Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Epistle to the Ephesians, Chapter 4ΠΡΟΣ ΕΦΕΣΙΟΥΣ Δ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

1

Παρακαλῶ οὖν ὑμᾶς ἐγὼ ὁ δέσμιος ἐν κυρίῳ ἀξίως περιπατῆσαι τῆς κλήσεως ἧς ἐκλήθητε,

I therefore, the prisoner in the Lord, entreat you to walk worthily of the calling with which you were called,

Inferential exhortationοὖνThe great hinge of the letter: 'therefore' draws the practical conclusion from chapters 1–3. The indicative of grace grounds the imperative of the worthy walk.
ΠαρακαλῶI entreat/urgePres Act Indic 1 Sg · παρακαλέωmain verb→ customary presentπαρακαλέω: 'call alongside,' hence 'exhort, urge, comfort'; a warm pastoral appeal, not a bare command.
οὖνthereforeinferential conjunctionοὖν: 'therefore'; the pivot from the doctrinal half (1–3) to the ethical half (4–6) of the epistle.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object of Παρακαλῶ
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)
theNominativearticle
δέσμιοςprisonerNominativeapposition to ἐγώδέσμιος: 'bound one, prisoner' (from δεσμός, 'bond'); Paul's chains lend moral weight to the appeal (cf. 3:1).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere/cause)
κυρίῳthe LordDativedat. of sphere (his imprisonment is 'in the Lord')κύριος: 'Lord'; his captivity is for and within Christ — a prisoner of the Lord, not merely of Rome.
ἀξίωςworthilyadverb (manner)ἀξίως: 'worthily, suitably'; conduct should be weighed in the balance against the calling received.
περιπατῆσαιto walkAor Act Inf · περιπατέωcomplementary infinitive (content of the appeal)→ constative aoristπεριπατέω: 'walk about'; the common Pauline metaphor for the whole conduct of life (cf. 2:10; 4:17; 5:2).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
κλήσεωςcallingGenitivegenitive of standard (worthy 'of')κλῆσις: 'calling, invitation'; the effectual summons into salvation and into the one body.
ἧςwith whichGenitiverelative pronoun (gen. by attraction; cognate dat.)
ἐκλήθητεyou were calledAor Pass Indic 2 Pl · καλέωmain verb (rel. clause)→ constative aorist (divine passive)καλέω: 'call'; the passive points to God as the caller — a cognate 'called with the calling.'
2

μετὰ πάσης ταπεινοφροσύνης καὶ πραΰτητος, μετὰ μακροθυμίας, ἀνεχόμενοι ἀλλήλων ἐν ἀγάπῃ,

with all humility and gentleness, with patience, bearing with one another in love,

Manner of the walkasyndetonFour virtues specify how the worthy walk looks: the relational graces that preserve community — humility, gentleness, patience, forbearing love.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment/manner)
πάσηςallGenitiveattributive adjectiveπᾶς: 'all, every'; here 'every kind of' — the fullest measure of humility.
ταπεινοφροσύνηςhumilityGenitiveobject of μετά (manner)ταπεινοφροσύνη: 'lowliness of mind' (ταπεινός + φρήν); a vice to the Greeks, a Christian virtue — self-forgetting esteem of others.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πραΰτητοςgentlenessGenitiveobject of μετά (coordinate)πραΰτης: 'meekness, gentleness'; strength under control, not weakness — the temper of the gentle (Matt 5:5).
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (manner)
μακροθυμίαςpatience/long-sufferingGenitiveobject of μετά (manner)μακροθυμία: 'long-temperedness' (μακρός + θυμός); the slow fuse that endures provocation without retaliation.
ἀνεχόμενοιbearing withPres Mid Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀνέχομαιadverbial ptc. (manner/means; imperatival nuance)→ present (ongoing/durative)ἀνέχομαι: 'hold up, put up with, endure'; mutual toleration of one another's faults.
ἀλλήλωνone anotherGenitivegenitive object of ἀνεχόμενοιἀλλήλων: 'of one another'; the reciprocal pronoun marking the mutuality of body life.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere/manner)
ἀγάπῃloveDativedat. of manner (the atmosphere of forbearance)ἀγάπη: 'love'; the self-giving love that is the soil in which forbearance grows — a key word of the epistle.
3

σπουδάζοντες τηρεῖν τὴν ἑνότητα τοῦ πνεύματος ἐν τῷ συνδέσμῳ τῆς εἰρήνης·

being eager to keep the unity of the Spirit in the bond of peace.

Goal of the walkasyndetonThe aim toward which the four virtues tend: the diligent guarding of an already-given unity. Unity is not produced but preserved.
σπουδάζοντεςbeing eager/diligentPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · σπουδάζωadverbial ptc. (manner/purpose)→ present (durative)σπουδάζω: 'make haste, be zealous, exert oneself'; earnest, urgent effort — unity demands diligence.
τηρεῖνto keep/guardPres Act Inf · τηρέωcomplementary infinitive→ present (continuous guarding)τηρέω: 'watch over, keep, guard'; to preserve intact what is already possessed, not to create it.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἑνότηταunityAccusativedirect object of τηρεῖνἑνότης: 'oneness, unity' (from εἷς, 'one'); a rare NT word, found only here and v.13.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
πνεύματοςSpiritGenitivegenitive of source/author (unity the Spirit gives)πνεῦμα: 'Spirit'; the Holy Spirit is the author of the unity — it is his creation, to be kept.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (means/sphere)
τῷtheDativearticle
συνδέσμῳbondDativedat. of means (the binding tie)σύνδεσμος: 'that which binds together, ligament, bond' (σύν + δεσμός); peace is the cord that holds unity fast.
τῆςofGenitivearticle
εἰρήνηςpeaceGenitivegenitive of apposition/content (the bond which is peace)εἰρήνη: 'peace'; the reconciled harmony of 2:14–17 now functions as the ligament of the body.
4

ἓν σῶμα καὶ ἓν πνεῦμα, καθὼς καὶ ἐκλήθητε ἐν μιᾷ ἐλπίδι τῆς κλήσεως ὑμῶν·

There is one body and one Spirit, just as also you were called in one hope of your calling;

Ground of unity (1st triad)asyndetonA creed-like sevenfold 'one' grounds the appeal: the church is one because the realities behind it are singular. The first triad — body, Spirit, hope — corresponds to the Spirit.
ἓνoneNominativepredicate/attributive (verbless acclamation)εἷς: 'one'; the drumbeat numeral, repeated seven times — the theological basis of the one church.
σῶμαbodyNominativenominative (verbless clause)σῶμα: 'body'; the church as Christ's one body (1:23; 2:16), the controlling image of the chapter.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἓνoneNominativeattributive numeral
πνεῦμαSpiritNominativenominative (verbless clause)πνεῦμα: 'Spirit'; the one Holy Spirit who animates the one body (cf. 2:18).
καθὼςjust ascomparative conjunctionκαθώς: 'just as, even as'; correlates the oneness with the singular hope of their calling.
καὶalsoadverbial/ascensive conjunction
ἐκλήθητεyou were calledAor Pass Indic 2 Pl · καλέωmain verb (comparative clause)→ constative aorist (divine passive)καλέω: 'call'; the one calling produced the one hope — they share a single destiny.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere/attendant circumstance)
μιᾷoneDativeattributive numeral (fem.)εἷς (fem. μία): 'one'; the third member of the first triad.
ἐλπίδιhopeDativedat. of sphere (the realm of their calling)ἐλπίς: 'hope'; the confident expectation of the inheritance (1:18) — a single future binds the church.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
κλήσεωςcallingGenitivegenitive of source (hope produced by the calling)κλῆσις: 'calling'; the same word as v.1 — the calling carries its own single hope.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of relationship
5

εἷς κύριος, μία πίστις, ἓν βάπτισμα,

one Lord, one faith, one baptism,

Ground of unity (2nd triad)asyndetonThe second triad — Lord, faith, baptism — clusters around the Son: the one Lord confessed by one faith and sealed in one baptism.
εἷςoneNominativeattributive numeralεἷς: 'one'; the fourth 'one,' now of the Lord.
κύριοςLordNominativenominative (verbless clause)κύριος: 'Lord'; the one Lord Jesus Christ, sole object of the church's allegiance (cf. 1 Cor 8:6).
μίαoneNominativeattributive numeral (fem.)
πίστιςfaithNominativenominative (verbless clause)πίστις: 'faith'; the one believing response to the one Lord (or the one body of faith confessed).
ἓνoneNominativeattributive numeral
βάπτισμαbaptismNominativenominative (verbless clause)βάπτισμα: 'baptism'; the one initiatory rite into the one Lord — the outward badge of the one faith.
6

εἷς θεὸς καὶ πατὴρ πάντων, ὁ ἐπὶ πάντων καὶ διὰ πάντων καὶ ἐν πᾶσιν.

one God and Father of all, who is over all and through all and in all.

