Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Epistle to the Colossians, Chapter 2ΠΡΟΣ ΚΟΛΟΣΣΑΕΙΣ Β′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

1

Θέλω γὰρ ὑμᾶς εἰδέναι ἡλίκον ἀγῶνα ἔχω ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν καὶ τῶν ἐν Λαοδικείᾳ καὶ ὅσοι οὐχ ἑόρακαν τὸ πρόσωπόν μου ἐν σαρκί,

For I want you to know how great a struggle I have on behalf of you and those in Laodicea, and all who have not seen my face in the flesh,

Ground / disclosureγάργάρ links back to 1:29: Paul discloses the intensity of his agonizing labor — extended now to the Colossians and Laodiceans whom he has never met in person.
ΘέλωI wantPres Act Indic 1 Sg · θέλωmain verb→ customary presentθέλω: 'will, wish, desire'; a disclosure formula ('I want you to know') opening fresh information.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeaccusative subject of εἰδέναι
εἰδέναιto knowPerf Act Inf · οἶδαcomplementary infinitive (of Θέλω)→ perfect with present force (settled knowing)οἶδα: 'know' (perfect with present sense); cognitive certainty, here the awareness Paul wants them to have.
ἡλίκονhow greatAccusativeinterrogative/exclamatory adjective (modifies ἀγῶνα)ἡλίκος: 'how great, how large'; an exclamatory correlative stressing the magnitude of the contest.
ἀγῶναstruggleAccusativedirect object of ἔχωἀγών: 'contest, struggle' (athletic/agonistic imagery); the strenuous toil of intercession and care (cf. 1:29 ἀγωνιζόμενος).
ἔχωI havePres Act Indic 1 Sg · ἔχωmain verb (rel./indir. clause)→ stative presentἔχω: 'have, hold'; here 'I am engaged in (a struggle).'
ὑπὲρon behalf ofpreposition + genitive (advantage)
ὑμῶνyouGenitiveobject of ὑπέρ (advantage)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τῶνthoseGenitivearticle (substantizes prep. phrase)
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
ΛαοδικείᾳLaodiceaDativedat. of placeΛαοδίκεια: a neighboring city in the Lycus valley (cf. 4:13–16); its church shares the Colossian situation.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὅσοιas many asNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἑόρακαν)ὅσος: 'as many as, all who'; gathers in everyone not personally acquainted with Paul.
οὐχnotnegative particle
ἑόρακανhave seenPerf Act Indic 3 Pl · ὁράωmain verb (rel. clause)→ extensive perfect (state from past)ὁράω: 'see'; the perfect marks the abiding fact — they have never met him face to face.
τὸtheAccusativearticle
πρόσωπόνfaceAccusativedirect objectπρόσωπον: 'face, presence'; 'my face in the flesh' = personal, in-person acquaintance.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
σαρκίfleshDativedat. of sphere (bodily presence)σάρξ: here neutral, 'physical body/presence' — Paul's bodily, in-person presence, as opposed to spiritual (v.5).
2

ἵνα παρακληθῶσιν αἱ καρδίαι αὐτῶν, συμβιβασθέντες ἐν ἀγάπῃ καὶ εἰς πᾶν πλοῦτος τῆς πληροφορίας τῆς συνέσεως, εἰς ἐπίγνωσιν τοῦ μυστηρίου τοῦ θεοῦ, Χριστοῦ,

that their hearts may be encouraged, knit together in love and unto all the riches of the full assurance of understanding, unto a knowledge of God's mystery, namely Christ,

Purpose of the struggleἵναThe goal of Paul's agonizing labor: hearts strengthened and bound in love, brought to the full riches of certain understanding — which is nothing less than the knowledge of the mystery, Christ himself.
ἵναthatconjunction (purpose)
παρακληθῶσινmay be encouragedAor Pass Subj 3 Pl · παρακαλέωverb of purpose clause→ ingressive aorist subjunctiveπαρακαλέω: 'encourage, comfort, exhort' (παρά + καλέω, 'call alongside'); strengthening of the inner person.
αἱtheNominativearticle
καρδίαιheartsNominativesubject (of passive verb)καρδία: 'heart'; the Hebraic seat of mind, will, and affections — the whole inner self.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession
συμβιβασθέντεςhaving been knit togetherAor Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · συμβιβάζωadverbial ptc. (manner/attendant); constructio ad sensum (masc. for persons)→ constative aoristσυμβιβάζω: 'bring together, unite, instruct'; here 'knit/welded together' in love (cf. v.19 of the body).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere/means)
ἀγάπῃloveDativedat. of sphere/means (bond of union)ἀγάπη: 'love'; the cohesive bond that binds the community (cf. 3:14, 'the bond of perfection').
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἰςuntopreposition + accusative (goal)
πᾶνallAccusativeattributive adjective
πλοῦτοςrichesAccusativeobject of εἰς (goal)πλοῦτος: 'wealth, abundance'; the lavish fullness of the assurance to be attained.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
πληροφορίαςfull assuranceGenitivegenitive of content (riches consisting of full assurance)πληροφορία: 'full assurance, complete certainty'; settled conviction, not bare opinion.
τῆςofGenitivearticle
συνέσεωςunderstandingGenitiveobjective/source genitive (assurance that understanding gives)σύνεσις: 'insight, comprehension' (lit. 'a putting-together'); the grasp of how truths cohere.
εἰςuntopreposition + accusative (goal, restated)
ἐπίγνωσινknowledgeAccusativeobject of εἰς (goal restated/intensified)ἐπίγνωσις: 'full knowledge' (ἐπί-intensive of γνῶσις); deep, personal recognition — a key term against the false 'knowledge.'
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
μυστηρίουmysteryGenitiveobjective genitive (knowledge of the mystery)μυστήριον: 'mystery'; not a riddle but a once-hidden, now-revealed plan of God (cf. 1:26–27).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivepossessive/subjective genitive (God's mystery)θεός: God; the mystery is God's own — his eternal saving purpose.
ΧριστοῦChristGenitivegenitive in apposition (the mystery = Christ)Χριστός: 'Anointed,' Messiah; placed in apposition — the mystery of God simply is Christ (cf. 1:27).
3

ἐν ᾧ εἰσιν πάντες οἱ θησαυροὶ τῆς σοφίας καὶ γνώσεως ἀπόκρυφοι.

in whom are hidden all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge.

