1
Ὀφείλομεν δὲ ἡμεῖς οἱ δυνατοὶ τὰ ἀσθενήματα τῶν ἀδυνάτων βαστάζειν, καὶ μὴ ἑαυτοῖς ἀρέσκειν.
We who are strong have an obligation to bear with the failings of the weak, and not to please ourselves.
Bear the weakδὲThe strong's duty, continuing ch. 14: those strong in faith owe it to the weak to carry their failings rather than indulge themselves.
Ὀφείλομενwe ought/are obligatedPres Act Indic 1 Pl · ὀφείλωmain verb→ customary presentὀφείλω: 'owe, be obligated' (cf. ὀφειλέτης, 1:14; 13:8); a debt of love the strong owe the weak.
δὲnow/andconnective conjunction
ἡμεῖςweNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)ἡμεῖς: 'we' — Paul includes himself among 'the strong.'
οἱtheNominativearticle
δυνατοὶstrongNominativesubstantival adjective (apposition)δυνατός: 'able, strong, powerful' (cf. 4:21; 11:23); the strong in faith — those of free conscience (ch. 14).
τὰtheAccusativearticle
ἀσθενήματαweaknesses/failingsAccusativedirect objectἀσθένημα: 'weakness, scruple, failing' (cf. ἀσθενέω, 14:1-2); the weak's limitations of conscience.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ἀδυνάτωνweak/unableGenitivesubstantival adjective (possessive genitive)ἀδύνατος: 'powerless, weak, unable' (ἀ- + δυνατός; cf. 8:3); the 'weak' of ch. 14.
βαστάζεινto bear/carryPres Act Inf · βαστάζωcomplementary infinitive→ present (ongoing)βαστάζω: 'bear, carry, support, endure' (cf. 11:18; Gal 6:2); to shoulder the weak's burdens, not merely tolerate them.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
μὴnotnegative particle (w/ inf.)
ἑαυτοῖςourselvesDativereflexive (dat. of advantage)'ourselves' — self-pleasing is the opposite of bearing others.
ἀρέσκεινto pleasePres Act Inf · ἀρέσκωcomplementary infinitive→ present (ongoing)ἀρέσκω: 'please, seek to please' (cf. 8:8; 15:2-3); not to please self but the neighbor.
2
ἕκαστος ἡμῶν τῷ πλησίον ἀρεσκέτω εἰς τὸ ἀγαθὸν πρὸς οἰκοδομήν·
Let each of us please his neighbor for his good, to build him up.
Please the neighborasyndetonThe positive command: each should aim to please his neighbor — but for the neighbor's good and upbuilding, not flattery.
ἕκαστοςeach oneNominativesubject (substantival adj.)ἕκαστος: 'each' (cf. 12:3; 14:5, 12); individual responsibility.
ἡμῶνof usGenitivepartitive genitive
τῷtheDativearticle
πλησίονneighborDativedat. (the one pleased)πλησίον: 'neighbor' (cf. 13:9-10); the fellow person to be served.
ἀρεσκέτωlet pleasePres Act Impv 3 Sg · ἀρέσκωmain verb (3rd-person imperative)→ imperatival (continuous)ἀρέσκω: 'please' (cf. v.1, 3); please the neighbor — but qualified by the next phrase.
εἰςfor/untopreposition + accusative (purpose)
τὸtheAccusativearticle
ἀγαθὸνgoodAccusativeobject of εἰς (purpose; substantival adj.)ἀγαθός: 'good' (cf. 12:2, 9; 14:16); the neighbor's true good — not mere gratification.
πρὸςtoward/with a view topreposition + accusative (goal)
οἰκοδομήνbuilding up/edificationAccusativeobject of πρός (goal)οἰκοδομή: 'building up, edification' (cf. 14:19); the constructive aim of pleasing the neighbor.
3
καὶ γὰρ ὁ Χριστὸς οὐχ ἑαυτῷ ἤρεσεν, ἀλλὰ καθὼς γέγραπται· Οἱ ὀνειδισμοὶ τῶν ὀνειδιζόντων σε ἐπέπεσαν ἐπ' ἐμέ.
For Christ did not please himself, but as it is written, 'The reproaches of those who reproached you fell on me.'
Christ pleased not himselfγάρChrist as the supreme model: he did not please himself but bore the reproaches aimed at God (Ps 69:9) — the pattern for self-giving love.
καὶfor indeed/alsoadverbial (ascensive)
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
ὁtheNominativearticle
ΧριστὸςChristNominativesubjectΧριστός: 'Christ'; the model of not pleasing self (cf. Phil 2:5-8).
οὐχnotnegative particle
ἑαυτῷhimselfDativereflexive (dat. of advantage)
ἤρεσενdid pleaseAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀρέσκωmain verb→ constative aoristἀρέσκω: 'please' (cf. v.1-2); Christ sought not his own ease but the Father's will and our good.
ἀλλὰbutadversative conjunction
καθὼςascomparative conjunction (citation formula)
γέγραπταιit is writtenPerf Pass Indic 3 Sg · γράφωmain verb (citation formula)→ intensive perfect (standing record)γράφω: 'it stands written'; quoting Ps 69:9 (a psalm often applied to Christ).
ΟἱtheNominativearticle
ὀνειδισμοὶreproachesNominativesubject (citation)ὀνειδισμός: 'reproach, insult, reviling' (cf. ὀνειδίζω; Heb 11:26); the insults Christ bore.
τῶνof thoseGenitivearticle (substantizes ptc.)
ὀνειδιζόντωνwho reproachPres Act Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · ὀνειδίζωsubstantival participle (subjective genitive)→ customary (characteristic)ὀνειδίζω: 'reproach, revile, insult'; those who reviled God.
σεyouAccusativedirect object (God addressed)'you' — God; the reproaches were aimed at God.
ἐπέπεσανfellAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐπιπίπτωmain verb (citation)→ constative aoristἐπιπίπτω: 'fall upon' (ἐπί + πίπτω); the insults against God fell on Christ — he absorbed them.
ἐπ'on/uponpreposition + accusative (direction)
ἐμέmeAccusativeobject of ἐπί (Christ speaking)'me' — Christ, who took the reproach meant for God upon himself.
4
ὅσα γὰρ προεγράφη, εἰς τὴν ἡμετέραν διδασκαλίαν ἐγράφη, ἵνα διὰ τῆς ὑπομονῆς καὶ διὰ τῆς παρακλήσεως τῶν γραφῶν τὴν ἐλπίδα ἔχωμεν.
For whatever was written in former days was written for our instruction, that through endurance and through the encouragement of the Scriptures we might have hope.
Scripture for our hopeγάρA parenthesis on why such Scripture matters: all that was written serves to instruct us, so that through endurance and Scripture's comfort we may keep hope.
ὅσαwhatever/as much asNominativerelative pronoun (subject)ὅσος: 'as much as, whatever' (cf. 2:12; 8:14); all that was written beforehand.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
προεγράφηwas written beforeAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · προγράφωmain verb→ constative aoristπρογράφω: 'write beforehand, write previously' (προ + γράφω); the OT Scriptures, written in former times.
εἰςfor/untopreposition + accusative (purpose)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἡμετέρανourAccusativepossessive adjectiveἡμέτερος: 'our'; written with us in view.
διδασκαλίανinstruction/teachingAccusativeobject of εἰς (purpose)διδασκαλία: 'teaching, instruction' (cf. 12:7); the purpose of the Scriptures — to instruct us.
ἐγράφηwas writtenAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · γράφωmain verb→ constative aoristγράφω: 'write'; the divine purpose behind the writing.
ἵναthatconjunction (purpose)
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (means)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
ὑπομονῆςendurance/perseveranceGenitiveobject of διά (means)ὑπομονή: 'endurance, steadfastness' (cf. 5:3-4; 15:5); the perseverance Scripture fosters.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (means)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
παρακλήσεωςencouragement/comfortGenitiveobject of διά (means)παράκλησις: 'encouragement, comfort, exhortation' (cf. 12:8; 15:5); the consolation the Scriptures give.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
γραφῶνScripturesGenitivesubjective/possessive genitiveγραφή: 'Scripture' (cf. 1:2; 4:3); the source of endurance and comfort.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἐλπίδαhopeAccusativedirect objectἐλπίς: 'hope' (cf. 5:2-5; 8:24; 15:13); the goal — that we keep hope.