Ground of unity (climax)asyndetonThe climax of the seven: the one God and Father, encompassed in a triple 'all' — transcendent over, pervasive through, and immanent in all. The triad of triads is Trinitarian (Spirit, Lord, Father).
εἷςoneNominativeattributive numeralεἷς: 'one'; the seventh and climactic 'one' — the one God.
θεὸςGodNominativenominative (verbless clause)θεός: 'God'; the foundational monotheism (Deut 6:4) underlying the whole sevenfold confession.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (epexegetic)
πατὴρFatherNominativeapposition to θεόςπατήρ: 'Father'; the relational title binding the family of v.4 — the household of God (2:19).
πάντωνof allGenitivegenitive (objective/possessive: Father over all)πᾶς: 'all'; here masc./neut. — of all persons (and things), the universal fatherhood within the redeemed.
the (one)Nominativearticle (substantizing the prep. phrases)
ἐπὶoverpreposition + genitive (supremacy)ἐπί: 'upon, over'; God's transcendence — sovereign above all.
πάντωνallGenitiveobject of ἐπί
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (pervasive agency)διά: 'through'; God's immanent working that pervades all.
πάντωνallGenitiveobject of διά
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐνinpreposition + dative (indwelling)ἐν: 'in'; God's indwelling presence — immanent in all his people.
πᾶσινallDativeobject of ἐνπᾶς: 'all'; the third 'all' — likely 'in us all,' the indwelling within the whole body.
7

Ἑνὶ δὲ ἑκάστῳ ἡμῶν ἐδόθη ἡ χάρις κατὰ τὸ μέτρον τῆς δωρεᾶς τοῦ Χριστοῦ.

But to each one of us grace was given according to the measure of the gift of Christ.

Contrast (unity to diversity)δέA counterpoint to the sevenfold 'one': within the unity there is diversity. The 'but' pivots from corporate oneness to the distinct grace apportioned to each member.
Ἑνὶto oneDativeindirect object (distributive w/ ἑκάστῳ)εἷς: 'one'; ἑνὶ ἑκάστῳ = 'to each single one' — the numeral now individualizes rather than unifies.
δὲbutadversative/transitional conjunctionδέ: 'but, and'; marks the turn from the unity of vv.4–6 to the diversity of gifts.
ἑκάστῳeachDativedat. indirect object (recipient)ἕκαστος: 'each, every one'; grace is not generic but personally distributed.
ἡμῶνof usGenitivepartitive genitive
ἐδόθηwas givenAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (divine passive)→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give'; the passive points to Christ as giver — grace is gift, not achievement (cf. v.8 ἔδωκεν).
theNominativearticle
χάριςgraceNominativesubject of ἐδόθηχάρις: 'grace'; here the enabling gift for service (charism), not only saving favor — grace particularized.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (standard/measure)
τὸtheAccusativearticle
μέτρονmeasureAccusativeobject of κατά (norm)μέτρον: 'measure, portion'; Christ apportions a determined amount to each — gifts differ in scale (cf. Rom 12:3).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
δωρεᾶςgiftGenitivegenitive of source (the measure that the gift sets)δωρεά: 'free gift, bounty'; stresses the gratuity — what Christ bestows lavishly and without payment.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
ΧριστοῦChristGenitivegenitive of source/possession (the gift is Christ's)Χριστός: 'Christ'; the ascended Lord is himself the dispenser of the gifts now described.
8

διὸ λέγει· Ἀναβὰς εἰς ὕψος ᾐχμαλώτευσεν αἰχμαλωσίαν, ἔδωκεν δόματα τοῖς ἀνθρώποις.

Therefore it says: "Having ascended on high he led captivity captive; he gave gifts to men."

Scriptural ground (citation)διὸAn inference-and-proof: 'therefore' Scripture (Ps 68:18) is cited to ground the giving of v.7. The quotation has 'he gave' where the psalm has 'he received' — Paul reads the triumphant Christ as distributing spoils.
διὸthereforeinferential conjunctionδιό: 'wherefore' (δι' ὅ); introduces the scriptural warrant for the apportioned grace.
λέγειit saysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωverb of citation (subject 'Scripture/he' implied)→ gnomic/timeless presentλέγω: 'say'; standard citation formula — the abiding voice of Scripture (or God in it).
Ἀναβὰςhaving ascendedAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀναβαίνωtemporal/circumstantial ptc. (antecedent)→ constative aorist (antecedent action)ἀναβαίνω: 'go up, ascend'; the verb on which the midrash of vv.9–10 turns.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
ὕψοςthe heightAccusativeobject of εἰς (goal)ὕψος: 'height, high place'; the heavenly heights to which Christ ascended (cf. 1:20–21).
ᾐχμαλώτευσενhe led captiveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · αἰχμαλωτεύωmain verb (citation)→ constative aoristαἰχμαλωτεύω: 'take captive' (from αἰχμή, 'spear' + ἁλίσκομαι); a victor's triumphal procession of captives.
αἰχμαλωσίανcaptivityAccusativecognate accusative (the body of captives)αἰχμαλωσία: 'captivity, a body of captives'; the abstract for the concrete — the train of vanquished foes.
ἔδωκενhe gaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (citation)→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give'; the verb (against the LXX 'received') frames Christ as distributing the spoils of conquest.
δόματαgiftsAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκενδόμα: 'gift'; the spoils given to men — interpreted in v.11 as the gifted ministers.
τοῖςto theDativearticle
ἀνθρώποιςmenDativedat. indirect object (recipients)ἄνθρωπος: 'human being, person'; the beneficiaries of the ascended Christ's largesse.
9

τὸ δὲ Ἀνέβη τί ἐστιν εἰ μὴ ὅτι καὶ κατέβη εἰς τὰ κατώτερα μέρη τῆς γῆς;

Now this "He ascended" — what does it mean except that he also descended into the lower parts of the earth?

Exposition of the citationδέPaul exegetes the psalm's verb: an ascent presupposes a prior descent. 'The lower parts of the earth' is most likely the earth itself (the incarnation) or, on another view, the realm of the dead.
τὸthe (phrase)Nominativearticle (nominalizing the quoted word)
δὲnowtransitional conjunctionδέ: 'now, and'; introduces the explanatory comment on the cited verb.
Ἀνέβη"He ascended"Aor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωquoted verb (subject of ἐστιν via τό)→ constative aorist (cited)ἀναβαίνω: 'ascend'; the very word of v.8 now placed under exposition.
τίwhatNominativeinterrogative pronoun (predicate)
ἐστινis/meansPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative present
εἰifconjunction (εἰ μή = 'except')
μὴnotnegative (with εἰ = 'except, but')εἰ μή: 'except, unless'; introduces the only possible inference from the ascent.
ὅτιthatconjunction (content clause)
καὶalsoadverbial/ascensive conjunction
κατέβηhe descendedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταβαίνωmain verb (ὅτι clause)→ constative aoristκαταβαίνω: 'go down, descend'; the counterpart to ἀναβαίνω — the descent that the ascent presupposes.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὰtheAccusativearticle
κατώτεραlowerAccusativeattributive adjective (comparative)κατώτερος: 'lower' (comparative of κάτω); the depth answering the height of v.8.
μέρηpartsAccusativeobject of εἰς (goal of descent)μέρος: 'part, region'; 'the lower parts of the earth' — the earth itself (epexegetic gen.) or the underworld.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive of apposition (the parts that are the earth) or partitiveγῆ: 'earth, land'; likely an epexegetic genitive — the low region which is the earth, i.e. the incarnation.
10

ὁ καταβὰς αὐτός ἐστιν καὶ ὁ ἀναβὰς ὑπεράνω πάντων τῶν οὐρανῶν, ἵνα πληρώσῃ τὰ πάντα.

The one who descended is himself also the one who ascended far above all the heavens, that he might fill all things.

