what you learned and firmly believed, knowing from whom you learned it,
Charge: remainδὲA second emphatic σὺ δέ returns to Timothy with the section's central command: stay put. Over against the progress-into-evil of v.13, Timothy is to abide in what he learned, anchored by the trustworthiness of his teachers.
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)σύ: 'you'; again emphatic — Timothy set against the deceivers.
δὲbutcontrastive conjunction
μένεcontinue/remainPres Act Impv 2 Sg · μένωimperative (main verb)→ customary present (continual abiding)μένω: 'remain, abide, continue'; the present imperative commands persevering steadfastness — stay where you have been planted.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
οἷςwhatDativerelative pronoun (object of ἐν; antecedent omitted)ὅς: relative pronoun; 'the things which' — the body of doctrine he received.
ἔμαθεςyou learnedAor Act Indic 2 Sg · μανθάνωmain verb (relative clause)→ constative aoristμανθάνω: 'learn'; the genuine learning that issues in conviction — contrast the captives who 'always learn' yet never arrive (v.7).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐπιστώθηςwere convinced / came to believe firmlyAor Pass Indic 2 Sg · πιστόωmain verb (relative clause)→ constative aorist (ingressive nuance)πιστόω: 'make trustworthy; (pass.) be assured, become convinced' (cf. πίστις); NT hapax — Timothy not only learned but became settled in conviction.
εἰδὼςknowingPerf Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · οἶδαadverbial ptc. (causal: 'since you know')→ intensive perfect (present knowledge)οἶδα: 'know' (perfect with present sense); the ground of his perseverance — assured knowledge of his teachers' reliability.
παρὰfrompreposition + genitive (source)
τίνωνwhomGenitiveinterrogative pronoun (object of παρά, indirect question)τίς: interrogative 'who?'; the plural likely embraces Paul together with Lois and Eunice (1:5) — his trustworthy teachers.
ἔμαθεςyou learnedAor Act Indic 2 Sg · μανθάνωmain verb (indirect question)→ constative aorist
15
καὶ ὅτι ἀπὸ βρέφους ἱερὰ γράμματα οἶδας, τὰ δυνάμενά σε σοφίσαι εἰς σωτηρίαν διὰ πίστεως τῆς ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ.
and that from infancy you have known the sacred writings, which are able to make you wise for salvation through faith in Christ Jesus.
Second ground for remainingκαὶA second anchor for staying the course: Timothy's lifelong acquaintance with the Scriptures. Their power is defined — to impart the wisdom that leads to salvation, a salvation accessed through faith in Christ Jesus.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (adds to εἰδώς clause)
ὅτιthatconjunction (content clause, governed by εἰδώς)
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (temporal source)
βρέφουςinfancyGenitiveobject of ἀπό (temporal)βρέφος: 'unborn child, baby, infant'; ἀπὸ βρέφους = 'from earliest childhood' — Timothy's Scripture-saturated upbringing (cf. 1:5).
ἱερὰsacredAccusativeattributive adjectiveἱερός: 'holy, sacred'; ἱερὰ γράμματα is a customary Jewish designation for the Holy Scriptures (the OT).
γράμματαwritingsAccusativedirect object of οἶδαςγράμμα: 'letter, writing'; the plural ἱερὰ γράμματα = the sacred writings, i.e. the Hebrew Scriptures Timothy learned as a child.
οἶδαςyou have knownPerf Act Indic 2 Sg · οἶδαmain verb (ὅτι clause; perfect w/ present sense)→ intensive perfect (abiding knowledge)οἶδα: 'know'; the perfect-with-present-force underscores a knowledge possessed since infancy and held still.
τὰwhichAccusativearticle (substantizes ptc., refers to γράμματα)
δυνάμενάbeing ablePres Mid Ptc · Acc Pl Neut · δύναμαιattributive participle (modifies γράμματα)→ customary present (inherent capacity)δύναμαι: 'be able, have power'; the Scriptures possess an inherent, abiding capacity — set against the captives' inability (v.7).
σεyouAccusativeaccusative object of σοφίσαι
σοφίσαιto make wiseAor Act Inf · σοφίζωcomplementary infinitive (of δυνάμενα)→ constative aoristσοφίζω: 'make wise, instruct' (σοφία); to impart saving wisdom — not mere information but discernment that finds Christ.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (goal)
σωτηρίανsalvationAccusativeobject of εἰς (goal)σωτηρία: 'salvation, deliverance'; the goal toward which the Scripture's wisdom tends.
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (means)
πίστεωςfaithGenitiveobject of διά (means)πίστις: 'faith'; the salvation Scripture points to is appropriated διὰ πίστεως — through faith, not by mere knowledge of the text.
τῆςthe (one)Genitivearticle (attributive, w/ ἐν Χριστῷ)
ἐνinpreposition + dative (object/sphere of faith)
ΧριστῷChristDativedat. (object of faith, 'faith in Christ')Χριστός: 'Christ'; the article τῆς + ἐν Χριστῷ specifies the faith as the faith that rests in Christ Jesus — the OT's saving goal.