Relative expansion (Christ)ἐν ᾧA relative clause on Χριστοῦ: every treasure of wisdom and knowledge is stored up in Christ — a frontal answer to teachers offering wisdom apart from him.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
whomDativerelative pronoun (antecedent Χριστοῦ)
εἰσινarePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative present
πάντεςallNominativeattributive adjective (emphatic 'all')πᾶς: 'all'; emphatic — not some, but every treasure, leaving none outside Christ.
οἱtheNominativearticle
θησαυροὶtreasuresNominativesubjectθησαυρός: 'treasure, storehouse'; the precious deposit — here of wisdom and knowledge.
τῆςofGenitivearticle
σοφίαςwisdomGenitivegenitive of content (treasures of wisdom)σοφία: 'wisdom'; the comprehensive, practical understanding of God and his ways.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
γνώσεωςknowledgeGenitivegenitive of content (coordinate)γνῶσις: 'knowledge'; here paired with σοφία — the apprehension that the rival teachers claimed to possess elsewhere.
ἀπόκρυφοιhiddenNominativepredicate adjective (treasures hidden/stored)ἀπόκρυφος: 'hidden, stored away' (cf. 'apocrypha'); treasures laid up in Christ, accessible by faith, not esoteric secret-lore.
4

Τοῦτο λέγω ἵνα μηδεὶς ὑμᾶς παραλογίζηται ἐν πιθανολογίᾳ.

I say this so that no one may delude you with persuasive speech.

Stated purpose / warningasyndetonPaul names his aim: the foregoing is preventative — that the persuasive rhetoric of false teachers not lead them astray by faulty reasoning.
ΤοῦτοthisAccusativedirect object (cataphoric to vv.1–3)
λέγωI sayPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ instantaneous presentλέγω: 'say, tell'; introduces the purpose behind what he has just written.
ἵναso thatconjunction (purpose)
μηδεὶςno oneNominativesubject of subjunctiveμηδείς: 'no one'; the indefinite adversary — recurring in the chapter (vv.8, 16, 18).
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object
παραλογίζηταιmay deludePres Mid Subj 3 Sg · παραλογίζομαιverb of purpose clause→ conative/ongoing present subjunctiveπαραλογίζομαι: 'deceive by false reasoning, defraud' (παρά + λογίζομαι); to cheat someone through specious argument.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (means)
πιθανολογίᾳpersuasive speechDativedat. of means (instrument of deception)πιθανολογία: 'plausible/persuasive speech' (πιθανός + λόγος); rhetoric that convinces by sounding good, not by being true.
5

εἰ γὰρ καὶ τῇ σαρκὶ ἄπειμι, ἀλλὰ τῷ πνεύματι σὺν ὑμῖν εἰμι, χαίρων καὶ βλέπων ὑμῶν τὴν τάξιν καὶ τὸ στερέωμα τῆς εἰς Χριστὸν πίστεως ὑμῶν.

For though I am absent in body, yet I am with you in spirit, rejoicing and beholding your good order and the firmness of your faith in Christ.

Ground (pastoral presence)γάρPaul grounds his warning in pastoral solidarity: bodily absent but spiritually present, he gladly observes their disciplined ranks and the solid front of their faith — military metaphors of a church standing firm.
εἰifconjunction (concessive condition)εἰ … καί: 'even if, though'; concedes the fact of bodily absence.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
καὶevenadverbial (with εἰ, concessive)
τῇtheDativearticle
σαρκὶbody/fleshDativedat. of respect/sphere (absent as to the body)σάρξ: here neutral, 'physical body'; the sphere of his absence, set against τῷ πνεύματι.
ἄπειμιI am absentPres Act Indic 1 Sg · ἄπειμιverb of concessive clause→ stative presentἄπειμι: 'be away, be absent' (ἀπό + εἰμί); contrasted with εἰμί 'I am (present).'
ἀλλὰyetadversative conjunction (apodosis)ἀλλά: 'but, yet'; the strong contrast answering the concession.
τῷtheDativearticle
πνεύματιspiritDativedat. of respect/sphere (present in spirit)πνεῦμα: here Paul's own spirit — his attentive, caring presence, not bodily but real.
σὺνwithpreposition + dative (association)
ὑμῖνyouDativeobject of σύν (association)
εἰμιI amPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (apodosis)→ stative present
χαίρωνrejoicingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · χαίρωadverbial ptc. (manner/attendant)→ present (concurrent)χαίρω: 'rejoice, be glad'; the joyful tone characteristic of Paul's prison letters.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
βλέπωνbeholdingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · βλέπωadverbial ptc. (manner/cause of joy)→ present (concurrent)βλέπω: 'see, look at'; as if observing, with a glad eye, their ordered standing.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (fronted)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
τάξινgood orderAccusativedirect object of βλέπωντάξις: 'order, arrangement' (military: orderly ranks); the church's disciplined cohesion.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὸtheAccusativearticle
στερέωμαfirmnessAccusativedirect object (coordinate)στερέωμα: 'solid part, firmness, bulwark' (military: solid front/rampart); the steadfast strength of their faith.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
εἰςinpreposition + accusative (object of faith)εἰς Χριστόν: 'faith directed toward Christ'; the article + prepositional phrase make 'faith-in-Christ' a unit.
ΧριστὸνChristAccusativeobject of εἰς (direction of faith)
πίστεωςfaithGenitivegenitive (firmness of the faith)πίστις: 'faith, trust'; the object-directed trust in Christ whose firmness Paul gladly notes.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession
6

Ὡς οὖν παρελάβετε τὸν Χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν τὸν κύριον, ἐν αὐτῷ περιπατεῖτε,

As therefore you received Christ Jesus the Lord, so walk in him,

Inference / thesisοὖνThe pivot of the letter and the chapter: drawing on all that precedes, Paul commands that the received tradition — Christ Jesus the Lord — govern the whole of life. Everything in vv.8–23 unfolds this 'walk in him.'
Ὡςasconjunction (comparison/correspondence)ὡς … (οὕτως): 'as … so'; correspondence between the reception and the required manner of life.
οὖνthereforeinferential conjunctionοὖν: 'therefore'; draws the practical conclusion from chs. 1–2 thus far.
παρελάβετεyou receivedAor Act Indic 2 Pl · παραλαμβάνωverb of comparative clause→ constative aoristπαραλαμβάνω: 'receive (a tradition), take over'; the technical term for receiving authoritative teaching handed on (cf. 1 Cor 15:3).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ΧριστὸνChristAccusativedirect objectΧριστός: the object received is not merely a doctrine but the person, Christ himself.
ἸησοῦνJesusAccusativeapposition
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
κύριονLordAccusativeapposition (title, emphatic)κύριος: 'Lord'; the confessional climax — 'Christ Jesus the Lord' is the content of the received faith (cf. Phil 2:11).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (union/sphere)
αὐτῷhimDativeobject of ἐν (sphere of the walk)
περιπατεῖτεwalkPres Act Impv 2 Pl · περιπατέωmain verb (imperative)→ customary present imperative (ongoing conduct)περιπατέω: lit. 'walk about'; a Semitic metaphor for the whole conduct of life (cf. Heb. hālak).
7

ἐρριζωμένοι καὶ ἐποικοδομούμενοι ἐν αὐτῷ καὶ βεβαιούμενοι τῇ πίστει καθὼς ἐδιδάχθητε, περισσεύοντες ἐν αὐτῇ ἐν εὐχαριστίᾳ.

rooted and being built up in him and established in the faith, just as you were taught, overflowing in it with thanksgiving.