Conclusion of the expositionasyndetonThe identity of the descending and ascending one is asserted: the humbled Christ is the exalted Christ, and the purpose of his ascent is cosmic — to fill all things (cf. 1:23).
the (one)Nominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
καταβὰςwho descendedAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · καταβαίνωsubstantival participle (subject)→ constative aoristκαταβαίνω: 'descend'; the descended one — the subject identified with the ascended one.
αὐτόςhimselfNominativeintensive pronoun (identity)αὐτός: 'he himself'; emphatic — one and the same person, against any separation of the humbled and exalted Christ.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula of identity)→ stative present
καὶalsoadverbial/ascensive conjunction
the (one)Nominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
ἀναβὰςwho ascendedAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀναβαίνωsubstantival participle (predicate nom.)→ constative aoristἀναβαίνω: 'ascend'; the ascended one — predicated as identical to the descended one.
ὑπεράνωfar aboveimproper preposition + genitive (place)ὑπεράνω: 'high above, far above' (ὑπέρ + ἄνω); the supreme exaltation (cf. 1:21).
πάντωνallGenitiveattributive adjective
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
οὐρανῶνheavensGenitiveobject of ὑπεράνωοὐρανός: 'heaven'; the plural reflects the layered heavens of Jewish cosmology — Christ above them all.
ἵναthatconjunction (purpose)
πληρώσῃhe might fillAor Act Subj 3 Sg · πληρόωsubjunctive (purpose clause)→ constative aorist (purpose)πληρόω: 'fill, fulfill, complete'; the ascent's goal — Christ's pervasive, cosmic presence (1:23; 3:19).
τὰtheAccusativearticle
πάνταall thingsAccusativedirect object of πληρώσῃπᾶς: 'all'; τὰ πάντα = 'the universe, all things' — the totality Christ fills.
11

καὶ αὐτὸς ἔδωκεν τοὺς μὲν ἀποστόλους, τοὺς δὲ προφήτας, τοὺς δὲ εὐαγγελιστάς, τοὺς δὲ ποιμένας καὶ διδασκάλους,

And he himself gave some as apostles, some as prophets, some as evangelists, some as pastors and teachers,

Application of the citationκαὶThe 'gifts to men' of v.8 are now identified: not abilities but persons — gifted ministers given to the church. The emphatic 'he himself' makes Christ the giver.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativeintensive pronoun (emphatic subject)αὐτός: 'he himself'; the ascended Christ of v.10 personally bestows the ministers — emphatic.
ἔδωκενgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give'; echoes the citation's ἔδωκεν (v.8) — the gifts are the gifted men themselves.
τοὺςthe (some)Accusativearticle (w/ μέν … δέ = 'some … others')
μὲνon the one handparticle (μέν … δέ correlation)μέν: correlative particle; τοὺς μὲν … τοὺς δέ = 'some … and some.'
ἀποστόλουςapostlesAccusativeobject of ἔδωκεν (double accusative)ἀπόστολος: 'sent one, envoy'; the foundational, commissioned witnesses (cf. 2:20).
τοὺςthe (some)Accusativearticle (correlative)
δὲand (others)particle (correlative δέ)
προφήταςprophetsAccusativeobject of ἔδωκενπροφήτης: 'prophet'; NT prophets, paired with apostles as the church's foundation (2:20; 3:5).
τοὺςthe (some)Accusativearticle (correlative)
δὲand (others)particle (correlative)
εὐαγγελιστάςevangelistsAccusativeobject of ἔδωκενεὐαγγελιστής: 'bringer of good news, evangelist'; itinerant gospel-preachers (cf. Acts 21:8; 2 Tim 4:5).
τοὺςthe (some)Accusativearticle (correlative)
δὲand (others)particle (correlative)
ποιμέναςpastors/shepherdsAccusativeobject of ἔδωκενποιμήν: 'shepherd'; the only NT use of the noun for a church office — one article likely binds it to 'teachers.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (single article, one group)
διδασκάλουςteachersAccusativeobject of ἔδωκεν (joined under one article to ποιμένας)διδάσκαλος: 'teacher'; the shared article (Granville Sharp pattern) suggests 'pastor-teachers' as one office.
12

πρὸς τὸν καταρτισμὸν τῶν ἁγίων εἰς ἔργον διακονίας, εἰς οἰκοδομὴν τοῦ σώματος τοῦ Χριστοῦ,

for the equipping of the saints for the work of ministry, for the building up of the body of Christ,

Purpose of the giftsasyndetonA three-clause purpose chain. The shift of preposition (πρός then εἰς) suggests the ministers equip the saints, so that the saints do the ministry that builds the body — every member a worker.
πρὸςforpreposition + accusative (purpose)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
καταρτισμὸνequippingAccusativeobject of πρός (purpose)καταρτισμός: 'equipping, perfecting' (cf. mending nets, setting a bone); fitting the saints for their task.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ἁγίωνsaintsGenitiveobjective genitive (the saints are equipped)ἅγιος: 'holy one, saint'; the whole people of God, who are themselves to minister.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose/goal)
ἔργονworkAccusativeobject of εἰς (goal)ἔργον: 'work, deed'; the active service to which the equipped saints are sent.
διακονίαςof ministryGenitivegenitive of apposition/contentδιακονία: 'service, ministry'; from διάκονος ('servant') — practical service rendered to the body.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (ultimate goal)
οἰκοδομὴνbuilding upAccusativeobject of εἰς (ultimate goal)οἰκοδομή: 'building, edification' (οἶκος + δέμω); the architectural metaphor of 2:21 applied to growth.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
σώματοςbodyGenitiveobjective genitive (the body is built)σῶμα: 'body'; the church (v.4), here as the structure being edified.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
ΧριστοῦChristGenitivepossessive genitive (the body belonging to Christ)Χριστός: 'Christ'; the body is his — built up toward him as Head (v.15).
13

μέχρι καταντήσωμεν οἱ πάντες εἰς τὴν ἑνότητα τῆς πίστεως καὶ τῆς ἐπιγνώσεως τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ, εἰς ἄνδρα τέλειον, εἰς μέτρον ἡλικίας τοῦ πληρώματος τοῦ Χριστοῦ,

until we all attain to the unity of the faith and of the knowledge of the Son of God, to a mature man, to the measure of the stature of the fullness of Christ,

Terminus of the growthμέχριThe goal toward which the building tends: a corporate maturity, defined by three parallel 'unto' phrases — unity of faith/knowledge, the mature Man, the full measure of Christ's stature.
μέχριuntilconjunction (temporal goal)μέχρι: 'until, as far as'; marks the terminus of the building process — corporate maturity.
καταντήσωμενwe attainAor Act Subj 1 Pl · καταντάωsubjunctive (temporal-final clause)→ constative aorist (goal)καταντάω: 'arrive at, attain' (of reaching a destination); the church 'arrives' at maturity together.
οἱtheNominativearticle
πάντεςallNominativesubject (οἱ πάντες = 'all of us together')πᾶς: 'all'; the corporate 'all' — maturity is reached collectively, not individually.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἑνότηταunityAccusativeobject of εἰς (goal)ἑνότης: 'unity'; the same rare word as v.3 — now a goal to be attained, not only a gift to be kept.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
πίστεωςfaithGenitiveobjective genitive (unity in faith)πίστις: 'faith'; here the shared content/confession toward which the body grows in agreement.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
ἐπιγνώσεωςknowledgeGenitiveobjective genitive (unity in knowledge)ἐπίγνωσις: 'full/deep knowledge' (ἐπί-intensive of γνῶσις); experiential, relational knowing of the Son.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
υἱοῦSonGenitiveobjective genitive (knowledge of the Son)υἱός: 'Son'; the object of both faith and knowledge — Christ in his divine sonship.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦof GodGenitivegenitive of relationship
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal, parallel)
ἄνδραa manAccusativeobject of εἰς (goal)ἀνήρ: 'man, full-grown male'; the corporate church pictured as one mature Man (contrast 'infants,' v.14).
τέλειονmature/perfectAccusativeattributive adjectiveτέλειος: 'complete, mature, full-grown' (from τέλος, 'goal'); adulthood vs. childishness, not sinlessness.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal, parallel)
μέτρονmeasureAccusativeobject of εἰς (goal)μέτρον: 'measure'; here the full standard of growth (cf. v.7), set by Christ's own fullness.
ἡλικίαςof stature/ageGenitivegenitive of apposition/qualityἡλικία: 'stature, full age, maturity'; the full-grown size answering to 'mature man.'
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
πληρώματοςfullnessGenitivegenitive of source/contentπλήρωμα: 'fullness, that which fills'; the goal is to embody Christ's own completeness (1:23; 3:19).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
ΧριστοῦChristGenitivepossessive/subjective genitiveΧριστός: 'Christ'; the measure of maturity is nothing less than Christ's own fullness.
14

ἵνα μηκέτι ὦμεν νήπιοι, κλυδωνιζόμενοι καὶ περιφερόμενοι παντὶ ἀνέμῳ τῆς διδασκαλίας ἐν τῇ κυβείᾳ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἐν πανουργίᾳ πρὸς τὴν μεθοδείαν τῆς πλάνης,

so that we may no longer be infants, tossed by waves and carried about by every wind of teaching, by the trickery of men, in craftiness toward the scheming of deceit,