ἔχωμενwe might havePres Act Subj 1 Pl · ἔχωsubjunctive (purpose clause)→ present (ongoing)ἔχω: 'have, hold'; to go on holding hope.
5
ὁ δὲ θεὸς τῆς ὑπομονῆς καὶ τῆς παρακλήσεως δῴη ὑμῖν τὸ αὐτὸ φρονεῖν ἐν ἀλλήλοις κατὰ Χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν,
May the God of endurance and encouragement grant you to live in such harmony with one another, in accord with Christ Jesus,
Prayer for harmonyδὲA wish-prayer: that the God who gives endurance and comfort grant the Romans one mind toward each other, patterned on Christ.
ὁtheNominativearticle
δὲnow/andconnective conjunction
θεὸςGodNominativesubjectθεός: God; named here as the source of endurance and comfort (echoing v.4).
τῆςofGenitivearticle
ὑπομονῆςenduranceGenitiveattributive genitiveὑπομονή: 'endurance' (cf. v.4); God as its giver.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τῆςofGenitivearticle
παρακλήσεωςencouragementGenitiveattributive genitiveπαράκλησις: 'encouragement, comfort' (cf. v.4).
δῴηmay he grantAor Act Opt 3 Sg · δίδωμιoptative of wishing (benediction)→ voluntative optativeδίδωμι (opt.): 'give'; the volitive optative of a wish-prayer — 'may God grant.'
ὑμῖνto youDativedat. of indirect object
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantizes inf.)
αὐτὸsameAccusativeintensive/identical adjectiveαὐτός: 'same'; τὸ αὐτὸ φρονεῖν = 'to be of the same mind, live in harmony' (cf. 12:16; Phil 2:2).
φρονεῖνto think/be mindedPres Act Inf · φρονέωinfinitive (object of δῴη)→ present (ongoing)φρονέω: 'think, be minded' (cf. 12:16; 14:6); shared mindedness — unity, not uniformity.
ἐνamongpreposition + dative (sphere)
ἀλλήλοιςone anotherDativereciprocal pronoun (object of ἐν)ἀλλήλων: 'one another' (cf. 12:5, 10; 14:13, 19).
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (standard)
ΧριστὸνChristAccusativeobject of κατά (standard)Χριστός: 'Christ'; harmony 'according to Christ Jesus' — patterned on him (v.3).
ἸησοῦνJesusAccusativeapposition
6
ἵνα ὁμοθυμαδὸν ἐν ἑνὶ στόματι δοξάζητε τὸν θεὸν καὶ πατέρα τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ.
that together you may with one voice glorify the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ.
One voice of praiseἵναThe goal of that harmony: a united church glorifying God with one heart and one mouth — worship as the fruit of unity.
ἵναthatconjunction (purpose)
ὁμοθυμαδὸνwith one accord/togetheradverb (manner)ὁμοθυμαδόν: 'with one mind/accord, unanimously' (ὁμός, 'same' + θυμός, 'mind'; cf. Acts 1:14); united in purpose and feeling.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrument)
ἑνὶoneDativeattributive numeralεἷς: 'one'; one mouth — a single, harmonious voice.
στόματιmouth/voiceDativedat. of meansστόμα: 'mouth' (cf. 3:14, 19; 10:9-10); the church praising 'with one mouth.'
δοξάζητεyou may glorifyPres Act Subj 2 Pl · δοξάζωsubjunctive (purpose clause)→ present (ongoing)δοξάζω: 'glorify, honor' (cf. δόξα; 1:21; 15:9); united worship — the aim of all the exhortation.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
θεὸνGodAccusativedirect object
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πατέραFatherAccusativeapposition to θεόνπατήρ: 'Father' (cf. 1:7; 8:15); 'the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ' — the object of united praise.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
κυρίουLordGenitivegenitive of relationshipκύριος: 'Lord' (cf. 1:4; 14:8).
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of relationship
ἸησοῦJesusGenitiveapposition
ΧριστοῦChristGenitiveapposition
7
Διὸ προσλαμβάνεσθε ἀλλήλους, καθὼς καὶ ὁ Χριστὸς προσελάβετο ὑμᾶς, εἰς δόξαν τοῦ θεοῦ.
Therefore welcome one another as Christ has welcomed you, for the glory of God.
Welcome as Christ didΔιὸThe summarizing command of chs. 14–15: receive one another just as Christ received you — and so glorify God.
Διὸthereforeinferential conjunctionδιό: 'therefore' (cf. 1:24; 15:22); drawing the conclusion of the whole weak/strong section.
προσλαμβάνεσθεwelcome/receivePres Mid Impv 2 Pl · προσλαμβάνωmain verb (command)→ imperatival (continuous)προσλαμβάνω: 'welcome, receive, accept' (cf. 14:1, 3); receive one another into full fellowship.
ἀλλήλουςone anotherAccusativereciprocal pronoun (direct object)ἀλλήλων: 'one another' (cf. v.5); strong and weak alike.
καθὼςascomparative conjunction
καὶalsoadverbial
ὁtheNominativearticle
ΧριστὸςChristNominativesubjectΧριστός: 'Christ'; the model and ground of mutual acceptance.
προσελάβετοhas welcomedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · προσλαμβάνωmain verb→ constative aoristπροσλαμβάνω: 'welcome, receive' (cf. 14:3); Christ's reception of us is the pattern and basis.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect objectSome MSS read 'us'; Christ received you/us — Jew and Gentile alike.
εἰςfor/untopreposition + accusative (purpose)
δόξανgloryAccusativeobject of εἰς (purpose)δόξα: 'glory' (cf. v.6); the goal — God's glory.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivepossessive genitive
8
λέγω γὰρ Χριστὸν διάκονον γεγενῆσθαι περιτομῆς ὑπὲρ ἀληθείας θεοῦ, εἰς τὸ βεβαιῶσαι τὰς ἐπαγγελίας τῶν πατέρων,
For I tell you that Christ became a servant to the circumcised to show God's truthfulness, in order to confirm the promises given to the patriarchs,
Servant to the circumcisedγάρChrist's twofold purpose, first toward Israel: he became a servant of the Jews to demonstrate God's faithfulness and confirm the patriarchal promises.
λέγωI tell/sayPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ customary presentλέγω: 'say, tell'; introducing the explanation of v.7.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
ΧριστὸνChristAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitiveΧριστός: 'Christ'; the subject of the indirect statement.
διάκονονservant/ministerAccusativepredicate accusativeδιάκονος: 'servant, minister' (cf. 13:4; 15:8); Christ as servant — even to the circumcised, in his earthly ministry.
γεγενῆσθαιto have becomePerf Mid Inf · γίνομαιinfinitive (indirect discourse)→ intensive perfect (abiding result)γίνομαι: 'become'; the perfect — Christ became and remains a servant of the circumcised.
περιτομῆςof the circumcisionGenitiveobjective genitiveπεριτομή: 'circumcision' (cf. 2:25-29; 4:9-12), here 'the circumcised' = the Jews — Christ ministered first to Israel.
ὑπὲρfor the sake of/to showpreposition + genitive (purpose)ὑπέρ + gen.: 'on behalf of, for the sake of' — to vindicate God's truthfulness.
ἀληθείαςtruth/truthfulnessGenitiveobject of ὑπέρἀλήθεια: 'truth, truthfulness, faithfulness' (cf. 3:7); God's reliability in keeping his word to Israel.
θεοῦof GodGenitivepossessive genitive
εἰςin order topreposition + articular inf. (purpose)
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantizes inf.)
βεβαιῶσαιto confirm/establishAor Act Inf · βεβαιόωarticular inf. of purpose→ constative aoristβεβαιόω: 'confirm, establish, guarantee' (cf. βέβαιος, 4:16); to make the patriarchal promises sure — fulfilled in Christ.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
ἐπαγγελίαςpromisesAccusativedirect objectἐπαγγελία: 'promise' (cf. 4:13-20; 9:4); the covenant promises to the fathers.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
πατέρωνfathers/patriarchsGenitivegenitive (recipients of the promises)πατήρ: 'father' (cf. 9:5; 11:28); the patriarchs to whom the promises were given.
9
τὰ δὲ ἔθνη ὑπὲρ ἐλέους δοξάσαι τὸν θεόν· καθὼς γέγραπται· Διὰ τοῦτο ἐξομολογήσομαί σοι ἐν ἔθνεσιν καὶ τῷ ὀνόματί σου ψαλῶ.
and in order that the Gentiles might glorify God for his mercy. As it is written, 'Therefore I will praise you among the Gentiles, and sing to your name.'