Manner of the walkasyndetonFour participles unfold the 'walk in him' with mixed metaphors — botanical (rooted), architectural (built up), legal/firm (established) — capped by overflowing thanksgiving, all anchored in the apostolic teaching received.
ἐρριζωμένοιrootedPerf Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ῥιζόωadverbial ptc. (manner; modifies περιπατεῖτε)→ intensive perfect (settled state)ῥιζόω: 'cause to take root, plant firmly'; the perfect pictures a completed, abiding rootedness in Christ.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐποικοδομούμενοιbeing built upPres Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἐποικοδομέωadverbial ptc. (manner)→ present (ongoing process)ἐποικοδομέω: 'build up upon' (ἐπί + οἰκοδομέω); the present marks construction still in progress on the one foundation.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
αὐτῷhimDativeobject of ἐν (foundation/sphere)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
βεβαιούμενοιestablishedPres Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · βεβαιόωadverbial ptc. (manner)→ present (ongoing)βεβαιόω: 'make firm, confirm, establish'; a legal/commercial term for guaranteeing — the faith made secure.
τῇtheDativearticle
πίστειfaithDativedat. of respect/means (established in/by the faith)πίστις: 'faith'; either personal trust or 'the faith' as the body of teaching — established in it.
καθὼςjust asconjunction (comparison)καθώς: 'just as, according as'; appeals to the standard of the original instruction.
ἐδιδάχθητεyou were taughtAor Pass Indic 2 Pl · διδάσκωverb of comparative clause→ constative aoristδιδάσκω: 'teach'; the faithful instruction (probably from Epaphras, 1:7) as the norm against innovation.
περισσεύοντεςoverflowingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · περισσεύωadverbial ptc. (manner)→ present (ongoing)περισσεύω: 'abound, overflow'; superabundance — gratitude that brims over.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
αὐτῇitDativeobject of ἐν (antecedent τῇ πίστει)
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (manner/accompaniment)
εὐχαριστίᾳthanksgivingDativedat. of manner (accompanying the abounding)εὐχαριστία: 'thanksgiving, gratitude'; a recurring keynote of Colossians (1:12; 3:15–17; 4:2).
8

βλέπετε μή τις ὑμᾶς ἔσται ὁ συλαγωγῶν διὰ τῆς φιλοσοφίας καὶ κενῆς ἀπάτης κατὰ τὴν παράδοσιν τῶν ἀνθρώπων, κατὰ τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου καὶ οὐ κατὰ Χριστόν·

See to it that no one takes you captive through philosophy and empty deceit, according to human tradition, according to the elemental spirits of the world, and not according to Christ;

Warning (the false teaching)asyndetonThe chapter's central polemic opens: a sharp 'watch out!' against being carried off as plunder. Four 'according to' phrases triangulate the danger — human tradition and the world's elements over against the single legitimate standard, Christ.
βλέπετεsee to itPres Act Impv 2 Pl · βλέπωmain verb (imperative of warning)→ present imperative (continual vigilance)βλέπω: 'look, watch'; here 'beware, see to it' — an alert, ongoing watchfulness.
μήlestconjunction (negative purpose/apprehension)μή: introduces the feared outcome after a verb of caution.
τιςanyoneNominativesubject (indefinite)τις: 'someone, anyone'; the shadowy false teacher(s) left deliberately unnamed.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object (of the participle)
ἔσταιwill beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίperiphrastic future (with ptc.)→ predictive future (vivid warning)εἰμί: here in periphrasis with συλαγωγῶν — 'will be the one carrying off'; the future makes the danger concrete.
the (one)Nominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
συλαγωγῶνtaking captivePres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · συλαγωγέωperiphrastic ptc. (with ἔσται)→ present (ongoing action)συλαγωγέω: 'carry off as spoil/booty, kidnap' (σύλη 'plunder' + ἄγω); a vivid, rare word — to be made another's plunder.
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (means)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
φιλοσοφίαςphilosophyGenitiveobject of διά (means)φιλοσοφία: 'love of wisdom'; the only NT occurrence — here the rival teaching's self-flattering label, not philosophy in general.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (hendiadys)
κενῆςemptyGenitiveattributive adjectiveκενός: 'empty, hollow, vain'; the 'philosophy' is exposed as a void — impressive talk with no substance.
ἀπάτηςdeceitGenitiveobject of διά (likely hendiadys: 'empty, deceptive philosophy')ἀπάτη: 'deception, deceit, seduction'; the lure that promises wisdom but delivers a trap.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (standard/source)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
παράδοσινtraditionAccusativeobject of κατά (standard)παράδοσις: 'tradition, what is handed down'; here merely 'of men' — set against the παρελάβετε of v.6, the tradition of Christ.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ἀνθρώπωνmenGenitivesubjective/source genitive (human origin)ἄνθρωπος: 'human being'; the merely human pedigree of the teaching damns it (cf. Mark 7:8).
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (standard/source)
τὰtheAccusativearticle
στοιχεῖαelemental principlesAccusativeobject of κατά (standard)στοιχεῖον: 'elementary thing, rudiment, elemental spirit'; debated — rudimentary teachings or cosmic/spiritual powers governing the old age (cf. Gal 4:3, 9).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
κόσμουworldGenitivegenitive (sphere of the elements)κόσμος: 'world'; the present age/order whose 'elements' belong to what is passing away.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οὐnotnegative particle
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (the true standard)
ΧριστόνChristAccusativeobject of κατά (the sole legitimate norm)Χριστός: the climactic standard — any teaching 'not according to Christ' is thereby condemned, however learned.
9

ὅτι ἐν αὐτῷ κατοικεῖ πᾶν τὸ πλήρωμα τῆς θεότητος σωματικῶς,

because in him the whole fullness of deity dwells bodily,

Ground (the deity of Christ)ὅτιThe doctrinal ground for 'according to Christ': in him the totality of the divine nature permanently and bodily resides — so nothing of God is to be sought beyond him.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location, emphatic)
αὐτῷhimDativeobject of ἐν (fronted for emphasis)
κατοικεῖdwellsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · κατοικέωmain verb→ stative present (permanent residence)κατοικέω: 'dwell, settle down permanently' (κατά intensive); not a passing visitation but a fixed, abiding indwelling.
πᾶνall/wholeNominativeattributive adjectiveπᾶς: 'all, whole'; emphatic — the entirety, not a portion.
τὸtheNominativearticle
πλήρωμαfullnessNominativesubjectπλήρωμα: 'fullness, that which fills'; possibly a slogan of the false teachers, reclaimed — the full divine plenitude is in Christ (cf. 1:19).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
θεότητοςdeityGenitivegenitive of content (fullness consisting of deity)θεότης: 'deity, Godhead, divine nature/essence' (distinct from θειότης, 'divine quality'); the very being of God, not merely godlike attributes.
σωματικῶςbodilyadverb (manner)σωματικῶς: 'bodily, in bodily form'; the divine fullness dwells in the incarnate Christ — embodied, not abstract or dispersed among intermediaries.
10