Negative purposeἵναThe flip side of maturity: stability. Doctrinal maturity protects against being swept about — the storm-and-sea imagery vividly portrays the instability of the immature.
ἵναso thatconjunction (purpose)
μηκέτιno longeradverb (negative time)μηκέτι: 'no longer'; the maturity of v.13 leaves childishness behind.
ὦμενwe may bePres Act Subj 1 Pl · εἰμίsubjunctive (purpose clause)→ stative present
νήπιοιinfantsNominativepredicate nominativeνήπιος: 'infant, child' (lit. 'non-speaking'); the immature believer, easily deceived — opposite of τέλειος (v.13).
κλυδωνιζόμενοιtossed by wavesPres Mid/Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · κλυδωνίζομαιadverbial ptc. (describing νήπιοι)→ present (durative)κλυδωνίζομαι: 'be tossed by the surge' (from κλύδων, 'wave'); the instability of those without doctrinal anchor.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
περιφερόμενοιcarried aboutPres Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · περιφέρωadverbial ptc. (describing νήπιοι)→ present (durative)περιφέρω: 'carry around' (περί + φέρω); whirled about with no fixed course — at the mercy of every gust.
παντὶeveryDativeattributive adjectiveπᾶς: 'every'; no doctrine is too slight to unsettle the immature.
ἀνέμῳwindDativedat. of means/agent (instrument of tossing)ἄνεμος: 'wind'; teaching pictured as a gale that drives the rudderless about.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
διδασκαλίαςteaching/doctrineGenitivegenitive of source (wind that doctrine produces)διδασκαλία: 'teaching, doctrine'; here the shifting human teachings that threaten the unwary.
ἐνbypreposition + dative (means)
τῇtheDativearticle
κυβείᾳtrickeryDativedat. of meansκυβεία: 'dice-playing, sleight of hand' (from κύβος, 'die'); the cheating manipulation of false teachers.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ἀνθρώπωνmenGenitivesubjective genitive (the trickery men practice)ἄνθρωπος: 'human, person'; merely human deceivers, set against the divinely given teachers of v.11.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (manner)
πανουργίᾳcraftinessDativedat. of mannerπανουργία: 'cunning, unscrupulousness' (lit. 'ready to do anything'); craft that stops at nothing.
πρὸςtowardpreposition + accusative (purpose/result)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
μεθοδείανschemingAccusativeobject of πρός (aim of the craft)μεθοδεία: 'scheming, stratagem' (μετά + ὁδός, 'method'); the systematic deceit also ascribed to the devil (6:11).
τῆςofGenitivearticle
πλάνηςdeceit/errorGenitivegenitive of source/qualityπλάνη: 'wandering, error, deceit' (cf. 'planet,' a wanderer); the deceit that leads astray.
15

ἀληθεύοντες δὲ ἐν ἀγάπῃ αὐξήσωμεν εἰς αὐτὸν τὰ πάντα, ὅς ἐστιν ἡ κεφαλή, Χριστός,

but speaking the truth in love, we may grow up in all things into him who is the head, Christ,

Positive contrastδέThe healthy alternative to being tossed about: truth held in love, producing organic growth 'into' Christ the Head. Truth and love together, not either alone.
ἀληθεύοντεςspeaking the truthPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀληθεύωadverbial ptc. (manner/means)→ present (durative)ἀληθεύω: 'be truthful, deal truly'; broader than mere speech — living and holding the truth, here joined to love.
δὲbutadversative conjunctionδέ: 'but'; sets the truthful, loving growth against the deceit of v.14.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (manner/sphere)
ἀγάπῃloveDativedat. of mannerἀγάπη: 'love'; truth without love wounds, love without truth flatters — the two must be wed.
αὐξήσωμενwe may growAor Act Subj 1 Pl · αὐξάνωsubjunctive (hortatory/continuation of ἵνα)→ constative aorist (ingressive nuance)αὐξάνω: 'grow, increase'; the organic growth of the body toward its Head.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal/direction)
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject of εἰς (goal of growth)
τὰtheAccusativearticle
πάνταin all thingsAccusativeaccusative of respect (in all respects)πᾶς: 'all'; τὰ πάντα adverbial — growth 'in every respect' into Christ.
ὅςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἐστιν)
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula, rel. clause)→ stative present
theNominativearticle
κεφαλήheadNominativepredicate nominativeκεφαλή: 'head'; Christ as the source and ruler of the body's growth (cf. 1:22; Col 2:19).
ΧριστόςChristNominativeapposition to ἡ κεφαλήΧριστός: 'Christ'; named explicitly as the Head — the goal and source of all growth.
16

ἐξ οὗ πᾶν τὸ σῶμα συναρμολογούμενον καὶ συμβιβαζόμενον διὰ πάσης ἁφῆς τῆς ἐπιχορηγίας κατ’ ἐνέργειαν ἐν μέτρῳ ἑνὸς ἑκάστου μέρους τὴν αὔξησιν τοῦ σώματος ποιεῖται εἰς οἰκοδομὴν ἑαυτοῦ ἐν ἀγάπῃ.

from whom the whole body, being joined and held together by every supporting ligament, according to the working in measure of each individual part, produces the growth of the body for the building up of itself in love.

Source and mechanism of growthἐξ οὗAn intricate anatomy of body life: Christ the Head is the source ('from whom'); the body, fitted together by every joint, grows by each part's proportionate working — the goal again being self-edification in love.
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (source)
οὗwhomGenitiverelative pronoun (object of ἐξ; antecedent Christ)
πᾶνwholeNominativeattributive adjectiveπᾶς: 'whole, all'; the entire body, not isolated members, is in view.
τὸtheNominativearticle
σῶμαbodyNominativesubject of ποιεῖταισῶμα: 'body'; the church, here as a living organism that grows itself under the Head.
συναρμολογούμενονbeing joined togetherPres Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Neut · συναρμολογέωadverbial/attributive ptc. (describing σῶμα)→ present (ongoing)συναρμολογέω: 'fit/frame together' (σύν + ἁρμός, 'joint' + λέγω); a building term reused of the body (cf. 2:21).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
συμβιβαζόμενονheld togetherPres Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Neut · συμβιβάζωadverbial/attributive ptc. (describing σῶμα)→ present (ongoing)συμβιβάζω: 'bring together, knit, unite' (σύν + βιβάζω); the body cohering as a single, interlocked whole.
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (means)
πάσηςeveryGenitiveattributive adjectiveπᾶς: 'every'; every single connecting point contributes.
ἁφῆςligament/jointGenitiveobject of διά (means)ἁφή: 'contact, joint, ligament' (from ἅπτω, 'fasten'); the connecting bands that supply the body.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
ἐπιχορηγίαςsupply/supportGenitivegenitive of function (the joint that supplies)ἐπιχορηγία: 'supply, support' (orig. defraying a chorus's costs); the provision each joint conveys.
κατ’according topreposition + accusative (norm)
ἐνέργειανworkingAccusativeobject of κατά (norm)ἐνέργεια: 'operation, effective working' (cf. 'energy'); the active functioning of each part.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (measure)
μέτρῳmeasureDativedat. of measure/mannerμέτρον: 'measure'; the proportioned working — each part contributes its allotted share (cf. v.7).
ἑνὸςof oneGenitiveattributive (w/ ἑκάστου = 'each single')εἷς: 'one'; ἑνὸς ἑκάστου = 'each individual' — every member matters.
ἑκάστουeachGenitiveattributive adjectiveἕκαστος: 'each'; the distributive stress — body growth depends on every part.
μέρουςpartGenitivesubjective genitive (each part's working)μέρος: 'part, member'; the individual constituents of the body.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
αὔξησινgrowthAccusativedirect object of ποιεῖταιαὔξησις: 'growth, increase' (cf. αὐξάνω, v.15); the noun for the body's organic enlargement.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
σώματοςbodyGenitiveobjective/possessive genitive (the body's growth)σῶμα: 'body'; the growth belongs to the whole organism.
ποιεῖταιproduces/makesPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (middle: for itself)→ customary/durative presentποιέω (mid.): 'make, produce (for oneself)'; the body brings about its own growth under Christ.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose)
οἰκοδομὴνbuilding upAccusativeobject of εἰς (purpose)οἰκοδομή: 'edification, building'; the same goal as v.12 — now the body edifies itself.
ἑαυτοῦof itselfGenitivereflexive genitive (objective)ἑαυτοῦ: 'of itself'; the body builds itself — corporate, mutual edification.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere/manner)
ἀγάπῃloveDativedat. of manner/sphereἀγάπη: 'love'; the section opens (v.2) and closes (v.16) in love — its sphere and atmosphere.
17

Τοῦτο οὖν λέγω καὶ μαρτύρομαι ἐν κυρίῳ, μηκέτι ὑμᾶς περιπατεῖν καθὼς καὶ τὰ ἔθνη περιπατεῖ ἐν ματαιότητι τοῦ νοὸς αὐτῶν,