Gentiles glorify for mercyδὲChrist's second purpose, toward the nations: that the Gentiles glorify God for his mercy — the first of four Scriptures showing the nations' praise (Ps 18:49).
τὰtheAccusativearticle
δὲandconnective conjunction
ἔθνηGentiles/nationsAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitiveἔθνος: 'nation, Gentile' (cf. 1:5; 15:9-12); the second beneficiary of Christ's work.
ὑπὲρfor/on account ofpreposition + genitive (cause)ὑπέρ + gen.: 'for, on account of' — the Gentiles praise God for his mercy (not promise, as Israel — mercy, for they had no covenant claim).
ἐλέουςmercyGenitiveobject of ὑπέρἔλεος: 'mercy' (cf. 9:23; 11:30-32); the ground of Gentile praise — sheer mercy.
δοξάσαιto glorifyAor Act Inf · δοξάζωinfinitive (parallel to v.8; purpose)→ constative aoristδοξάζω: 'glorify' (cf. v.6-7); the Gentiles glorifying God — the goal of Christ's ministry to them.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
θεόνGodAccusativedirect object
καθὼςascomparative conjunction (citation formula)
γέγραπταιit is writtenPerf Pass Indic 3 Sg · γράφωmain verb (citation formula)→ intensive perfect (standing record)γράφω: 'it stands written'; opening a four-fold catena (Ps 18:49; Deut 32:43; Ps 117:1; Isa 11:10).
Διὰbecause of/thereforepreposition + accusative (cause)διὰ τοῦτο: 'therefore, for this reason.'
τοῦτοthisAccusativeobject of διά (demonstrative)
ἐξομολογήσομαίI will praise/confessFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἐξομολογέωmain verb (citation)→ predictive futureἐξομολογέω: 'confess, praise, acknowledge openly' (cf. 14:11); praise offered 'among the Gentiles' (Ps 18:49).
σοιyouDativedat. of indirect object (God addressed)
ἐνamongpreposition + dative (sphere)
ἔθνεσινGentilesDativeobject of ἐν (sphere)ἔθνος: 'Gentile'; the nations among whom God is praised.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τῷto theDativearticle
ὀνόματίnameDativedat. (object of praise)ὄνομα: 'name' (cf. 1:5; 10:13); God's name, sung among the nations.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession
ψαλῶI will sing/make musicFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ψάλλωmain verb (citation)→ predictive futureψάλλω: 'sing, make melody, sing psalms' (originally 'pluck a string'; cf. 'psalm'); praise in song.
10
καὶ πάλιν λέγει· Εὐφράνθητε, ἔθνη, μετὰ τοῦ λαοῦ αὐτοῦ.
And again it says, 'Rejoice, O Gentiles, with his people.'
Catena: rejoiceasyndetonThe second testimony (Deut 32:43): the nations are summoned to rejoice together with God's people Israel — Jew and Gentile in one joy.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πάλινagainadverb (repetition)πάλιν: 'again' (cf. v.11-12); marking each new citation in the catena.
λέγειit saysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ gnomic presentλέγω: 'say'; Scripture (or God) as speaker.
ΕὐφράνθητεrejoiceAor Pass Impv 2 Pl · εὐφραίνωmain verb (citation, command)→ imperativalεὐφραίνω: 'gladden, rejoice, make merry' (εὖ + φρήν; cf. Luke 15:32); the nations called to joy (Deut 32:43).
ἔθνηGentilesVocativevocative of direct addressἔθνος: 'Gentile, nation'; addressed directly, summoned to rejoice.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (association)μετά + gen.: 'with, together with' — Gentiles joined to Israel in praise.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
λαοῦpeopleGenitiveobject of μετάλαός: 'people' (cf. 9:25-26; 10:21); God's people Israel — with whom the Gentiles now rejoice.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship
11
καὶ πάλιν· Αἰνεῖτε, πάντα τὰ ἔθνη, τὸν κύριον, καὶ ἐπαινεσάτωσαν αὐτὸν πάντες οἱ λαοί.
And again, 'Praise the Lord, all you Gentiles, and let all the peoples extol him.'
Catena: praiseasyndetonThe third testimony (Ps 117:1): a universal summons — all nations and all peoples to praise the Lord.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πάλινagainadverb (repetition)πάλιν: 'again' (cf. v.10, 12).
ΑἰνεῖτεpraisePres Act Impv 2 Pl · αἰνέωmain verb (citation, command)→ imperatival (continuous)αἰνέω: 'praise, commend' (cf. αἶνος, 'praise'); the nations commanded to praise (Ps 117:1).
πάνταallVocativeattributive adjectiveπᾶς: 'all'; the universal scope.
τὰtheVocativearticle
ἔθνηGentiles/nationsVocativevocative of direct addressἔθνος: 'nation'; all nations summoned.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
κύριονLordAccusativedirect objectκύριος: 'Lord'; the object of praise.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐπαινεσάτωσανlet extol/praiseAor Act Impv 3 Pl · ἐπαινέωmain verb (citation, 3rd-person command)→ imperativalἐπαινέω: 'praise, commend, applaud' (ἐπί + αἰνέω; cf. ἔπαινος, 13:3); 'let them extol him.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
πάντεςallNominativeattributive adjectiveπᾶς: 'all'; all peoples.
οἱtheNominativearticle
λαοίpeoplesNominativesubjectλαός: 'people' (cf. v.10); the plural 'peoples' — all nations join Israel in praise.
12
καὶ πάλιν Ἠσαΐας λέγει· Ἔσται ἡ ῥίζα τοῦ Ἰεσσαί, καὶ ὁ ἀνιστάμενος ἄρχειν ἐθνῶν· ἐπ' αὐτῷ ἔθνη ἐλπιοῦσιν.
And again Isaiah says, 'The root of Jesse will come, even he who arises to rule the Gentiles; in him will the Gentiles hope.'
Catena: the root of JesseasyndetonThe climactic fourth testimony (Isa 11:10): the messianic 'root of Jesse' will arise to rule the nations, and in him the Gentiles will set their hope.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πάλινagainadverb (repetition)πάλιν: 'again'; the fourth and climactic citation.
ἨσαΐαςIsaiahNominativesubjectἨσαΐας: Isaiah (cf. 9:27-29; 10:16-21); the prophet of the messianic root.
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ gnomic present
Ἔσταιthere will be/will comeFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (citation)→ predictive futureεἰμί: 'be'; 'there will be the root of Jesse' (Isa 11:10).
ἡtheNominativearticle
ῥίζαrootNominativesubjectῥίζα: 'root, shoot' (cf. 11:16-18); the messianic descendant of Jesse — Christ.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
ἸεσσαίJesseGenitivegenitive of relationshipἸεσσαί: Jesse; David's father — the Messiah from his line (cf. 1:3).
καὶand/evencoordinating/epexegetical conjunction
ὁthe (one)Nominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
ἀνιστάμενοςwho arisesPres Mid Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀνίστημιsubstantival participle (apposition)→ present (ongoing)ἀνίστημι: 'rise, arise, stand up' (cf. ἀνάστασις, 1:4); the one who rises — perhaps echoing the resurrection — to rule.
ἄρχεινto rulePres Act Inf · ἄρχωepexegetical infinitive (purpose)→ present (ongoing)ἄρχω: 'rule, govern' (cf. ἄρχων, 13:3); to rule the nations — the Messiah's reign.
ἐθνῶνGentiles/nationsGenitiveobjective genitiveἔθνος: 'nation'; the Gentiles ruled by the Messiah.
ἐπ'in/onpreposition + dative (object of hope)ἐπ' αὐτῷ ἐλπίζω: 'hope in/on him' — reliance on the Messiah.
αὐτῷhimDativeobject of ἐπί
ἔθνηGentilesNominativesubjectἔθνος: 'Gentile'; the nations who will hope in him.
ἐλπιοῦσινwill hopeFut Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐλπίζωmain verb (citation)→ predictive futureἐλπίζω: 'hope' (cf. 8:24-25; 15:13); the Gentiles' hope set on Christ — the catena's climax, bridging to v.13.