καὶ ἐστὲ ἐν αὐτῷ πεπληρωμένοι, ὅς ἐστιν ἡ κεφαλὴ πάσης ἀρχῆς καὶ ἐξουσίας,

and you have been filled in him, who is the head of every rule and authority,

Consequence (the believer's fullness)καὶSince the fullness is in Christ, those in him lack nothing: 'you have been filled' in the One who is supreme over every cosmic power — the very powers the rivals revered.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐστὲyou arePres Act Indic 2 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (periphrastic with ptc.)→ stative present
ἐνinpreposition + dative (union)
αὐτῷhimDativeobject of ἐν (sphere of fullness)
πεπληρωμένοιfilledPerf Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · πληρόωperiphrastic ptc. (with ἐστέ)→ intensive perfect (completed, abiding fullness)πληρόω: 'fill, make full, complete'; the wordplay with πλήρωμα (v.9) — believers share Christ's plenitude and need no supplement.
ὅςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (antecedent αὐτῷ)
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula, rel. clause)→ stative present
theNominativearticle
κεφαλὴheadNominativepredicate nominativeκεφαλή: 'head'; connoting both source and supremacy — Christ ranks above every power (cf. 1:18; 2:19).
πάσηςof everyGenitiveattributive adjectiveπᾶς: 'every, all'; no power is exempt from his headship.
ἀρχῆςruleGenitivegenitive (head over rule)ἀρχή: 'rule, ruler, principality'; a class of spiritual powers (cf. 1:16; Eph 1:21) — Christ is their head.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐξουσίαςauthorityGenitivegenitive (coordinate)ἐξουσία: 'authority, power'; paired with ἀρχή for the spiritual authorities the rivals venerated and feared.
11

ἐν ᾧ καὶ περιετμήθητε περιτομῇ ἀχειροποιήτῳ ἐν τῇ ἀπεκδύσει τοῦ σώματος τῆς σαρκός, ἐν τῇ περιτομῇ τοῦ Χριστοῦ,

in whom also you were circumcised with a circumcision made without hands, in the stripping off of the body of the flesh, in the circumcision of Christ,

Union benefit (circumcision)ἐν ᾧA new chain of 'in him' benefits begins. Against any demand for the knife, Paul declares a circumcision already received in Christ — not of hands but a decisive stripping-off of the fleshly self.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (union)
whomDativerelative pronoun (antecedent Christ)
καὶalsoadverbial (ascensive)
περιετμήθητεyou were circumcisedAor Pass Indic 2 Pl · περιτέμνωmain verb→ constative aorist (the conversion event)περιτέμνω: 'circumcise' (lit. 'cut around'); here spiritual circumcision — the inward reality the OT sign foreshadowed (Deut 30:6; Rom 2:29).
περιτομῇwith a circumcisionDativedat. of means/cognate (instrumental)περιτομή: 'circumcision'; the cognate noun, qualified at once as 'not made with hands.'
ἀχειροποιήτῳmade without handsDativeattributive adjectiveἀχειροποίητος: 'not made with hands' (ἀ- + χείρ + ποιέω); a divine, not human, work — distinguishing it from physical circumcision (cf. Mark 14:58).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (means/definition)
τῇtheDativearticle
ἀπεκδύσειstripping offDativedat. of means (defining the circumcision)ἀπέκδυσις: 'a putting/stripping off' (rare, perhaps coined here); the decisive removal of the old self, like discarding a garment (cf. 3:9; v.15).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
σώματοςbodyGenitiveobjective genitive (what is stripped off)σῶμα: 'body'; here 'the body of the flesh' = the whole self as dominated by sinful flesh.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
σαρκόςfleshGenitiveattributive/epexegetical genitiveσάρξ: here ethical — fallen human nature in its hostility to God, the old self now stripped away.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (means/agency)
τῇtheDativearticle
περιτομῇcircumcisionDativedat. of means (defines/agency)περιτομή: 'the circumcision of Christ' — either the circumcision Christ performs, or his death (his 'stripping off' on the cross) in which believers share.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
ΧριστοῦChristGenitivesubjective/possessive genitiveΧριστός: the circumcision belongs to/derives from Christ — radically distinct from the Mosaic rite.
12

συνταφέντες αὐτῷ ἐν τῷ βαπτισμῷ, ἐν ᾧ καὶ συνηγέρθητε διὰ τῆς πίστεως τῆς ἐνεργείας τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ἐγείραντος αὐτὸν ἐκ νεκρῶν·

having been buried with him in baptism, in which you were also raised with him through faith in the working of God, who raised him from the dead;

Union benefit (death & resurrection)asyndetonThe circumcision/stripping is unfolded as co-burial and co-resurrection: baptism dramatizes union with Christ's death and rising, the new life received through faith in the God who raised him.
συνταφέντεςhaving been buried withAor Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · συνθάπτωadverbial ptc. (manner/means of the circumcision)→ constative aoristσυνθάπτω: 'bury together with' (σύν + θάπτω); union with Christ's burial — the old self decisively interred (cf. Rom 6:4).
αὐτῷwith himDativedat. of association (with the σύν- verb)
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere/means)
τῷtheDativearticle
βαπτισμῷbaptismDativedat. of sphere (the locus of co-burial)βαπτισμός: 'baptism, washing'; here the rite enacting union with Christ's burial and resurrection.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (relative; antecedent debated)ἐν ᾧ: 'in which' (baptism) or 'in whom' (Christ); either way the sphere of being raised.
whichDativerelative pronoun (antecedent βαπτισμῷ/Christ)
καὶalsoadverbial (ascensive)
συνηγέρθητεyou were raised withAor Pass Indic 2 Pl · συνεγείρωmain verb (rel. clause)→ constative aoristσυνεγείρω: 'raise together with' (σύν + ἐγείρω); the believer's resurrection with Christ — already accomplished, the basis of new life (cf. 3:1).
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (means)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
πίστεωςfaithGenitiveobject of διά (means)πίστις: 'faith'; the instrument by which the co-resurrection is appropriated — not the rite alone.
τῆςin theGenitivearticle
ἐνεργείαςworkingGenitiveobjective genitive (faith in the working)ἐνέργεια: 'working, effective power, operation'; God's active power — the object/ground of the faith that saves.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivesubjective genitive (God's working)θεός: God; whose resurrection power is the pledge of the believer's own raising.
τοῦthe (one)Genitivearticle (substantizes ptc.)
ἐγείραντοςwho raisedAor Act Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · ἐγείρωattributive participle (modifies θεοῦ)→ constative aoristἐγείρω: 'raise, wake'; the resurrection of Jesus as the paradigm and power of the believer's new life.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object (of the participle)
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (separation)
νεκρῶνthe deadGenitiveobject of ἐκ (separation/source)νεκρός: 'dead (one)'; 'from among the dead' — the bodily resurrection of Jesus.
13