This therefore I say and testify in the Lord, that you no longer walk as also the Gentiles walk, in the futility of their mind,

Resumed exhortationοὖνPicking up the 'walk' theme of v.1, Paul issues a solemn charge to abandon the old pagan way of life. The double 'I say and testify' lends weight; the futile mind is the root of the Gentile walk.
ΤοῦτοthisAccusativedirect object (cataphoric, points forward)οὗτος: 'this'; anticipates the content of the charge that follows.
οὖνthereforeinferential conjunctionοὖν: 'therefore'; resumes the practical appeal of v.1 after the digression on gifts and growth.
λέγωI sayPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ customary presentλέγω: 'say'; the verb of declaration introducing the formal charge.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
μαρτύρομαιI testify/solemnly affirmPres Mid Indic 1 Sg · μαρτύρομαιmain verb (coordinate)→ customary presentμαρτύρομαι: 'call to witness, solemnly declare'; raises the appeal to the level of solemn adjuration.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere/authority)
κυρίῳthe LordDativedat. of sphere (the charge has the Lord's authority)κύριος: 'Lord'; the testimony is given in union with and on the authority of Christ.
μηκέτιno longeradverb (negative time)μηκέτι: 'no longer'; a decisive break with the former manner of life.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive
περιπατεῖνto walkPres Act Inf · περιπατέωinfinitive (content of λέγω, indirect command)→ present (habitual conduct)περιπατέω: 'walk'; the life-conduct metaphor — they must no longer live as they once did.
καθὼςascomparative conjunctionκαθώς: 'just as'; draws the comparison with the Gentile walk now to be renounced.
καὶalsoadverbial conjunction
τὰtheNominativearticle
ἔθνηGentiles/nationsNominativesubject of περιπατεῖἔθνος: 'nation'; here 'the (pagan) Gentiles' — the unbelieving outsiders, viewed ethically (cf. 2:11).
περιπατεῖwalksPres Act Indic 3 Sg · περιπατέωmain verb (comparative clause)→ customary presentπεριπατέω: 'walk'; the characteristic conduct of the pagan world.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere/manner)
ματαιότητιfutilityDativedat. of sphere/mannerματαιότης: 'emptiness, futility, purposelessness'; the same word for creation's bondage (Rom 8:20) — pagan thought leads nowhere.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
νοὸςmindGenitivegenitive of source (futility that the mind breeds)νοῦς: 'mind, understanding'; the seat of the problem — a mind set on emptiness (contrast the renewed mind, v.23).
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession
18

ἐσκοτωμένοι τῇ διανοίᾳ ὄντες, ἀπηλλοτριωμένοι τῆς ζωῆς τοῦ θεοῦ διὰ τὴν ἄγνοιαν τὴν οὖσαν ἐν αὐτοῖς, διὰ τὴν πώρωσιν τῆς καρδίας αὐτῶν,

being darkened in their understanding, alienated from the life of God because of the ignorance that is in them, because of the hardness of their heart,

Diagnosis of the pagan conditionasyndetonA chain of perfect participles diagnoses the Gentile plight: a settled darkness and alienation, caused by ignorance and a hardened heart. The intellect, the relationship with God, and the will are all corrupted.
ἐσκοτωμένοιdarkenedPerf Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · σκοτόωpredicate ptc. (w/ ὄντες)→ intensive perfect (settled state)σκοτόω: 'darken' (from σκότος, 'darkness'); the perfect marks a fixed condition of mental darkness.
τῇtheDativearticle
διανοίᾳunderstandingDativedat. of respect (darkened as to the mind)διάνοια: 'understanding, faculty of thought' (διά + νοῦς); the discursive intellect, here benighted.
ὄντεςbeingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · εἰμίadverbial ptc. (periphrastic w/ ἐσκοτωμένοι)→ stative present
ἀπηλλοτριωμένοιalienatedPerf Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀπαλλοτριόωpredicate ptc.→ intensive perfect (settled estrangement)ἀπαλλοτριόω: 'estrange, alienate' (ἀπό + ἀλλότριος, 'belonging to another'); cf. 2:12 — strangers to God's life.
τῆςfrom theGenitivearticle
ζωῆςlifeGenitivegenitive of separation (alienated from)ζωή: 'life'; the divine life from which paganism is cut off — spiritual death.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦof GodGenitivegenitive of source (life that God gives)
διὰbecause ofpreposition + accusative (cause)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἄγνοιανignoranceAccusativeobject of διά (cause)ἄγνοια: 'ignorance' (α-privative + γνῶσις); not innocent but culpable — a willful not-knowing of God.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (attributive)
οὖσανthat isPres Act Ptc · Acc Sg Fem · εἰμίattributive participle (modifies ἄγνοιαν)→ stative present
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)
αὐτοῖςthemDativeobject of ἐν (locative)
διὰbecause ofpreposition + accusative (cause)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
πώρωσινhardnessAccusativeobject of διά (deeper cause of the ignorance)πώρωσις: 'hardening, callousness' (from πῶρος, a hard stone/callus); the root cause — a petrified heart.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
καρδίαςheartGenitivegenitive of source (hardness of the heart)καρδία: 'heart'; the inner center of will and feeling — its callousness lies beneath the darkened mind.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession
19

οἵτινες ἀπηλγηκότες ἑαυτοὺς παρέδωκαν τῇ ἀσελγείᾳ εἰς ἐργασίαν ἀκαθαρσίας πάσης ἐν πλεονεξίᾳ.

who, having become callous, gave themselves over to licentiousness, for the working of every kind of impurity with greediness.

Result of the hardeningοἵτινεςThe downward spiral reaches its outcome: past feeling, they hand themselves over to sensuality. Here it is they who 'gave themselves over' (cf. God's 'giving over' in Rom 1) — willful self-abandonment.
οἵτινεςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (qualitative: 'such as')ὅστις: 'whoever, such as'; the qualitative relative — 'people of the sort who…'
ἀπηλγηκότεςhaving become callousPerf Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀπαλγέωadverbial ptc. (causal/temporal)→ intensive perfect (resultant state)ἀπαλγέω: 'cease to feel pain, become callous' (ἀπό + ἀλγέω, 'feel pain'); past feeling, beyond moral sensation.
ἑαυτοὺςthemselvesAccusativereflexive direct objectἑαυτοῦ: 'themselves'; the emphatic reflexive — their ruin is self-inflicted, a deliberate surrender.
παρέδωκανgave overAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παραδίδωμιmain verb→ constative aoristπαραδίδωμι: 'hand over, deliver up'; the same verb of God's judicial 'giving over' (Rom 1:24) — here self-surrender.
τῇtoDativearticle
ἀσελγείᾳlicentiousnessDativedat. indirect object (to which they surrendered)ἀσέλγεια: 'debauchery, shameless sensuality'; unbridled excess with no regard for shame or public opinion.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose/result)
ἐργασίανthe working/practiceAccusativeobject of εἰς (result)ἐργασία: 'work, practice, performance'; the active pursuit — they make a business of impurity.
ἀκαθαρσίαςof impurityGenitiveobjective genitiveἀκαθαρσία: 'uncleanness, impurity' (α-privative + καθαρός, 'clean'); moral filth, esp. sexual.
πάσηςof every kindGenitiveattributive adjectiveπᾶς: 'all, every'; impurity in every form — no boundary remains.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (manner/attendant)
πλεονεξίᾳgreedinessDativedat. of manner (the grasping spirit behind it)πλεονεξία: 'greed, covetousness' (lit. 'wanting more'); the insatiable craving that drives the impurity (cf. 5:3).
20

Ὑμεῖς δὲ οὐχ οὕτως ἐμάθετε τὸν Χριστόν,

But you did not so learn Christ,

Sharp contrastδέThe emphatic 'But you' breaks decisively from the pagan portrait. To 'learn Christ' is a striking phrase — not learning about doctrines but learning a Person.
ὙμεῖςyouNominativesubject (emphatic, fronted pronoun)σύ (pl.): 'you'; the emphatic position sets the believers in stark contrast to the Gentiles of vv.17–19.
δὲbutadversative conjunctionδέ: 'but'; the strong contrast pivoting from the old walk to the new.
οὐχnotnegative particle
οὕτωςso/in this wayadverb (manner)οὕτως: 'thus, in this way'; 'not thus' — Christ was not learned as a license for the pagan walk.
ἐμάθετεyou learnedAor Act Indic 2 Pl · μανθάνωmain verb→ constative aorist (their conversion)μανθάνω: 'learn'; 'to learn Christ' (object a person) is unique — to come to know and receive him as Lord.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ΧριστόνChristAccusativedirect object of ἐμάθετεΧριστός: 'Christ'; the personal object of learning — discipleship is learning a Person, not a system.
21