13
ὁ δὲ θεὸς τῆς ἐλπίδος πληρώσαι ὑμᾶς πάσης χαρᾶς καὶ εἰρήνης ἐν τῷ πιστεύειν, εἰς τὸ περισσεύειν ὑμᾶς ἐν τῇ ἐλπίδι ἐν δυνάμει πνεύματος ἁγίου.
May the God of hope fill you with all joy and peace in believing, so that by the power of the Holy Spirit you may abound in hope.
The God of hopeδὲA benediction crowning the doctrinal-ethical body of the letter: may the God of hope flood you with joy and peace, that you overflow with hope by the Spirit's power.
ὁtheNominativearticle
δὲnow/andconnective conjunction
θεὸςGodNominativesubjectθεός: God; 'the God of hope' — echoing the hope of v.12 (cf. v.5, 'God of endurance').
τῆςofGenitivearticle
ἐλπίδοςhopeGenitiveattributive genitiveἐλπίς: 'hope' (cf. v.4, 12; 5:2-5); God as its source and giver.
πληρώσαιmay he fillAor Act Opt 3 Sg · πληρόωoptative of wishing (benediction)→ voluntative optativeπληρόω: 'fill, fill up' (cf. 8:4; 13:8); the wish-prayer — 'may God fill you.'
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object
πάσηςallGenitiveattributive adjectiveπᾶς: 'all'; the fullness of joy and peace.
χαρᾶςjoyGenitivegenitive of contentχαρά: 'joy' (cf. 14:17); with which God fills the believer.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἰρήνηςpeaceGenitivegenitive of contentεἰρήνη: 'peace' (cf. 5:1; 14:17, 19).
ἐνinpreposition + articular inf. (sphere/means)
τῷtheDativearticle (substantizes inf.)
πιστεύεινbelievingPres Act Inf · πιστεύωarticular infinitive (sphere)→ present (ongoing)πιστεύω: 'believe' (cf. 1:16; 10:9); joy and peace come 'in believing' — faith is their channel.
εἰςso thatpreposition + articular inf. (purpose/result)
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantizes inf.)
περισσεύεινto abound/overflowPres Act Inf · περισσεύωarticular inf. of result→ present (ongoing)περισσεύω: 'abound, overflow, increase' (cf. 5:15; 3:7); to overflow with hope — the goal.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
τῇtheDativearticle
ἐλπίδιhopeDativedat. of sphereἐλπίς: 'hope'; the sphere of overflowing.
ἐνbypreposition + dative (means)
δυνάμειpowerDativedat. of meansδύναμις: 'power' (cf. 1:16; 15:19); the means — the Spirit's power.
πνεύματοςof the SpiritGenitivesubjective/possessive genitiveπνεῦμα: 'Spirit' (cf. ch. 8; 14:17); the Holy Spirit, source of the abounding hope.
ἁγίουHolyGenitiveattributive adjectiveἅγιος: 'holy'; qualifying the Spirit.
14
Πέπεισμαι δέ, ἀδελφοί μου, καὶ αὐτὸς ἐγὼ περὶ ὑμῶν, ὅτι καὶ αὐτοὶ μεστοί ἐστε ἀγαθωσύνης, πεπληρωμένοι πάσης τῆς γνώσεως, δυνάμενοι καὶ ἀλλήλους νουθετεῖν.
I myself am convinced, my brothers, that you yourselves are full of goodness, filled with all knowledge, and able to instruct one another.
Confident of youδέPaul turns to personal matters with a gracious affirmation: he is sure the Romans are full of goodness, knowledge, and the capacity to admonish each other.
ΠέπεισμαιI am convincedPerf Pass Indic 1 Sg · πείθωmain verb→ intensive perfect (settled conviction)πείθω (pass.): 'be persuaded, convinced' (cf. 8:38; 14:14); Paul's confident assurance about them.
δέnow/andconnective conjunction
ἀδελφοίbrothersVocativevocative of direct addressἀδελφός: 'brother' (cf. 1:13; 12:1).
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship
καὶeven/alsoadverbial
αὐτὸςmyselfNominativeintensive pronoun (w/ ἐγώ)αὐτὸς ἐγώ: 'I myself' — emphatic personal conviction.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)
περὶconcerningpreposition + genitive (reference)
ὑμῶνyouGenitiveobject of περί
ὅτιthatconjunction (content clause)
καὶalso/indeedadverbial
αὐτοὶyourselvesNominativeintensive pronoun (subject)αὐτός: 'self'; 'you yourselves' — even without Paul's instruction.
μεστοίfullNominativepredicate adjectiveμεστός: 'full, filled' (cf. 1:29); brimming with goodness.
ἐστεyou arePres Act Indic 2 Pl · εἰμίmain verb→ stative present
ἀγαθωσύνηςgoodnessGenitivegenitive of contentἀγαθωσύνη: 'goodness, kindness, generosity' (cf. ἀγαθός; Gal 5:22); moral excellence.
πεπληρωμένοιfilledPerf Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · πληρόωpredicate participle→ intensive perfect (filled state)πληρόω: 'fill, fill up' (cf. 1:29; 15:13); filled with knowledge.
πάσηςallGenitiveattributive adjective
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
γνώσεωςknowledgeGenitivegenitive of contentγνῶσις: 'knowledge' (cf. 2:20; 11:33); discernment for godly living.
δυνάμενοιbeing ablePres Mid Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · δύναμαιpredicate participle→ present (ongoing)δύναμαι: 'be able' (cf. 8:7-8); competent to counsel one another.
καὶalsoadverbial
ἀλλήλουςone anotherAccusativereciprocal pronoun (object of νουθετεῖν)ἀλλήλων: 'one another' (cf. 15:5, 7).
νουθετεῖνto instruct/admonishPres Act Inf · νουθετέωcomplementary infinitive→ present (ongoing)νουθετέω: 'admonish, instruct, warn' (νοῦς + τίθημι, 'put in mind'; cf. Col 3:16); to counsel and correct one another.
15
τολμηρότερον δὲ ἔγραψα ὑμῖν ἀπὸ μέρους, ὡς ἐπαναμιμνῄσκων ὑμᾶς, διὰ τὴν χάριν τὴν δοθεῖσάν μοι ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ
But on some points I have written to you very boldly by way of reminder, because of the grace given me by God
Written boldly by graceδὲHis apology and warrant for writing so frankly: he has been bold only as a reminder, and only by virtue of the grace God gave him.
τολμηρότερονvery boldly/rather boldlyadverb (comparative)τολμηρός: 'bold, daring' (cf. τολμάω, 5:7; 15:18); 'rather boldly' — Paul's frankness, gently qualified.
δὲbutadversative conjunction
ἔγραψαI have writtenAor Act Indic 1 Sg · γράφωmain verb (epistolary aorist)→ epistolary aoristγράφω: 'write' (cf. 15:4); the epistolary aorist — 'I write/have written.'
ὑμῖνto youDativedat. of indirect object
ἀπὸin/onpreposition + genitive (degree/part)ἀπὸ μέρους: 'in part, on some points' (cf. 11:25); only partly bold.
μέρουςpartGenitiveobject of ἀπόμέρος: 'part, portion'; bold only in places.
ὡςas/by way ofcomparative particle
ἐπαναμιμνῄσκωνremindingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἐπαναμιμνῄσκωadverbial participle (manner)→ present (ongoing)ἐπαναμιμνῄσκω: 'remind again' (ἐπί + ἀνά + μιμνῄσκω); writing only to refresh what they know, not to teach novices.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object
διὰbecause ofpreposition + accusative (cause)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
χάρινgraceAccusativeobject of διά (cause)χάρις: 'grace' (cf. 1:5; 12:3); his apostleship is a gift of grace — his warrant to write boldly.
τὴνthe (which was)Accusativearticle (attributive)
δοθεῖσάνgivenAor Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Fem · δίδωμιattributive participle→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give' (cf. 12:3, 6); the grace 'given to me' — his commission.
μοιto meDativedat. of indirect object
ὑπὸbypreposition + genitive (agency)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitiveobject of ὑπό (agent)
16
εἰς τὸ εἶναί με λειτουργὸν Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ εἰς τὰ ἔθνη, ἱερουργοῦντα τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τοῦ θεοῦ, ἵνα γένηται ἡ προσφορὰ τῶν ἐθνῶν εὐπρόσδεκτος, ἡγιασμένη ἐν πνεύματι ἁγίῳ.
to be a minister of Christ Jesus to the Gentiles in the priestly service of the gospel of God, so that the offering of the Gentiles may be acceptable, sanctified by the Holy Spirit.