ἸησοῦJesusDativeapposition to Χριστῷ
16
πᾶσα γραφὴ θεόπνευστος καὶ ὠφέλιμος πρὸς διδασκαλίαν, πρὸς ἐλεγμόν, πρὸς ἐπανόρθωσιν, πρὸς παιδείαν τὴν ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ,
All Scripture is God-breathed and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, for training in righteousness,
Ground: the nature of ScriptureasyndetonThe dogmatic heart of the chapter, grounding the charge to remain: Scripture's origin (God-breathed) and its fourfold usefulness. Most read θεόπνευστος predicatively ('all Scripture is God-breathed and useful'), the verb 'is' supplied between subject and the two adjectives; the attributive reading ('every inspired Scripture is also useful') is grammatically possible but less likely given the parallel καὶ ὠφέλιμος.
πᾶσαall/everyNominativeattributive adj. (subject phrase)πᾶς: anarthrous 'all/every'; with the collective γραφή it embraces Scripture as a whole — 'all Scripture' (or distributively 'every passage').
γραφὴScriptureNominativesubjectγραφή: 'writing, Scripture'; in this context the sacred writings of v.15 and beyond — the authoritative biblical text.
θεόπνευστοςGod-breathed/inspiredNominativepredicate adjective (taken predicatively: '[is] God-breathed')θεόπνευστος: 'breathed out by God' (θεός + πνέω, 'breathe'); a rare verbal adj., NT hapax — Scripture originates in God's own breath/Spirit. Predicative here ('Scripture is God-breathed'), not merely attributive ('inspired Scripture').
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (joins the two predicate adjectives)καί: 'and'; the conjunction linking θεόπνευστος and ὠφέλιμος as twin predicates favors the predicative reading.
ὠφέλιμοςprofitable/usefulNominativepredicate adjectiveὠφέλιμος: 'beneficial, useful' (ὠφελέω, 'profit'); a Pastoral favorite (1 Tim 4:8; Titus 3:8) — the practical corollary of inspiration.
πρὸςforpreposition + accusative (purpose/advantage)
διδασκαλίανteachingAccusativeobject of πρός (first use)διδασκαλία: 'teaching, instruction'; the positive declaration of truth — the first of four uses.
πρὸςforpreposition + accusative
ἐλεγμόνreproof/convictionAccusativeobject of πρός (second use)ἐλεγμός: 'rebuke, conviction, refutation' (ἐλέγχω, 'expose, convict'); NT hapax — exposing error and convicting of sin.
πρὸςforpreposition + accusative
ἐπανόρθωσινcorrection/restorationAccusativeobject of πρός (third use)ἐπανόρθωσις: 'setting straight again, restoration' (ἐπί + ἀνά + ὀρθόω, 'make straight'); NT hapax — restoring to an upright condition after reproof.
πρὸςforpreposition + accusative
παιδείανtraining/disciplineAccusativeobject of πρός (fourth use)παιδεία: 'upbringing, instruction, discipline' (παῖς, child); the formative, child-rearing nurture that shapes character.
τὴνthe (one)Accusativearticle (attributive, w/ ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ)
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
δικαιοσύνῃrighteousnessDativedat. of sphere (the realm of the training)δικαιοσύνη: 'righteousness'; the sphere in which Scripture's discipline trains — right conduct before God and men.
17
ἵνα ἄρτιος ᾖ ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ ἄνθρωπος, πρὸς πᾶν ἔργον ἀγαθὸν ἐξηρτισμένος.
so that the man of God may be complete, equipped for every good work.
Purpose / goalἵναThe purpose clause states the goal of Scripture's profitableness: the full sufficiency of the man of God. A wordplay (ἄρτιος … ἐξηρτισμένος) seals it — complete and fully outfitted for the whole range of good works.
ἵναso thatconjunction (purpose)
ἄρτιοςcomplete/fitNominativepredicate adjectiveἄρτιος: 'fitted, complete, capable' (cf. ἄρτι, 'just so'); NT hapax — wholly adequate, lacking nothing for the task; chosen to echo ἐξηρτισμένος.
ᾖmay bePres Act Subj 3 Sg · εἰμίsubjunctive (main verb of ἵνα clause)→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be'; the subjunctive after ἵνα expresses the intended state — that he be complete.
ὁtheNominativearticle
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive of relationship (belonging to God)θεός: God; ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ ἄνθρωπος = 'the man of God,' an OT title for God's servant/prophet (cf. 1 Tim 6:11), here of Timothy and every minister.
ἄνθρωποςmanNominativesubject (of ᾖ)ἄνθρωπος: 'man, person'; here the consecrated servant of God whom Scripture equips.
πρὸςforpreposition + accusative (goal/reference)
πᾶνeveryAccusativeattributive adjectiveπᾶς: 'every, all'; the comprehensive scope — no good work left beyond his equipping.
ἔργονworkAccusativeobject of πρόςἔργον: 'work, deed'; the practical outflow of being equipped — good works as the goal of Scripture-shaped character.
ἀγαθὸνgoodAccusativeattributive adjectiveἀγαθός: 'good, beneficial'; morally good and useful — the kind of work for which Scripture outfits the servant.
ἐξηρτισμένοςequipped/fully furnishedPerf Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἐξαρτίζωpredicate ptc. (complement of ᾖ; result)→ intensive perfect (settled readiness)ἐξαρτίζω: 'fully equip, completely furnish' (ἐξ-perfective + ἀρτίζω, cf. ἄρτιος); the perfect marks an abiding, finished state of readiness — outfitted and standing prepared.