καὶ ὑμᾶς νεκροὺς ὄντας ἐν τοῖς παραπτώμασιν καὶ τῇ ἀκροβυστίᾳ τῆς σαρκὸς ὑμῶν, συνεζωοποίησεν ὑμᾶς σὺν αὐτῷ, χαρισάμενος ἡμῖν πάντα τὰ παραπτώματα,

And you, being dead in your trespasses and the uncircumcision of your flesh, he made alive together with him, having forgiven us all our trespasses,

Union benefit (made alive)καὶThe main line resumes with God as subject: the spiritually dead, doubly disqualified (sinful and uncircumcised Gentiles), he co-vivified with Christ — the cause being a sweeping, gracious forgiveness of every trespass.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object (resumed by ὑμᾶς later, for emphasis)
νεκροὺςdeadAccusativepredicate accusative (with ὄντας)νεκρός: here figurative — spiritual death, lifelessness toward God, the state before grace.
ὄνταςbeingPres Act Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · εἰμίadverbial ptc. (concessive: 'though dead')→ present (state)
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere/cause of death)
τοῖςtheDativearticle
παραπτώμασινtrespassesDativedat. of sphere (realm of the death)παράπτωμα: 'trespass, false step, transgression' (παρά + πίπτω); concrete acts of falling away from God's path.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τῇtheDativearticle
ἀκροβυστίᾳuncircumcisionDativedat. of sphere (coordinate)ἀκροβυστία: 'uncircumcision, foreskin'; literal of Gentile status and figurative of an unregenerate, 'uncircumcised' heart.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
σαρκὸςfleshGenitiveattributive genitiveσάρξ: here the fallen nature/Gentile fleshly condition that left them outside the covenant.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession
συνεζωοποίησενhe made alive withAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συζωοποιέωmain verb (subject: God)→ constative aoristσυζωοποιέω: 'make alive together with' (σύν + ζωή + ποιέω); resurrection life imparted in union with Christ (cf. Eph 2:5).
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object (resumptive, emphatic)
σὺνwithpreposition + dative (association)
αὐτῷhimDativeobject of σύν (union with Christ)
χαρισάμενοςhaving forgivenAor Mid Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · χαρίζομαιadverbial ptc. (means/cause of the vivification)→ constative aoristχαρίζομαι: 'give freely, forgive graciously' (from χάρις); forgiveness as a free gift — the ground of the new life (cf. 3:13).
ἡμῖνusDativedat. of advantage (shift to 'us': Paul includes all)
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adjective (emphatic)πᾶς: 'all'; not one trespass excepted — the completeness of the pardon.
τὰtheAccusativearticle
παραπτώματαtrespassesAccusativedirect object (of the participle)παράπτωμα: 'trespass'; the very offenses that constituted the death are wholly forgiven.
14

ἐξαλείψας τὸ καθ' ἡμῶν χειρόγραφον τοῖς δόγμασιν ὃ ἦν ὑπεναντίον ἡμῖν, καὶ αὐτὸ ἦρκεν ἐκ τοῦ μέσου προσηλώσας αὐτὸ τῷ σταυρῷ·

having erased the certificate of debt against us with its decrees, which stood opposed to us; and he has taken it away, nailing it to the cross;

Means of forgiveness (the cancelled debt)asyndetonHow the forgiveness was effected: God wiped clean the IOU of accusatory decrees that stood against us, and removed it utterly — fixing it to the cross of Christ where the debt was paid.
ἐξαλείψαςhaving erasedAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἐξαλείφωadverbial ptc. (means of forgiveness)→ constative aoristἐξαλείφω: 'wipe out, erase, obliterate'; to sponge ink off papyrus — the record is blotted clean (cf. Acts 3:19).
τὸtheAccusativearticle
καθ'againstpreposition + genitive (opposition)κατά: here 'against' — the document stood as a charge against us.
ἡμῶνusGenitiveobject of κατά (opposition)
χειρόγραφονcertificate of debtAccusativedirect object of ἐξαλείψαςχειρόγραφον: 'handwritten document, bond, IOU' (χείρ + γράφω); a signed note of indebtedness — the legal record of our obligation/guilt.
τοῖςwith theDativearticle
δόγμασινdecreesDativedat. of respect/means (the bond consisting of decrees)δόγμα: 'decree, ordinance, regulation'; the legal demands that made up the binding record against us (cf. Eph 2:15).
whichNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἦν)
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (rel. clause, copula)→ descriptive imperfect (its standing condition)
ὑπεναντίονopposedNominativepredicate adjectiveὑπεναντίος: 'hostile, opposed, set against' (intensive of ἐναντίος); the bond was actively against us, like a hostile witness.
ἡμῖνto usDativedat. of disadvantage
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
αὐτὸitAccusativedirect object (resumptive, emphatic)
ἦρκενhe has taken awayPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · αἴρωmain verb→ consummative perfect (permanent removal)αἴρω: 'take up, take away, remove'; the perfect stresses the abiding result — the bond is gone for good.
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (separation)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
μέσουmidstGenitiveobject of ἐκ (ἐκ τοῦ μέσου = 'out of the way')μέσος: 'middle, midst'; ἐκ τοῦ μέσου, an idiom — 'removed from the scene entirely.'
προσηλώσαςnailingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · προσηλόωadverbial ptc. (means of removal)→ constative aoristπροσηλόω: 'nail to, fasten with nails' (πρός + ἧλος 'nail'); the bond posted/cancelled by being nailed up — vividly fused with the crucifixion.
αὐτὸitAccusativedirect object (of the participle)
τῷto theDativearticle
σταυρῷcrossDativedat. of place/destination (nailed to the cross)σταυρός: 'cross'; the place where the debt was cancelled — Christ's death as the discharge of our obligation.
15

ἀπεκδυσάμενος τὰς ἀρχὰς καὶ τὰς ἐξουσίας ἐδειγμάτισεν ἐν παρρησίᾳ, θριαμβεύσας αὐτοὺς ἐν αὐτῷ.

having disarmed the rulers and the authorities, he made a public spectacle of them, triumphing over them in him.