Priest of the gospelasyndetonPaul's ministry in priestly imagery: a minister to the Gentiles, serving as a priest of the gospel, so that the Gentiles themselves become an acceptable offering, hallowed by the Spirit.
εἰςto/forpreposition + articular inf. (purpose)εἰς τὸ εἶναι: 'so that I should be' — the purpose of the grace given.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantizes inf.)
εἶναίto bePres Act Inf · εἰμίarticular inf. of purpose→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be'; the purpose — that Paul be a minister.
μεmeAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive
λειτουργὸνminister/priestly servantAccusativepredicate accusativeλειτουργός: 'public servant, minister, priest' (cf. 13:6); with cultic overtones here — a priestly minister.
Χριστοῦof ChristGenitivepossessive genitive
ἸησοῦJesusGenitiveapposition
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (recipients)
τὰtheAccusativearticle
ἔθνηGentilesAccusativeobject of εἰςἔθνος: 'Gentile' (cf. 1:5; 11:13); the sphere of Paul's priestly ministry.
ἱερουργοῦνταserving as a priest/ministeringPres Act Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · ἱερουργέωadverbial participle (manner)→ present (ongoing)ἱερουργέω: 'perform sacred service, minister as a priest' (ἱερός, 'sacred' + ἔργον; a rare cultic term); Paul 'priests' the gospel.
τὸtheAccusativearticle
εὐαγγέλιονgospelAccusativedirect objectεὐαγγέλιον: 'gospel' (cf. 1:1, 16); the sacred thing Paul handles as priest.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive of source
ἵναso thatconjunction (purpose)
γένηταιmay become/beAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · γίνομαιsubjunctive (purpose clause)→ ingressive aoristγίνομαι: 'become'; the goal — that the offering become acceptable.
ἡtheNominativearticle
προσφορὰofferingNominativesubjectπροσφορά: 'offering, sacrifice, presentation' (cf. προσφέρω, 'offer'); the Gentiles themselves as the sacrifice Paul presents to God.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ἐθνῶνGentilesGenitivegenitive of apposition (the Gentiles = the offering)ἔθνος: 'Gentile'; the converted nations are the priestly offering.
εὐπρόσδεκτοςacceptableNominativepredicate adjectiveεὐπρόσδεκτος: 'acceptable, well-received' (εὖ + προσδέχομαι; cf. v.31; 12:1, εὐάρεστος); the offering well-pleasing to God.
ἡγιασμένηsanctifiedPerf Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · ἁγιάζωadverbial/attributive participle (means)→ intensive perfect (settled consecration)ἁγιάζω: 'sanctify, consecrate, make holy' (cf. ἅγιος; ἁγιασμός, 6:19); the offering hallowed — set apart by the Spirit.
ἐνby/inpreposition + dative (means/agency)
πνεύματιSpiritDativedat. of means/agencyπνεῦμα: 'Spirit' (cf. ch. 8; 15:13); the agent of the Gentiles' consecration.
ἁγίῳHolyDativeattributive adjectiveἅγιος: 'holy'; the Holy Spirit who sanctifies the offering.
17
ἔχω οὖν τὴν καύχησιν ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ τὰ πρὸς τὸν θεόν·
In Christ Jesus, then, I have reason to be proud of my work for God.
Boast in ChristοὖνA boast quickly qualified: Paul has ground for glorying — but only in Christ, and only in what pertains to God.
ἔχωI havePres Act Indic 1 Sg · ἔχωmain verb→ stative present
οὖνthen/thereforeinferential conjunction
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
καύχησινboasting/ground for prideAccusativedirect objectκαύχησις: 'boasting, glorying' (cf. 3:27; 5:2-3); a legitimate boast — in Christ, not self.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
ΧριστῷChristDativeobject of ἐν (sphere)ἐν Χριστῷ: 'in Christ' (cf. 6:11; 8:1); the only legitimate sphere of boasting.
ἸησοῦJesusDativeapposition
τὰthe thingsAccusativearticle (substantizes phrase)τὰ πρὸς τὸν θεόν: 'the things pertaining to God' — his God-ward service (a phrase echoing priestly/cultic language, cf. Heb 2:17).
πρὸςtoward/pertaining topreposition + accusative (reference)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
θεόνGodAccusativeobject of πρός
18
οὐ γὰρ τολμήσω τι λαλεῖν ὧν οὐ κατειργάσατο Χριστὸς δι' ἐμοῦ εἰς ὑπακοὴν ἐθνῶν, λόγῳ καὶ ἔργῳ,
For I will not venture to speak of anything except what Christ has accomplished through me to bring the Gentiles to obedience — by word and deed,
What Christ did through meγάρThe boast strictly bounded: Paul will speak only of what Christ himself has done through him to win Gentile obedience — by word and deed.
οὐnotnegative particle
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
τολμήσωI will venture/dareFut Act Indic 1 Sg · τολμάωmain verb→ predictive futureτολμάω: 'dare, venture' (cf. 5:7; τολμηρότερον, v.15); he dares speak only of Christ's work.
τιanythingAccusativeindefinite pronoun (object of λαλεῖν)
λαλεῖνto speakPres Act Inf · λαλέωcomplementary infinitive→ present (ongoing)λαλέω: 'speak' (cf. 3:19; 7:1); he will not speak of his own achievements.
ὧνof which/except whatGenitiverelative pronoun (genitive by attraction)'except the things which' — only Christ's accomplishments.
οὐnotnegative particle
κατειργάσατοaccomplished/workedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · κατεργάζομαιmain verb (rel. clause)→ constative aoristκατεργάζομαι: 'accomplish, bring about, effect' (cf. 5:3; 7:8); Christ — not Paul — is the true worker.
ΧριστὸςChristNominativesubjectΧριστός: 'Christ'; the real agent of the mission.
δι'throughpreposition + genitive (agency/means)
ἐμοῦmeGenitiveobject of διάPaul is the instrument; Christ the agent.
εἰςto/forpreposition + accusative (purpose/result)
ὑπακοὴνobedienceAccusativeobject of εἰς (purpose)ὑπακοή: 'obedience' (cf. 1:5; 16:26); 'the obedience of the Gentiles' — the aim, bracketing the letter (cf. 1:5).
ἐθνῶνof the GentilesGenitivesubjective/objective genitiveἔθνος: 'Gentile'; the nations brought to faith's obedience.
λόγῳby wordDativedat. of meansλόγος: 'word' (cf. 9:6); the verbal proclamation.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔργῳby deedDativedat. of meansἔργον: 'work, deed' (cf. 2:6-7); word and deed together — preaching backed by power (v.19).
19
ἐν δυνάμει σημείων καὶ τεράτων, ἐν δυνάμει πνεύματος θεοῦ· ὥστε με ἀπὸ Ἰερουσαλὴμ καὶ κύκλῳ μέχρι τοῦ Ἰλλυρικοῦ πεπληρωκέναι τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τοῦ Χριστοῦ,
by the power of signs and wonders, by the power of the Spirit of God — so that from Jerusalem and all the way around to Illyricum I have fulfilled the gospel of Christ.
From Jerusalem to IllyricumasyndetonThe means and the sweep of his mission: signs, wonders, and the Spirit's power — by which he has carried the gospel in a great arc from Jerusalem to Illyricum.
ἐνby/inpreposition + dative (means)
δυνάμειpowerDativedat. of meansδύναμις: 'power' (cf. 1:16; 15:13); the power attending the mission.
σημείωνof signsGenitivegenitive (of the power)σημεῖον: 'sign, miraculous sign' (cf. 4:11; John's 'signs'); attesting miracles.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τεράτωνof wondersGenitivegenitive (of the power)τέρας: 'wonder, portent, marvel' (cf. Acts 2:22); 'signs and wonders' — the standard pairing for authenticating miracles.
ἐνby/inpreposition + dative (means)
δυνάμειpowerDativedat. of meansδύναμις: 'power'; the Spirit's power as the ultimate source.
πνεύματοςof the SpiritGenitivesubjective/possessive genitiveπνεῦμα: 'Spirit' (cf. v.13, 16); 'the Spirit of God' (some MSS, 'Holy Spirit').
θεοῦof GodGenitivepossessive genitive
ὥστεso thatconjunction (result)ὥστε: 'so that' (cf. 7:12); introducing the result — the geographic sweep.