εἴ γε αὐτὸν ἠκούσατε καὶ ἐν αὐτῷ ἐδιδάχθητε, καθώς ἐστιν ἀλήθεια ἐν τῷ Ἰησοῦ,

if indeed you heard him and were taught in him, as truth is in Jesus —

Confirming conditionεἴ γεNot a doubting 'if' but a confident appeal to what is assumed true: 'since indeed.' The hearing and teaching are 'in him' — Christ is both the lesson and the sphere of learning.
εἴifconditional conjunction
γεindeedemphatic particle (εἴ γε = 'if indeed, since')γε: emphatic particle; εἴ γε assumes the condition true — 'since you surely did.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἠκούσατεαὐτός: 'him'; the object of hearing is Christ himself — not merely about him but him.
ἠκούσατεyou heardAor Act Indic 2 Pl · ἀκούωmain verb (protasis)→ constative aoristἀκούω: 'hear'; to hear Christ — he is present and speaking in the gospel preached to them.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
αὐτῷhimDativedat. of sphere (taught within union with Christ)
ἐδιδάχθητεyou were taughtAor Pass Indic 2 Pl · διδάσκωmain verb (protasis, coordinate)→ constative aoristδιδάσκω: 'teach'; the catechesis they received, taking place 'in him' as its sphere.
καθώςascomparative conjunctionκαθώς: 'just as'; the teaching conforms to the truth as it resides in Jesus.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative present
ἀλήθειαtruthNominativesubject (predicate-fronted)ἀλήθεια: 'truth, reality'; the truth embodied and located in the historical Jesus.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)
τῷtheDativearticle
ἸησοῦJesusDativedat. locative (truth resides in Jesus)Ἰησοῦς: 'Jesus'; the rare use of the bare name 'the Jesus' points to the historical person as truth's locus.
22

ἀποθέσθαι ὑμᾶς κατὰ τὴν προτέραν ἀναστροφὴν τὸν παλαιὸν ἄνθρωπον τὸν φθειρόμενον κατὰ τὰς ἐπιθυμίας τῆς ἀπάτης,

that you put off, in regard to your former manner of life, the old self, which is being corrupted according to the deceitful desires,

Content of the teaching (1st)asyndetonThe first of three infinitives spelling out what they were taught. The 'old self' is the unregenerate person of the former life, ever-corrupting under desires that promise but deceive.
ἀποθέσθαιto put offAor Mid Inf · ἀποτίθημιinfinitive (content of ἐδιδάχθητε)→ constative aorist (decisive act)ἀποτίθημι (mid.): 'put off, lay aside' (as a garment); the imagery of stripping off old clothing (cf. v.25; Col 3:9).
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive
κατὰin regard topreposition + accusative (reference)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
προτέρανformerAccusativeattributive adjectiveπρότερος: 'former, earlier'; the pre-conversion past now to be left behind.
ἀναστροφὴνmanner of lifeAccusativeobject of κατά (reference)ἀναστροφή: 'conduct, way of life' (lit. 'turning about'); one's habitual behavior — here the old, discarded pattern.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
παλαιὸνoldAccusativeattributive adjectiveπαλαιός: 'old, former'; the old self belonging to the former age (cf. Rom 6:6).
ἄνθρωπονself/manAccusativedirect object of ἀποθέσθαιἄνθρωπος: 'human, person'; 'the old man/self' — the whole unregenerate identity, set against 'the new self' (v.24).
τὸνthe (which)Accusativearticle (attributive)
φθειρόμενονbeing corruptedPres Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · φθείρωattributive participle (modifies ἄνθρωπον)→ present (progressive ruin)φθείρω: 'corrupt, ruin, destroy'; the old self is in ongoing decay — a present, deteriorating reality.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (standard/cause)
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
ἐπιθυμίαςdesires/lustsAccusativeobject of κατά (the agents of corruption)ἐπιθυμία: 'desire, craving, lust' (ἐπί + θυμός); cravings that drive the old self's decay.
τῆςofGenitivearticle
ἀπάτηςdeceitGenitivegenitive of source/quality (deceitful desires)ἀπάτη: 'deceit, deception'; the desires belong to deceit — they promise life but deliver ruin.
23

ἀνανεοῦσθαι δὲ τῷ πνεύματι τοῦ νοὸς ὑμῶν,

and that you be renewed in the spirit of your mind,

Content of the teaching (2nd)δέThe second, central infinitive: an inward renewal. The present tense (against the aorists of vv.22, 24) marks this as continual — the daily renovation of the mind that bridges the decisive off/on.
ἀνανεοῦσθαιto be renewedPres Pass Inf · ἀνανεόωinfinitive (content of ἐδιδάχθητε)→ present (continual renewal)ἀνανεόω: 'renew, make new again' (ἀνά + νέος); the present tense marks ongoing renovation, the daily middle term.
δὲandconnective conjunctionδέ: 'and, but'; links the renewal between the putting-off and the putting-on.
τῷin theDativearticle
πνεύματιspiritDativedat. of sphere/respect (renewed as to the spirit)πνεῦμα: 'spirit'; here the governing disposition of the mind — its animating attitude, to be made new.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
νοὸςmindGenitivegenitive of relationship/possessionνοῦς: 'mind'; the renewal targets the mind (contrast its 'futility,' v.17) — transformation begins in thought (cf. Rom 12:2).
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession
24

καὶ ἐνδύσασθαι τὸν καινὸν ἄνθρωπον τὸν κατὰ θεὸν κτισθέντα ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ καὶ ὁσιότητι τῆς ἀληθείας.

and that you put on the new self, the one created after God in righteousness and holiness of truth.

Content of the teaching (3rd)καὶThe third infinitive completes the wardrobe metaphor: put on the new self. It is God's creation, made after his likeness — the recovered image, marked by righteousness and holiness that belong to truth (opposite of v.22's deceit).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐνδύσασθαιto put onAor Mid Inf · ἐνδύωinfinitive (content of ἐδιδάχθητε)→ constative aorist (decisive act)ἐνδύω (mid.): 'put on, clothe oneself' (as a garment); the counterpart to ἀποθέσθαι (v.22) — donning the new.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
καινὸνnewAccusativeattributive adjectiveκαινός: 'new (in kind/quality)'; not merely new in time (νέος) but new in nature — the new creation (2 Cor 5:17).
ἄνθρωπονself/manAccusativedirect object of ἐνδύσασθαιἄνθρωπος: 'human, person'; 'the new self' — the regenerate identity in Christ, the new humanity (cf. 2:15).
τὸνthe (one)Accusativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
κατὰafter/according topreposition + accusative (standard/pattern)
θεὸνGodAccusativeobject of κατά (the pattern of creation)θεός: 'God'; the new self is created 'after God' — in his image/likeness (Gen 1:26–27; Col 3:10).
κτισθένταcreatedAor Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · κτίζωattributive participle (modifies ἄνθρωπον)→ constative aorist (divine passive)κτίζω: 'create'; the new self is God's handiwork, not human achievement (cf. 2:10).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere/result of creation)
δικαιοσύνῃrighteousnessDativedat. of sphere (the character of the new self)δικαιοσύνη: 'righteousness, justice'; right conduct toward others — a mark of the recovered image.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὁσιότητιholinessDativedat. of sphere (coordinate)ὁσιότης: 'holiness, piety'; devout reverence toward God — paired with righteousness as the new self's twin virtue.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
ἀληθείαςtruthGenitivegenitive of source/quality (righteousness that truth produces)ἀλήθεια: 'truth'; the righteousness and holiness belong to truth — the deliberate antithesis of v.22's 'deceit.'
25

Διὸ ἀποθέμενοι τὸ ψεῦδος λαλεῖτε ἀλήθειαν ἕκαστος μετὰ τοῦ πλησίον αὐτοῦ, ὅτι ἐσμὲν ἀλλήλων μέλη.

Therefore, having put away falsehood, let each one speak truth with his neighbor, because we are members of one another.