Victory over the powersasyndetonThe cross's cosmic dimension: God stripped the hostile powers of their armor, exposed them to open shame, and led them as captives in Christ's triumphal procession — the very powers the rivals revered are vanquished.
ἀπεκδυσάμενοςhaving disarmedAor Mid Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀπεκδύομαιadverbial ptc. (means/attendant)→ constative aoristἀπεκδύομαι: 'strip off (from oneself), divest, disarm'; God stripped the powers of their weapons/dignity, as one strips off armor (cf. ἀπέκδυσις v.11).
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
ἀρχὰςrulersAccusativedirect objectἀρχή: 'rule, ruler, principality'; the spiritual powers (cf. v.10; 1:16) now defeated.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
ἐξουσίαςauthoritiesAccusativedirect object (coordinate)ἐξουσία: 'authority, power'; the hostile cosmic authorities, paired with ἀρχαί.
ἐδειγμάτισενhe made a spectacleAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δειγματίζωmain verb→ constative aoristδειγματίζω: 'expose, make a public example/show of'; to display defeated foes openly to their shame.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (manner)
παρρησίᾳopennessDativedat. of manner (openly, publicly)παρρησία: 'boldness, openness, public display'; here 'in the open,' before all — the defeat was not hidden.
θριαμβεύσαςtriumphing overAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · θριαμβεύωadverbial ptc. (manner/means)→ constative aoristθριαμβεύω: 'lead in triumphal procession'; the Roman triumph image — the conqueror parading captive enemies (cf. 2 Cor 2:14).
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object (the powers)
ἐνinpreposition + dative (means/instrument)
αὐτῷhim/itDativeobject of ἐν (instrument: 'in/by it [the cross]' or 'in him')ἐν αὐτῷ: 'in him' (Christ) or 'by it' (the cross); the triumph was won at and through the crucifixion.
16

Μὴ οὖν τις ὑμᾶς κρινέτω ἐν βρώσει καὶ ἐν πόσει ἢ ἐν μέρει ἑορτῆς ἢ νουμηνίας ἢ σαββάτων·

Therefore let no one judge you in matters of food and drink or with regard to a festival or a new moon or sabbaths;

Inference / prohibition (legalism)οὖνDrawing the practical conclusion from the believer's completeness and the powers' defeat: no one is entitled to sit in judgment over dietary or calendar observances — the legalist's tribunal is illegitimate.
Μὴnotnegative particle (prohibition)
οὖνthereforeinferential conjunctionοὖν: 'therefore'; the practical inference from vv.9–15.
τιςanyoneNominativesubjectτις: 'anyone'; the indefinite would-be judge — the legalistic faction.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object
κρινέτωlet judgePres Act Impv 3 Sg · κρίνωmain verb (3rd-person prohibition)→ present imperative (prohibiting ongoing practice)κρίνω: 'judge, condemn, pass verdict'; here 'take you to task, sit in judgment over.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (reference)
βρώσειfoodDativedat. of reference (sphere of judging)βρῶσις: 'eating, food'; dietary scruples — what may or may not be eaten.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐνinpreposition + dative (reference)
πόσειdrinkDativedat. of referenceπόσις: 'drinking, drink'; regulations about beverages — part of the ritual scrupulosity.
ordisjunctive conjunction
ἐνinpreposition + dative (reference)
μέρειmatter/respectDativedat. of reference (ἐν μέρει = 'in respect of')μέρος: 'part, share'; ἐν μέρει, idiom — 'with regard to, in the matter of.'
ἑορτῆςa festivalGenitivegenitive (the matter in question)ἑορτή: 'feast, festival'; the annual sacred festivals (Passover, Pentecost, etc.).
ordisjunctive conjunction
νουμηνίαςa new moonGenitivegenitive (coordinate)νουμηνία: 'new moon'; the monthly festival (Num 28:11–15) — the trio (festival/new moon/sabbath) is a stock OT summary of sacred times.
ordisjunctive conjunction
σαββάτωνsabbathsGenitivegenitive (coordinate)σάββατον: 'sabbath'; the weekly day — the plural form often denotes the single sabbath day.
17

ἅ ἐστιν σκιὰ τῶν μελλόντων, τὸ δὲ σῶμα τοῦ Χριστοῦ.

which things are a shadow of what was to come, but the body belongs to Christ.

Ground (shadow vs. substance)asyndetonThe reason the legalist's verdict carries no weight: the observances were only the cast shadow of coming realities; the solid body that throws the shadow belongs to Christ — to grasp him is to possess the substance.
which thingsNominativerelative pronoun (subject; neut. pl. summing the list)
ἐστινarePres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula; neut. pl. subj. + sg. verb)→ stative present
σκιὰshadowNominativepredicate nominativeσκιά: 'shadow, foreshadowing'; an outline cast ahead — real but insubstantial, pointing beyond itself (cf. Heb 10:1).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (substantizes ptc.)
μελλόντωνthings to comePres Act Ptc · Gen Pl Neut · μέλλωsubstantival participle (objective genitive)→ present (of impending reality)μέλλω: 'be about to, be destined'; 'the coming things' — the realities, now arrived in Christ, that the rites prefigured.
τὸtheNominativearticle
δὲbutadversative conjunctionδέ: 'but'; the contrast between shadow and the solid reality.
σῶμαbody/substanceNominativesubject (verbless: 'the body [is] Christ's')σῶμα: 'body'; here the substance/solid object that casts the shadow — and perhaps a hint of the church as Christ's body.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
ΧριστοῦChristGenitivepossessive genitive (the substance belongs to Christ)Χριστός: the reality is Christ's — the shadows find their fulfillment and ownership in him.
18

μηδεὶς ὑμᾶς καταβραβευέτω θέλων ἐν ταπεινοφροσύνῃ καὶ θρησκείᾳ τῶν ἀγγέλων, ἃ ἑόρακεν ἐμβατεύων, εἰκῇ φυσιούμενος ὑπὸ τοῦ νοὸς τῆς σαρκὸς αὐτοῦ,

Let no one disqualify you, delighting in false humility and the worship of angels, dwelling on the things he has seen, puffed up without cause by the mind of his flesh,