μεI/meAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source/extent)
ἸερουσαλὴμJerusalemGenitiveobject of ἀπόἸερουσαλήμ: Jerusalem (cf. v.25-26, 31); the starting point of the gospel's spread.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κύκλῳin a circle/all aroundadverb (manner; dat. used adverbially)κύκλος: 'circle'; κύκλῳ = 'round about, in a circuit' — the arc of his travels.
μέχριas far as/topreposition + genitive (extent)μέχρι: 'as far as, up to' (cf. 5:14); the western limit reached.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ἸλλυρικοῦIllyricumGenitiveobject of μέχριἸλλυρικόν: Illyricum (roughly modern Albania/Croatia); the northwest edge of Paul's documented mission.
πεπληρωκέναιto have fulfilled/completedPerf Act Inf · πληρόωinfinitive (result clause)→ intensive perfect (completed work)πληρόω: 'fulfill, complete, fill up' (cf. 13:8; 15:13); 'I have fully preached / brought to fullness the gospel' across that region.
τὸtheAccusativearticle
εὐαγγέλιονgospelAccusativedirect objectεὐαγγέλιον: 'gospel' (cf. 1:1; 15:16); the message fully proclaimed.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
ΧριστοῦChristGenitiveobjective/possessive genitiveΧριστός: 'Christ'; the gospel about Christ.
20
οὕτως δὲ φιλοτιμούμενον εὐαγγελίζεσθαι οὐχ ὅπου ὠνομάσθη Χριστός, ἵνα μὴ ἐπ' ἀλλότριον θεμέλιον οἰκοδομῶ,
and thus making it my ambition to preach the gospel, not where Christ had already been named, lest I build on someone else's foundation,
Pioneer ambitionδὲHis pioneering principle: he aspires to preach where Christ is unknown, refusing to build on another's foundation.
οὕτωςthus/soadverb (manner)οὕτως: 'in this way'; his characteristic manner of mission.
δὲandconnective conjunction
φιλοτιμούμενονmaking it my ambition/aspiringPres Mid Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · φιλοτιμέομαιadverbial participle (manner, continuing με of v.19)→ present (ongoing)φιλοτιμέομαι: 'aspire, make it one's ambition, strive eagerly' (φίλος + τιμή, 'love of honor'; cf. 2 Cor 5:9; 1 Thess 4:11); his driving aim.
εὐαγγελίζεσθαιto preach the gospelPres Mid Inf · εὐαγγελίζωcomplementary infinitive→ present (ongoing)εὐαγγελίζω (mid.): 'announce good news, evangelize' (cf. 1:15; 10:15); the object of his ambition.
οὐχnotnegative particle
ὅπουwhererelative adverb (place)ὅπου: 'where'; not in places already evangelized.
ὠνομάσθηhad been namedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ὀνομάζωmain verb (rel. clause)→ constative aoristὀνομάζω: 'name, mention by name' (cf. ὄνομα, 1:5); where Christ's name was already known.
ΧριστόςChristNominativesubject
ἵναlest/that notconjunction (negative purpose)
μὴnotnegative particle
ἐπ'on/uponpreposition + accusative (place)
ἀλλότριονanother'sAccusativeattributive adjectiveἀλλότριος: 'belonging to another' (cf. 14:4); not another missionary's groundwork.
θεμέλιονfoundationAccusativeobject of ἐπίθεμέλιον: 'foundation' (cf. τίθημι; 1 Cor 3:10-11); Paul builds new foundations, not on others' work.
οἰκοδομῶI might buildPres Act Subj 1 Sg · οἰκοδομέωsubjunctive (negative purpose clause)→ present (ongoing)οἰκοδομέω: 'build, edify' (cf. οἰκοδομή, 14:19; 15:2); the building metaphor — pioneer, not duplicate.
21
ἀλλὰ καθὼς γέγραπται· Οἷς οὐκ ἀνηγγέλη περὶ αὐτοῦ ὄψονται, καὶ οἳ οὐκ ἀκηκόασιν συνήσουσιν.
but as it is written, 'Those who have never been told of him will see, and those who have never heard will understand.'
Those untold will seeἀλλὰScripture grounds the pioneer call (Isa 52:15): those never told of Christ will see, and those who never heard will understand — Paul's mandate to the unreached.
ἀλλὰbutadversative conjunction
καθὼςascomparative conjunction (citation formula)
γέγραπταιit is writtenPerf Pass Indic 3 Sg · γράφωmain verb (citation formula)→ intensive perfect (standing record)γράφω: 'it stands written'; quoting Isa 52:15.
Οἷςthose to whomDativerelative pronoun (dat. of indirect obj.)
οὐκnotnegative particle
ἀνηγγέληwas told/announcedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀναγγέλλωmain verb (rel. clause)→ constative aoristἀναγγέλλω: 'announce, report, proclaim' (ἀνά + ἀγγέλλω); those to whom no announcement of Christ had come.
περὶconcerningpreposition + genitive (reference)
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveobject of περί'him' — Christ (the Servant of Isa 52-53).
ὄψονταιwill seeFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · ὁράωmain verb (citation)→ predictive futureὁράω: 'see' (cf. 1:11); the unreached will come to see/perceive Christ.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἳthose whoNominativerelative pronoun (subject)
οὐκnotnegative particle
ἀκηκόασινhave heardPerf Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀκούωmain verb (rel. clause)→ intensive perfect (state of not having heard)ἀκούω: 'hear' (cf. 10:14-18); those who never heard the message.
συνήσουσινwill understandFut Act Indic 3 Pl · συνίημιmain verb (citation)→ predictive futureσυνίημι: 'understand, comprehend' (cf. 3:11); the unreached will grasp the gospel — Paul's field.
22
Διὸ καὶ ἐνεκοπτόμην τὰ πολλὰ τοῦ ἐλθεῖν πρὸς ὑμᾶς·
This is the reason why I have so often been hindered from coming to you.
Hindered from comingΔιὸThe explanation for his long delay: his pioneer commitments in the East are why he has so often been kept from reaching Rome.
Διὸtherefore/this is whyinferential conjunctionδιό: 'therefore, for this reason' (cf. 15:7); his missionary priority (vv.20-21) is the reason.
καὶalso/indeedadverbial
ἐνεκοπτόμηνI was hindered/preventedImpf Pass Indic 1 Sg · ἐγκόπτωmain verb→ customary imperfect (repeated)ἐγκόπτω: 'hinder, impede, cut in on' (ἐν + κόπτω, 'cut'; cf. Gal 5:7); repeatedly held back.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (adverbial)
πολλὰmany times/oftenAccusativeadverbial accusativeπολύς: 'many'; τὰ πολλά = 'many times, often' (some take it 'for the most part').
τοῦfromGenitivearticle (substantizes inf.)
ἐλθεῖνto comeAor Act Inf · ἔρχομαιarticular inf. (of hindrance)→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come' (cf. 1:10-13); the coming so long deferred — τοῦ + inf. of separation/hindrance.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeobject of πρός
23
νυνὶ δὲ μηκέτι τόπον ἔχων ἐν τοῖς κλίμασι τούτοις, ἐπιποθίαν δὲ ἔχων τοῦ ἐλθεῖν πρὸς ὑμᾶς ἀπὸ πολλῶν ἐτῶν,
But now, since I no longer have any room for work in these regions, and since I have longed for many years to come to you,
No more room hereδὲThe change in circumstance: with no more unevangelized territory in the East and a years-long longing to see them, the way to Rome is opening.
νυνὶbut nowadverb (temporal, emphatic)νυνί: emphatic 'now' (cf. 3:21; 15:25); the new situation.
δὲbutadversative conjunction
μηκέτιno longeradverb (negation of time)μηκέτι: 'no longer' (cf. 6:6; 14:13).
τόπονplace/roomAccusativedirect objectτόπος: 'place, room, opportunity' (cf. 12:19); no more 'room' for pioneer work in the region.
ἔχωνhavingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἔχωadverbial participle (causal)→ present (ongoing)ἔχω: 'have'; 'since I no longer have room.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
τοῖςtheDativearticle
κλίμασιregionsDativedat. of placeκλίμα: 'region, district, zone' (cf. 'climate'); the eastern regions Paul has covered.
τούτοιςtheseDativedemonstrative (attributive)
ἐπιποθίανlongingAccusativedirect objectἐπιποθία: 'longing, yearning' (cf. ἐπιποθέω, 1:11); his earnest desire to see them.