First concrete applicationΔιὸ'Therefore' draws the off/on principle (vv.22–24) into specific commands. The first vice-and-virtue pair — falsehood vs. truth — is grounded in the body theology: lying to a fellow member is self-injury (echoing Zech 8:16).
Διὸthereforeinferential conjunctionδιό: 'wherefore'; applies the general principle to the concrete catalog that follows.
ἀποθέμενοιhaving put awayAor Mid Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀποτίθημιadverbial ptc. (attendant/causal, supporting the imperative)→ constative aorist (antecedent action)ἀποτίθημι (mid.): 'put off, lay aside'; echoes v.22 — the old garment of falsehood is stripped off first.
τὸtheAccusativearticle
ψεῦδοςfalsehoodAccusativedirect object of ἀποθέμενοιψεῦδος: 'lie, falsehood'; the abstract with the article — lying as a whole sphere, characteristic of the old self.
λαλεῖτεspeakPres Act Impv 2 Pl · λαλέωmain verb (imperative)→ present imperative (habitual practice)λαλέω: 'speak'; the present commands an ongoing habit — let truth-telling be your custom.
ἀλήθειανtruthAccusativedirect object of λαλεῖτεἀλήθεια: 'truth'; truthful speech replaces the discarded falsehood.
ἕκαστοςeach oneNominativeapposition to the subject (distributive)ἕκαστος: 'each'; the command is individualized — every member is responsible.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (association)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
πλησίονneighborGenitiveobject of μετά (indeclinable adv. as noun)πλησίον: 'neighbor' (adv. 'near' used substantivally); here esp. the fellow believer, a member of the same body.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunctionὅτι: 'because'; gives the body-theology rationale for truthfulness.
ἐσμὲνwe arePres Act Indic 1 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (causal clause)→ stative present
ἀλλήλωνof one anotherGenitivepossessive/partitive genitiveἀλλήλων: 'of one another'; reciprocal — believers belong to each other as limbs of one body.
μέληmembersNominativepredicate nominativeμέλος: 'member, limb'; to lie to a fellow member is to wound one's own body (cf. v.16; Rom 12:5).
26

ὀργίζεσθε καὶ μὴ ἁμαρτάνετε· ὁ ἥλιος μὴ ἐπιδυέτω ἐπὶ παροργισμῷ ὑμῶν,

Be angry and do not sin; do not let the sun set on your anger,

Second application (anger)asyndetonCiting Psalm 4:4 (LXX), Paul concedes anger may arise but forbids it to become sin or to fester. Anger unresolved by nightfall hardens into resentment — a foothold for the devil (v.27).
ὀργίζεσθεbe angryPres Pass/Mid Impv 2 Pl · ὀργίζωimperative (concessive/permissive)→ present imperative (permissive nuance)ὀργίζω: 'be angry, enraged'; likely permissive — 'if angry…' — citing Ps 4:4 LXX; anger is not per se sin.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
μὴnotnegative (w/ imperative)
ἁμαρτάνετεsinPres Act Impv 2 Pl · ἁμαρτάνωprohibition (imperative)→ present imperative (do not make a practice of sinning)ἁμαρτάνω: 'sin, miss the mark'; the limit set on anger — it must not spill over into sin.
theNominativearticle
ἥλιοςsunNominativesubject of ἐπιδυέτωἥλιος: 'sun'; the day's end as the deadline — anger must be settled before sleep.
μὴnotnegative (w/ imperative)
ἐπιδυέτωlet setPres Act Impv 3 Sg · ἐπιδύωthird-person imperative→ present imperativeἐπιδύω: 'go down upon, set' (of the sun); a vivid idiom — do not carry anger past sundown.
ἐπὶonpreposition + dative (basis/occasion)
παροργισμῷanger/provocationDativeobject of ἐπί (occasion)παροργισμός: 'irritation, exasperation' (cf. παροργίζω); the stirred-up state that must not be nursed overnight.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession
27

μηδὲ δίδοτε τόπον τῷ διαβόλῳ.

and do not give place to the devil.

Consequence of unresolved angerμηδὲFestering anger opens a door: nursed resentment becomes the devil's bridgehead. The brevity is pointed — sin gives the adversary room to operate.
μηδὲand not/neithernegative conjunction (continues prohibition)μηδέ: 'and not, nor'; links this prohibition to the warning about anger.
δίδοτεgivePres Act Impv 2 Pl · δίδωμιprohibition (imperative)→ present imperative (do not keep giving)δίδωμι: 'give'; do not grant the adversary any opening.
τόπονplace/opportunityAccusativedirect object of δίδοτετόπος: 'place, room, opportunity'; a foothold or scope for action (cf. Rom 12:19).
τῷto theDativearticle
διαβόλῳdevilDativedat. indirect object (recipient of the 'place')διάβολος: 'slanderer, accuser, devil' (from διαβάλλω, 'throw across, accuse'); the personal adversary (cf. 6:11).
28

ὁ κλέπτων μηκέτι κλεπτέτω, μᾶλλον δὲ κοπιάτω ἐργαζόμενος ταῖς χερσὶν τὸ ἀγαθόν, ἵνα ἔχῃ μεταδιδόναι τῷ χρείαν ἔχοντι.

Let the one who steals steal no more, but rather let him labor, working with his hands what is good, so that he may have something to share with the one who has need.

Third application (theft → honest labor)asyndetonThe principle of off/on at full stretch: not merely stop stealing, but work and give. The thief is transformed into a benefactor — the negative replaced by its positive opposite and then by generosity.
the (one)Nominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
κλέπτωνwho stealsPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · κλέπτωsubstantival participle (subject)→ present (habitual: the thief)κλέπτω: 'steal' (cf. 'kleptomania'); the present substantive denotes the habitual thief.
μηκέτιno longeradverb (negative time)μηκέτι: 'no longer'; the decisive break with the old practice.
κλεπτέτωlet him stealPres Act Impv 3 Sg · κλέπτωthird-person imperative (prohibition)→ present imperativeκλέπτω: 'steal'; the prohibition — the stealing must cease.
μᾶλλονratheradverb (comparison)μᾶλλον: 'rather, more'; introduces the positive replacement for theft.
δὲbutadversative conjunction
κοπιάτωlet him laborPres Act Impv 3 Sg · κοπιάωthird-person imperative (positive command)→ present imperative (ongoing)κοπιάω: 'work hard, toil to weariness' (from κόπος, 'labor'); strenuous, honest work replaces theft.
ἐργαζόμενοςworkingPres Mid Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἐργάζομαιadverbial ptc. (means/manner)→ present (concurrent)ἐργάζομαι: 'work, perform'; specifies the labor — productive activity with one's own hands.
ταῖςwith theDativearticle
χερσὶνhandsDativedat. of instrumentχείρ: 'hand'; the hands that once stole now produce — manual, honest labor.
τὸtheAccusativearticle
ἀγαθόνgoodAccusativedirect object of ἐργαζόμενος (substantival adj.)ἀγαθός: 'good'; 'the good' — work that is honest and beneficial, the opposite of taking.
ἵναso thatconjunction (purpose)
ἔχῃhe may havePres Act Subj 3 Sg · ἔχωsubjunctive (purpose clause)→ present (continual having)ἔχω: 'have'; the goal of labor is not self-enrichment but the means to give.
μεταδιδόναιto sharePres Act Inf · μεταδίδωμιcomplementary infinitive (object of ἔχῃ)→ present (ongoing sharing)μεταδίδωμι: 'share, impart' (μετά + δίδωμι); the climax — the reformed thief becomes a giver (cf. Rom 12:8).
τῷto the (one)Dativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
χρείανneedAccusativedirect object of ἔχοντιχρεία: 'need, necessity'; the want of the recipient — the object of the sharing.
ἔχοντιwho hasPres Act Ptc · Dat Sg Masc · ἔχωsubstantival participle (dat. indirect object of μεταδιδόναι)→ present (durative state of need)ἔχω: 'have'; 'the one having need' — the needy neighbor, beneficiary of the labor.
29

πᾶς λόγος σαπρὸς ἐκ τοῦ στόματος ὑμῶν μὴ ἐκπορευέσθω, ἀλλὰ εἴ τις ἀγαθὸς πρὸς οἰκοδομὴν τῆς χρείας, ἵνα δῷ χάριν τοῖς ἀκούουσιν.

Let no rotten word proceed from your mouth, but only what is good for building up as the need may be, that it may give grace to those who hear.