Prohibition (ascetic-mystical error)asyndetonA second 'let no one' targets the mystical-ascetic faction: would-be umpires who disqualify believers, prizing self-abasement and angel-worship, parading visionary experiences, yet inflated by a merely fleshly mind.
μηδεὶςno oneNominativesubjectμηδείς: 'no one'; the rival arbiter, again unnamed.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object
καταβραβευέτωlet disqualifyPres Act Impv 3 Sg · καταβραβεύωmain verb (3rd-person prohibition)→ present imperative (prohibition)καταβραβεύω: 'rule against, decide against, rob of a prize' (κατά + βραβεύω 'act as umpire'); athletic image — let no self-appointed umpire deprive you of the prize.
θέλωνdelighting/taking pleasurePres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · θέλωadverbial ptc. (manner; θέλων ἐν, a Semitism: 'delighting in')→ present (characteristic)θέλω: 'wish, will'; with ἐν, a Hebraism (cf. LXX) — 'taking delight/pleasure in,' bent on.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere of the delight)
ταπεινοφροσύνῃhumilityDativedat. of sphere (object of the delight)ταπεινοφροσύνη: 'lowliness of mind, humility'; normally a virtue (3:12), but here a counterfeit, ascetic self-abasement (perhaps fasting/mortification).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
θρησκείᾳworshipDativedat. of sphere (coordinate)θρησκεία: 'religious worship, cultic service'; the external practice of religion — here misdirected.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ἀγγέλωνangelsGenitivegenitive (objective: worship directed to angels)ἄγγελος: 'angel, messenger'; veneration of angelic beings — usurping the honor due to Christ alone, the Head (v.19).
the things whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἑόρακεν)
ἑόρακενhe has seenPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (rel. clause)→ extensive perfect (abiding claim of visions)ὁράω: 'see'; 'the things he has seen' — claimed visionary experiences on which he presumes.
ἐμβατεύωνdwelling on/entering intoPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἐμβατεύωadverbial ptc. (manner)→ present (ongoing)ἐμβατεύω: 'enter into, take one's stand on, investigate minutely'; perhaps a technical term for initiation — he 'goes deep' into his visions.
εἰκῇwithout causeadverb (manner)εἰκῇ: 'in vain, groundlessly, without reason'; his inflation has no real basis.
φυσιούμενοςpuffed upPres Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · φυσιόωadverbial ptc. (manner/result)→ present (ongoing state)φυσιόω: 'inflate, puff up' (from φῦσα 'bellows'); conceited swelling — pride masquerading as humility (cf. 1 Cor 8:1).
ὑπὸbypreposition + genitive (agency)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
νοὸςmindGenitiveobject of ὑπό (agent of the puffing-up)νοῦς: 'mind, understanding'; here a mind ruled by the flesh — the source of his self-conceit.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
σαρκὸςfleshGenitiveattributive genitive (the fleshly mind)σάρξ: here ethical — the unspiritual nature; ironically, his 'spirituality' is fleshly to the core.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
19

καὶ οὐ κρατῶν τὴν κεφαλήν, ἐξ οὗ πᾶν τὸ σῶμα διὰ τῶν ἁφῶν καὶ συνδέσμων ἐπιχορηγούμενον καὶ συμβιβαζόμενον αὔξει τὴν αὔξησιν τοῦ θεοῦ.

and not holding fast to the Head, from whom the whole body, supplied and held together through its joints and ligaments, grows with the growth that is from God.

Diagnosis (severed from the Head)καὶThe root failure of the visionary: he has let go of the Head, Christ. Yet only from the Head does the whole body — nourished and bound by its ligaments — receive its true, divinely-given growth.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οὐnotnegative particle
κρατῶνholding fastPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · κρατέωadverbial ptc. (the decisive failure)→ present (ongoing)κρατέω: 'grasp, hold fast, hold firmly to'; not maintaining his grip on Christ — the fatal flaw beneath the piety.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
κεφαλήνHeadAccusativedirect objectκεφαλή: 'head'; Christ as both the supreme authority and the living source from which the body lives (cf. v.10; 1:18).
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (source)
οὗwhomGenitiverelative pronoun (masc., agreeing with Christ behind 'Head')οὗ: masculine 'whom' though κεφαλήν is feminine — the agreement is with Christ, the Head's referent.
πᾶνwholeNominativeattributive adjective
τὸtheNominativearticle
σῶμαbodyNominativesubjectσῶμα: 'body'; the church as Christ's organic body, dependent wholly on the Head for life and growth.
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (means)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
ἁφῶνjointsGenitiveobject of διά (means)ἁφή: 'joint, ligament, connection' (point of contact); the body's connective links through which supply passes.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
συνδέσμωνligamentsGenitiveobject of διά (coordinate)σύνδεσμος: 'bond, ligament, that which binds together'; the sinews holding the body in unity (cf. 3:14).
ἐπιχορηγούμενονbeing suppliedPres Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Neut · ἐπιχορηγέωattributive/adverbial ptc. (modifies σῶμα)→ present (ongoing supply)ἐπιχορηγέω: 'supply, provide generously' (orig. of funding a chorus); the lavish provision the body receives from the Head.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
συμβιβαζόμενονbeing knit togetherPres Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Neut · συμβιβάζωattributive/adverbial ptc. (modifies σῶμα)→ present (ongoing)συμβιβάζω: 'bring together, unite, knit'; the body welded into coherent unity (cf. v.2).
αὔξειgrowsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · αὐξάνωmain verb→ customary/durative presentαὐξάνω: 'grow, increase'; organic growth — what the body does when joined to its Head.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
αὔξησινgrowthAccusativecognate accusative (grows the growth)αὔξησις: 'growth, increase'; the cognate noun — 'grows with the growth that comes from God.'
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive of source (growth from God)θεός: God; the ultimate origin of all true growth — not the techniques of the visionaries.
20

Εἰ ἀπεθάνετε σὺν Χριστῷ ἀπὸ τῶν στοιχείων τοῦ κόσμου, τί ὡς ζῶντες ἐν κόσμῳ δογματίζεσθε·

If you died with Christ to the elemental principles of the world, why, as though living in the world, do you submit to regulations:

Conditional rebuke (asceticism)ΕἰThe final movement: a first-class condition assumed true. Since they died with Christ to the world's elements, submission to its taboos is a glaring inconsistency — living as if still belonging to the realm they died out of.
Εἰifconjunction (first-class condition, assumed true)εἰ: 'if'; with the indicative, a condition treated as fact — 'since you did die.'
ἀπεθάνετεyou diedAor Act Indic 2 Pl · ἀποθνῄσκωverb of protasis→ constative aorist (the death-with-Christ event)ἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; the believer's death with Christ to the old order (cf. v.12; Rom 6:8).
σὺνwithpreposition + dative (association)
ΧριστῷChristDativeobject of σύν (union in death)
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation: died away from)ἀπό: 'from, away from'; with 'die,' marks separation — dead and so released from the elements' jurisdiction.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
στοιχείωνelemental principlesGenitiveobject of ἀπό (separation)στοιχεῖον: 'elemental principle/spirit' (cf. v.8); the regulatory powers of the old age, to which they have died.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
κόσμουworldGenitivegenitive (sphere of the elements)κόσμος: 'world'; the present passing order whose rules no longer bind those who died with Christ.
τίwhyinterrogative adverb (expostulation)τί: 'why?'; the reproachful question exposing the inconsistency.
ὡςas thoughconjunction (manner, hypothetical)ὡς: 'as, as though'; here marking a false supposition — 'as if you still belonged to the world.'
ζῶντεςlivingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ζάωadverbial ptc. (manner/condition)→ present (ongoing)ζάω: 'live'; 'living in the world' — conducting yourselves as if the old order still held sway.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
κόσμῳthe worldDativedat. of sphere
δογματίζεσθεdo you submit to regulationsPres Mid/Pass Indic 2 Pl · δογματίζωmain verb (the reproachful question)→ present (ongoing practice)δογματίζω: 'subject oneself to / be subjected to decrees' (from δόγμα, v.14); 'why let yourselves be regulated?'
21

Μὴ ἅψῃ μηδὲ γεύσῃ μηδὲ θίγῃς,

"Do not handle, nor taste, nor touch"?