δὲandconnective conjunction
ἔχωνhavingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἔχωadverbial participle (causal)→ present (ongoing)ἔχω: 'have'; 'since I have a longing.'
τοῦtoGenitivearticle (substantizes inf.)
ἐλθεῖνto comeAor Act Inf · ἔρχομαιarticular inf. (epexegetical of ἐπιποθίαν)→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come'; the content of the longing.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeobject of πρός
ἀπὸfor/frompreposition + genitive (time)
πολλῶνmanyGenitiveattributive adjective
ἐτῶνyearsGenitiveobject of ἀπό (time)ἔτος: 'year'; 'for many years' — the long-standing desire.
24
ὡς ἂν πορεύωμαι εἰς τὴν Σπανίαν· ἐλπίζω γὰρ διαπορευόμενος θεάσασθαι ὑμᾶς καὶ ὑφ' ὑμῶν προπεμφθῆναι ἐκεῖ ἐὰν ὑμῶν πρῶτον ἀπὸ μέρους ἐμπλησθῶ.
I hope to see you in passing as I go to Spain, and to be helped on my journey there by you, once I have enjoyed your company for a while.
On to SpainγάρThe concrete plan: Rome is a way-station to Spain — he hopes to see them in passing, enjoy their fellowship, and be sped on by them westward.
ὡςas/whenconjunction (temporal/manner)ὡς ἂν: 'whenever, as' — introducing the planned journey.
ἂν(contingency)particle (w/ subjunctive)
πορεύωμαιI go/journeyPres Mid Subj 1 Sg · πορεύομαιsubjunctive (temporal clause)→ present (ongoing)πορεύομαι: 'go, travel, journey'; the trip to Spain.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ΣπανίανSpainAccusativeobject of εἰςΣπανία: Spain; the western frontier — Paul's intended new mission field (cf. v.28).
ἐλπίζωI hopePres Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐλπίζωmain verb→ customary presentἐλπίζω: 'hope, expect' (cf. 8:24-25; 15:12).
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
διαπορευόμενοςpassing throughPres Mid Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · διαπορεύομαιadverbial participle (temporal)→ present (ongoing)διαπορεύομαι: 'pass through, travel through' (διά + πορεύομαι); Rome is en route, a stopover.
θεάσασθαιto see/visitAor Mid Inf · θεάομαιcomplementary infinitive→ constative aoristθεάομαι: 'behold, see, look upon' (cf. 'theater'); to see them — face to face.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object of θεάσασθαι
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὑφ'bypreposition + genitive (agency)
ὑμῶνyouGenitiveobject of ὑπό (agent)
προπεμφθῆναιto be helped on my way/sent forwardAor Pass Inf · προπέμπωcomplementary infinitive→ constative aoristπροπέμπω: 'send forward, help on one's journey, equip for travel' (προ + πέμπω; cf. Acts 15:3); Paul hopes Rome will become his sending-base for Spain.
ἐκεῖthereadverb (place)ἐκεῖ: 'there' — to Spain.
ἐὰνif/onceconjunction (third-class condition)
ὑμῶνyour (company)Genitivegenitive (object of ἐμπλησθῶ)
πρῶτονfirstadverb (sequence)πρῶτον: 'first'; enjoying them before going on.
ἀπὸinpreposition + genitive (degree/part)ἀπὸ μέρους: 'in part, for a while' (cf. 11:25; 15:15) — a partial, not full, satisfaction.
μέρουςpartGenitiveobject of ἀπό
ἐμπλησθῶI have been filled/satisfiedAor Pass Subj 1 Sg · ἐμπίμπλημιsubjunctive (protasis)→ constative aoristἐμπίμπλημι: 'fill, satisfy' (ἐν + πίμπλημι); 'once I have had my fill of your company' — a warm note.
25
νυνὶ δὲ πορεύομαι εἰς Ἰερουσαλὴμ διακονῶν τοῖς ἁγίοις.
At present, however, I am going to Jerusalem to minister to the saints.
First to JerusalemδὲThe immediate errand before Rome: he is presently bound for Jerusalem on a service of relief to the believers there.
νυνὶat present/nowadverb (temporal, emphatic)νυνί: emphatic 'now' (cf. v.23); the present errand, before the Rome/Spain plan.
δὲhowever/butadversative conjunction
πορεύομαιI am goingPres Mid Indic 1 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb→ present (in progress)πορεύομαι: 'go, journey' (cf. v.24); the journey now underway.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
ἸερουσαλὴμJerusalemAccusativeobject of εἰςἸερουσαλήμ: Jerusalem (cf. v.19, 31); the destination of the relief mission.
διακονῶνministering/servingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · διακονέωadverbial participle (purpose)→ present (ongoing)διακονέω: 'serve, minister' (cf. διακονία, διάκονος, 12:7; 13:4); delivering the collection — a service to the saints.
τοῖςtheDativearticle
ἁγίοιςsaintsDativedat. of advantage (substantival adj.)ἅγιος: 'holy one, saint' (cf. 1:7; 12:13); the Jerusalem believers, the recipients.
26
εὐδόκησαν γὰρ Μακεδονία καὶ Ἀχαΐα κοινωνίαν τινὰ ποιήσασθαι εἰς τοὺς πτωχοὺς τῶν ἁγίων τῶν ἐν Ἰερουσαλήμ.
For Macedonia and Achaia have been pleased to make some contribution for the poor among the saints at Jerusalem.
The collectionγάρThe nature of that service: the Gentile churches of Macedonia and Achaia have gladly raised a gift for the poor believers in Jerusalem.
εὐδόκησανwere pleasedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · εὐδοκέωmain verb→ constative aoristεὐδοκέω: 'be pleased, think it good, resolve gladly' (cf. εὐδοκία, 10:1; v.27); the churches' glad willingness.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
ΜακεδονίαMacedoniaNominativesubjectΜακεδονία: Macedonia (Philippi, Thessalonica, etc.); a Gentile province contributing.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἈχαΐαAchaiaNominativesubject (coordinate)Ἀχαΐα: Achaia (Corinth, etc.); the southern Greek province — together representing Paul's Gentile churches.
κοινωνίανcontribution/fellowshipAccusativedirect objectκοινωνία: 'fellowship, sharing, contribution' (cf. κοινωνέω, 12:13; 15:27); the collection as an expression of fellowship — material sharing.
τινὰsome/a certainAccusativeindefinite pronoun (attributive)
ποιήσασθαιto makeAor Mid Inf · ποιέωcomplementary infinitive→ constative aoristποιέω: 'make, do'; κοινωνίαν ποιήσασθαι = 'to make a contribution.'
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (recipients)
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
πτωχοὺςpoorAccusativeobject of εἰς (substantival adj.)πτωχός: 'poor, destitute, beggar'; the impoverished Jerusalem believers.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ἁγίωνsaintsGenitivepartitive genitiveἅγιος: 'saint' (cf. v.25); 'the poor among the saints.'
τῶνthe (ones)Genitivearticle (attributive, w/ prep. phrase)
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
ἸερουσαλήμJerusalemDativedat. of placeἸερουσαλήμ: Jerusalem (cf. v.25).
27
εὐδόκησαν γάρ, καὶ ὀφειλέται εἰσὶν αὐτῶν· εἰ γὰρ τοῖς πνευματικοῖς αὐτῶν ἐκοινώνησαν τὰ ἔθνη, ὀφείλουσιν καὶ ἐν τοῖς σαρκικοῖς λειτουργῆσαι αὐτοῖς.
For they were pleased to do it, and indeed they are in debt to them. For if the Gentiles have come to share in their spiritual blessings, they ought also to be of service to them in material blessings.
A debt repaidγάρThe fitting logic of the gift: the Gentiles owe it — having shared Israel's spiritual riches, they rightly minister back in material things.
εὐδόκησανthey were pleasedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · εὐδοκέωmain verb→ constative aoristεὐδοκέω: 'be pleased, resolve gladly' (cf. v.26); repeated — both glad and obligated.
γάρforexplanatory conjunction
καὶand indeedadverbial
ὀφειλέταιdebtorsNominativepredicate nominativeὀφειλέτης: 'debtor, one obligated' (cf. 1:14; 15:1); the Gentiles owe Jerusalem a debt.