Fourth application (speech)asyndetonThe off/on pattern applied to speech: rotten words out, edifying words in. The aim of Christian speech is constructive — to give grace, fitted to the moment's need.
πᾶςevery/anyNominativeattributive adjective (w/ μή = 'no')πᾶς: 'every, all'; πᾶς … μή is a Semitic idiom for 'no, none whatever.'
λόγοςwordNominativesubject of ἐκπορευέσθωλόγος: 'word, speech'; here an individual utterance.
σαπρὸςrotten/corruptNominativeattributive adjectiveσαπρός: 'rotten, putrid, worthless' (of spoiled fish/fruit); foul, decaying speech that spreads corruption.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
στόματοςmouthGenitiveobject of ἐκ (source)στόμα: 'mouth'; the source of speech — the mouth reveals the heart (cf. Matt 12:34).
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession
μὴnotnegative (w/ imperative)
ἐκπορευέσθωlet proceedPres Mid Impv 3 Sg · ἐκπορεύομαιthird-person imperative (prohibition)→ present imperativeἐκπορεύομαι: 'go out, proceed' (ἐκ + πορεύομαι); no foul word is to issue from the mouth.
ἀλλὰbutstrong adversative conjunctionἀλλά: 'but'; the strong contrast introducing the positive alternative.
εἴifconjunction (elliptical: 'but only if any')εἴ τις: 'if any' — elliptical for 'but [speak] whatever word is good.'
τιςanyNominativeindefinite pronoun (subject of implied verb)
ἀγαθὸςgoodNominativepredicate/attributive adjective (word that is good)ἀγαθός: 'good, beneficial'; speech that does good — the positive replacement for σαπρός.
πρὸςforpreposition + accusative (purpose)
οἰκοδομὴνbuilding upAccusativeobject of πρός (purpose)οἰκοδομή: 'edification, building up'; good speech constructs others (the same goal as vv.12, 16).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
χρείαςneedGenitivegenitive (of the occasion: building as the need requires)χρεία: 'need, occasion'; speech tailored to the moment — 'the building up of the need,' i.e. fitting the situation.
ἵναthatconjunction (purpose)
δῷit may giveAor Act Subj 3 Sg · δίδωμιsubjunctive (purpose clause)→ constative aorist (purpose)δίδωμι: 'give'; wholesome speech imparts grace/benefit to the hearers.
χάρινgrace/benefitAccusativedirect object of δῷχάρις: 'grace, favor, benefit'; speech that confers blessing — a gracious gift to those who hear.
τοῖςto the (ones)Dativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
ἀκούουσινwho hearPres Act Ptc · Dat Pl Masc · ἀκούωsubstantival participle (dat. indirect object)→ present (durative)ἀκούω: 'hear'; the listeners who benefit from gracious words.
30

καὶ μὴ λυπεῖτε τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον τοῦ θεοῦ, ἐν ᾧ ἐσφραγίσθητε εἰς ἡμέραν ἀπολυτρώσεως.

And do not grieve the Holy Spirit of God, by whom you were sealed for the day of redemption.

Underlying motiveκαὶThe central, climactic prohibition that undergirds the whole catalog: such sins grieve the indwelling Spirit. The Spirit is personal (he can be grieved) and the seal guaranteeing final redemption (cf. 1:13–14).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
μὴnotnegative (w/ imperative)
λυπεῖτεgrievePres Act Impv 2 Pl · λυπέωprohibition (imperative)→ present imperative (do not continue grieving)λυπέω: 'grieve, cause pain, sorrow'; the Spirit can be pained — a mark of his personhood and love (cf. Isa 63:10).
τὸtheAccusativearticle
πνεῦμαSpiritAccusativedirect object of λυπεῖτεπνεῦμα: 'Spirit'; the Holy Spirit of v.3–4, the bond of unity, now grieved by sins against community.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (attributive)
ἅγιονHolyAccusativeattributive adjectiveἅγιος: 'holy'; the Spirit's holiness makes sin grievous to him.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦof GodGenitivegenitive of source/relationship
ἐνby/inpreposition + dative (means/sphere)
whomDativerelative pronoun (object of ἐν)
ἐσφραγίσθητεyou were sealedAor Pass Indic 2 Pl · σφραγίζωmain verb (rel. clause; divine passive)→ constative aoristσφραγίζω: 'seal' (from σφραγίς, a signet); the Spirit is the seal of ownership and guarantee (cf. 1:13).
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (goal/time)
ἡμέρανdayAccusativeobject of εἰς (terminus)ἡμέρα: 'day'; the day of final salvation, toward which the seal preserves them.
ἀπολυτρώσεωςof redemptionGenitivegenitive of apposition/contentἀπολύτρωσις: 'redemption, release by ransom'; the consummated deliverance of the body (cf. 1:14; Rom 8:23).
31

πᾶσα πικρία καὶ θυμὸς καὶ ὀργὴ καὶ κραυγὴ καὶ βλασφημία ἀρθήτω ἀφ’ ὑμῶν σὺν πάσῃ κακίᾳ.

Let all bitterness and rage and anger and clamor and slander be removed from you, along with all malice.

Summary prohibition (vices)asyndetonA sweeping clearance of the social vices — a graded sequence from inward bitterness to outward slander, with malice as the root of all. Everything to be 'taken away' (the off side) before the closing positive (v.32).
πᾶσαallNominativeattributive adjectiveπᾶς: 'all, every'; comprehensive — no form of these vices is tolerated.
πικρίαbitternessNominativesubject of ἀρθήτωπικρία: 'bitterness' (from πικρός, 'sharp, bitter'); the settled inward resentment, the seedbed of the rest.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
θυμὸςrageNominativesubject (coordinate)θυμός: 'rage, passion, outburst'; the boiling, explosive temper that flares up suddenly.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὀργὴanger/wrathNominativesubject (coordinate)ὀργή: 'anger, wrath'; the more settled, abiding indignation (vs. the flare of θυμός).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κραυγὴclamor/shoutingNominativesubject (coordinate)κραυγή: 'outcry, clamor, shouting'; anger gone public — the brawling outburst of quarrels.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
βλασφημίαslander/abuseNominativesubject (coordinate)βλασφημία: 'slander, abusive speech, defamation'; injurious words against others (or God) — the climax of the outburst.
ἀρθήτωlet be removedAor Pass Impv 3 Sg · αἴρωthird-person imperative (singular w/ compound subject)→ constative aorist (decisive removal)αἴρω: 'lift up, take away, remove'; the aorist calls for a clean, decisive sweeping-away of all these.
ἀφ’frompreposition + genitive (separation)
ὑμῶνyouGenitiveobject of ἀπό (separation)
σὺνwithpreposition + dative (accompaniment)
πάσῃallDativeattributive adjectiveπᾶς: 'all'; every form of malice — the comprehensive root.
κακίᾳmaliceDativeobject of σύν (the root accompanying all the rest)κακία: 'malice, ill-will, badness'; the underlying viciousness of disposition that breeds all the foregoing.
32

γίνεσθε δὲ εἰς ἀλλήλους χρηστοί, εὔσπλαγχνοι, χαριζόμενοι ἑαυτοῖς καθὼς καὶ ὁ θεὸς ἐν Χριστῷ ἐχαρίσατο ὑμῖν.

But become kind to one another, tenderhearted, forgiving one another, just as also God in Christ forgave you.

Closing positive commandδέThe positive counter to v.31 and the climax of the chapter: kindness, compassion, forgiveness — grounded in the gospel. Our forgiving mirrors God's prior forgiving 'in Christ,' the supreme motive and pattern.
γίνεσθεbecomePres Mid Impv 2 Pl · γίνομαιmain verb (imperative)→ present imperative (ongoing becoming)γίνομαι: 'become, come to be'; 'become' rather than merely 'be' — a continual growth into these graces.
δὲbutadversative conjunctionδέ: 'but'; the positive turn from the vices of v.31.
εἰςto/towardpreposition + accusative (direction/reference)
ἀλλήλουςone anotherAccusativeobject of εἰς (reciprocal)ἀλλήλων: 'one another'; the reciprocal scope — these graces are directed toward fellow members.
χρηστοίkindNominativepredicate nominativeχρηστός: 'kind, good, benevolent' (cf. χάρις); a serviceable, gracious disposition toward others.
εὔσπλαγχνοιtenderheartedNominativepredicate nominative (coordinate)εὔσπλαγχνος: 'compassionate, tenderhearted' (εὖ + σπλάγχνα, 'inward parts'); the seat of deep affection moved to mercy.
χαριζόμενοιforgivingPres Mid Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · χαρίζομαιadverbial ptc. (manner/means; imperatival nuance)→ present (ongoing forgiveness)χαρίζομαι: 'give graciously, forgive' (from χάρις); to forgive as a free gift of grace — the verb chosen for its gospel resonance.
ἑαυτοῖςone anotherDativereflexive used reciprocally (dat. indirect object)ἑαυτοῦ: 'yourselves' — here reciprocal, 'one another,' stressing the body's solidarity (cf. v.25).
καθὼςjust ascomparative conjunctionκαθώς: 'just as'; the pattern and ground of our forgiving is God's.
καὶalsoadverbial conjunction
theNominativearticle
θεὸςGodNominativesubject of ἐχαρίσατοθεός: 'God'; the divine forgiveness is the prior reality on which the command rests.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (means/sphere)
ΧριστῷChristDativedat. of means/sphere (the locus of forgiveness)Χριστός: 'Christ'; God's forgiveness comes 'in Christ' — through his redeeming work (cf. 1:7).
ἐχαρίσατοforgaveAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · χαρίζομαιmain verb (comparative clause)→ constative aorist (the accomplished forgiveness)χαρίζομαι: 'forgive graciously'; the aorist points to the definitive forgiveness granted at the cross — the model for ours.
ὑμῖνyouDativedat. indirect object (recipients of forgiveness)