Quoted regulationsasyndetonPaul mockingly quotes the ascetic taboos themselves — three escalating prohibitions ('don't handle, don't taste, don't even touch') exposing the petty fussiness of the rules.
Μὴnotnegative particle (prohibition)
ἅψῃhandleAor Mid Subj 2 Sg · ἅπτωprohibitive subjunctive (quoted rule)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (prohibition)ἅπτω (mid. ἅπτομαι): 'touch, take hold of, handle'; the strongest of the three — 'do not so much as lay hold.'
μηδὲnornegative coordinating conjunction
γεύσῃtasteAor Mid Subj 2 Sg · γεύομαιprohibitive subjunctive (quoted rule)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (prohibition)γεύομαι: 'taste, partake of'; dietary prohibition — abstaining from foods.
μηδὲnornegative coordinating conjunction
θίγῃςtouchAor Act Subj 2 Sg · θιγγάνωprohibitive subjunctive (quoted rule)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (prohibition)θιγγάνω: 'touch lightly, come into contact with'; the gentlest contact — even a light touch forbidden, climaxing the absurdity.
22

ἅ ἐστιν πάντα εἰς φθορὰν τῇ ἀποχρήσει, κατὰ τὰ ἐντάλματα καὶ διδασκαλίας τῶν ἀνθρώπων;

(referring to things that all perish with use) — according to the commands and teachings of men?

Refutation (perishable, merely human)asyndetonTwo devastating observations puncture the taboos: their objects are perishable consumables that vanish in the using, and the rules themselves are merely human commandments — echoing Isaiah 29:13 (cf. Mark 7:7).
which thingsNominativerelative pronoun (subject; the forbidden objects)
ἐστινarePres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula; neut. pl. subj. + sg. verb)→ gnomic present
πάνταallNominativeappositional/predicate adjective ('all of them')πᾶς: 'all'; every one of the forbidden things shares this fate.
εἰςfor/untopreposition + accusative (destiny/result)εἰς φθοράν: 'destined for destruction' — they end in perishing.
φθορὰνdecay/destructionAccusativeobject of εἰς (destiny)φθορά: 'corruption, decay, destruction'; these foods simply rot or are digested away — too trivial to determine holiness.
τῇin theDativearticle
ἀποχρήσειusingDativedat. of means/instrument (perish by being used)ἀπόχρησις: 'using up, consumption' (rare); the very act of consuming them destroys them — they perish in the using.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (standard/source)
τὰtheAccusativearticle
ἐντάλματαcommandsAccusativeobject of κατά (standard)ἔνταλμα: 'commandment, injunction'; echoing Isa 29:13 LXX ('teaching as doctrines the commands of men').
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
διδασκαλίαςteachingsAccusativeobject of κατά (coordinate)διδασκαλία: 'teaching, instruction'; the doctrinal content of the taboos — again, merely human.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ἀνθρώπωνmenGenitivesubjective/source genitive (human origin)ἄνθρωπος: 'human being'; the fatal pedigree — like v.8, of men, not of God or Christ.
23

ἅτινά ἐστιν λόγον μὲν ἔχοντα σοφίας ἐν ἐθελοθρησκίᾳ καὶ ταπεινοφροσύνῃ καὶ ἀφειδίᾳ σώματος, οὐκ ἐν τιμῇ τινι πρὸς πλησμονὴν τῆς σαρκός.

These things indeed have a reputation of wisdom in self-made religion and false humility and severity to the body, but are of no value against the indulgence of the flesh.

Verdict (no value)asyndetonThe chapter's closing verdict, notoriously difficult in syntax: for all their veneer of wisdom — self-imposed devotion, humility, bodily harshness — these regulations have no power against fleshly indulgence. Asceticism cannot do what only union with Christ accomplishes.
ἅτινάwhich thingsNominativeindefinite relative pronoun (subject; 'the very things that')ὅστις: qualitative relative — 'such things as,' classing the regulations by their nature.
ἐστινarePres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula; periphrasis with ἔχοντα)→ gnomic present
λόγονa reputation/appearanceAccusativedirect object of ἔχονταλόγος: here 'reputation, show, appearance' (λόγον ἔχειν, 'have a name for'); the mere semblance of wisdom, not the reality.
μὲνindeedparticle (μέν, anticipating a contrast)μέν: 'on the one hand'; sets up an implied 'but' — appearance of wisdom, yet no real power.
ἔχονταhavingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Neut · ἔχωperiphrastic ptc. (with ἐστιν)→ present (ongoing)ἔχω: 'have, hold'; in periphrasis — 'are having,' i.e. possess (a reputation for wisdom).
σοφίαςof wisdomGenitiveobjective/content genitive (reputation of wisdom)σοφία: 'wisdom'; ironic — the rules look wise but the true treasures of wisdom are in Christ alone (v.3).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere/means of the reputation)
ἐθελοθρησκίᾳself-made religionDativedat. of sphereἐθελοθρησκία: 'self-chosen/would-be worship' (ἐθέλω 'will' + θρησκεία); a coinage — religion of one's own devising, self-imposed.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ταπεινοφροσύνῃhumilityDativedat. of sphere (coordinate)ταπεινοφροσύνη: here again the counterfeit, self-imposed 'humility' of the ascetics (cf. v.18).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀφειδίᾳsevere treatmentDativedat. of sphere (coordinate)ἀφειδία: 'unsparing/harsh treatment' (ἀ- + φείδομαι 'spare'); 'no mercy on the body' — ascetic mortification.
σώματοςof the bodyGenitiveobjective genitive (severity toward the body)σῶμα: 'body'; the object of the harsh self-discipline.
οὐκnotnegative particle
ἐνin/ofpreposition + dative (value/estimation)ἐν τιμῇ: 'of value, in honor'; the disputed clause — 'not in any honor/value,' i.e. worthless for the stated end.
τιμῇvalue/honorDativedat. (predicate of worth)τιμή: 'honor, value, price'; the regulations carry no real worth for the purpose claimed.
τινιanyDativeindefinite adjective (modifies τιμῇ)τις: 'any'; 'not of any value at all.'
πρὸςagainstpreposition + accusative (purpose/reference: 'with a view to checking')πρός: here 'against, with reference to'; they avail nothing toward curbing fleshly indulgence.
πλησμονὴνindulgence/gratificationAccusativeobject of πρόςπλησμονή: 'satiety, gratification, indulgence'; the satisfying of fleshly appetite — which asceticism is powerless to subdue.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
σαρκόςfleshGenitiveobjective genitive (gratification of the flesh)σάρξ: here ethical — the fallen self; ironically, rigorous rule-keeping may even feed its pride rather than curb it.