εἰσὶνthey arePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb→ stative present
αὐτῶνto themGenitivegenitive (object of ὀφειλέται)
εἰifconjunction (first-class condition)
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
τοῖςtheDativearticle
πνευματικοῖςspiritual things/blessingsDativedat. (the thing shared; substantival adj.)πνευματικός: 'spiritual' (cf. 1:11; 7:14); the spiritual riches (the gospel, the Messiah) that came from Israel.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession
ἐκοινώνησανhave shared/partakenAor Act Indic 3 Pl · κοινωνέωmain verb (protasis)→ constative aoristκοινωνέω: 'share, partake' (cf. κοινωνία, v.26; 12:13); the Gentiles shared in Jewish spiritual blessings.
τὰtheNominativearticle
ἔθνηGentilesNominativesubjectἔθνος: 'Gentile' (cf. 1:5; 15:9-16).
ὀφείλουσινthey oughtPres Act Indic 3 Pl · ὀφείλωmain verb (apodosis)→ gnomic presentὀφείλω: 'owe, ought' (cf. v.1; 13:8); the obligation to reciprocate.
καὶalsoadverbial
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
τοῖςtheDativearticle
σαρκικοῖςmaterial/fleshly thingsDativedat. of sphere (substantival adj.)σαρκικός: 'fleshly, material, pertaining to the body' (cf. σάρξ); material/financial blessings — the counterpart to the spiritual.
λειτουργῆσαιto be of service/ministerAor Act Inf · λειτουργέωcomplementary infinitive→ constative aoristλειτουργέω: 'serve, minister, render public/sacred service' (cf. λειτουργός, 13:6; 15:16); the gift cast as priestly service.
αὐτοῖςto themDativedat. of advantage
28
τοῦτο οὖν ἐπιτελέσας, καὶ σφραγισάμενος αὐτοῖς τὸν καρπὸν τοῦτον, ἀπελεύσομαι δι' ὑμῶν εἰς Σπανίαν·
When therefore I have completed this and have delivered to them what has been collected, I will leave for Spain by way of you.
Then to Spain via RomeοὖνThe sequence restated: once the collection is delivered and sealed, he will set out for Spain — passing through Rome on the way.
τοῦτοthisAccusativedemonstrative (direct object)'this' — the collection errand.
οὖνthereforeinferential conjunction
ἐπιτελέσαςhaving completedAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἐπιτελέωadverbial participle (temporal)→ constative aoristἐπιτελέω: 'complete, finish, accomplish' (ἐπί + τελέω; cf. Phil 1:6); once the task is done.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
σφραγισάμενοςhaving sealed/securedAor Mid Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · σφραγίζωadverbial participle (temporal)→ constative aoristσφραγίζω: 'seal, mark with a seal, certify' (cf. σφραγίς, 4:11); to deliver the gift safely and officially — 'sealed' as authenticated.
αὐτοῖςto themDativedat. of indirect object
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
καρπὸνfruit/proceedsAccusativedirect objectκαρπός: 'fruit, produce, proceeds' (cf. 1:13; 6:21-22); the collection as 'fruit' — the harvest of Gentile generosity.
τοῦτονthisAccusativedemonstrative (attributive)
ἀπελεύσομαιI will depart/leaveFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἀπέρχομαιmain verb→ predictive futureἀπέρχομαι: 'go away, depart' (ἀπό + ἔρχομαι); the planned departure westward.
δι'through/by way ofpreposition + genitive (means/route)δι' ὑμῶν: 'by way of you' — Rome on the route to Spain.
ὑμῶνyouGenitiveobject of διά
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
ΣπανίανSpainAccusativeobject of εἰςΣπανία: Spain (cf. v.24); the ultimate destination.
29
οἶδα δὲ ὅτι ἐρχόμενος πρὸς ὑμᾶς ἐν πληρώματι εὐλογίας Χριστοῦ ἐλεύσομαι.
I know that when I come to you I will come in the fullness of the blessing of Christ.
In the fullness of blessingδὲHis confident expectation: when he finally reaches them, he will come bringing the full measure of Christ's blessing.
οἶδαI knowPerf Act Indic 1 Sg (pres. sense) · οἶδαmain verb→ perfect w/ present forceοἶδα: 'know'; his settled confidence about the visit.
δὲand/butconnective conjunction
ὅτιthatconjunction (content clause)
ἐρχόμενοςcoming/when I comePres Mid Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἔρχομαιadverbial participle (temporal)→ present (concurrent)ἔρχομαι: 'come' (cf. v.22-23); 'when I come to you.'
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeobject of πρός
ἐνinpreposition + dative (manner/accompaniment)
πληρώματιfullnessDativedat. of mannerπλήρωμα: 'fullness, full measure' (cf. 11:12, 25; 13:10); coming with the abundant blessing of Christ.
εὐλογίαςof blessingGenitiveattributive genitiveεὐλογία: 'blessing, benefit' (cf. εὐλογέω, 12:14; εὐλογητός, 1:25); Christ's blessing in full.
Χριστοῦof ChristGenitivesubjective/source genitiveΧριστός: 'Christ'; the blessing's source (some later MSS add 'of the gospel').
ἐλεύσομαιI will comeFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ predictive futureἔρχομαι: 'come'; the assured arrival, richly endowed.
30
Παρακαλῶ δὲ ὑμᾶς, ἀδελφοί, διὰ τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ καὶ διὰ τῆς ἀγάπης τοῦ πνεύματος, συναγωνίσασθαί μοι ἐν ταῖς προσευχαῖς ὑπὲρ ἐμοῦ πρὸς τὸν θεόν,
I appeal to you, brothers, by our Lord Jesus Christ and by the love of the Spirit, to strive together with me in your prayers to God on my behalf,
Strive with me in prayerδὲAn earnest request for partnership in prayer: by Christ and the Spirit's love, he begs them to wrestle alongside him before God for his sake.
ΠαρακαλῶI appeal/urgePres Act Indic 1 Sg · παρακαλέωmain verb→ customary presentπαρακαλέω: 'exhort, urge, appeal' (cf. 12:1); the warm entreaty.
δὲnow/andconnective conjunction
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object
ἀδελφοίbrothersVocativevocative of direct addressἀδελφός: 'brother' (cf. 12:1; 15:14).
διὰby/throughpreposition + genitive (basis)διά + gen.: 'by, through' — appealing on the basis of Christ and the Spirit's love.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
κυρίουLordGenitiveobject of διά (basis)κύριος: 'Lord' (cf. 1:4; 14:8).
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of relationship
ἸησοῦJesusGenitiveapposition
ΧριστοῦChristGenitiveapposition
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
διὰbypreposition + genitive (basis)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
ἀγάπηςloveGenitiveobject of διά (basis)ἀγάπη: 'love' (cf. 5:5; 8:35); 'the love that the Spirit gives/inspires' — the bond of intercession.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
πνεύματοςSpiritGenitivesubjective genitive (love the Spirit produces)πνεῦμα: 'Spirit' (cf. 5:5; 8:26); the Spirit who pours out love.
συναγωνίσασθαίto strive together withAor Mid Inf · συναγωνίζομαιinfinitive (complement of Παρακαλῶ)→ ingressive aoristσυναγωνίζομαι: 'strive/struggle together with, contend alongside' (σύν + ἀγωνίζομαι, 'wrestle, compete'; cf. 'agony'); prayer as a strenuous joint contest.
μοιwith meDativedat. of association
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
ταῖςtheDativearticle
προσευχαῖςprayersDativedat. of sphereπροσευχή: 'prayer' (cf. 1:10; 12:12); the arena of the shared striving.
ὑπὲρon behalf ofpreposition + genitive (advantage)
ἐμοῦmeGenitiveobject of ὑπέρ
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
θεόνGodAccusativeobject of πρός
31
ἵνα ῥυσθῶ ἀπὸ τῶν ἀπειθούντων ἐν τῇ Ἰουδαίᾳ καὶ ἡ διακονία μου ἡ εἰς Ἰερουσαλὴμ εὐπρόσδεκτος τοῖς ἁγίοις γένηται,
that I may be delivered from the unbelievers in Judea, and that my service for Jerusalem may be acceptable to the saints,
Two prayer requestsἵναThe two specific petitions: rescue from the hostile unbelievers in Judea, and that the Jerusalem saints would gladly receive his relief gift.
ἵναthatconjunction (purpose; content of prayer)
ῥυσθῶI may be delivered/rescuedAor Pass Subj 1 Sg · ῥύομαιsubjunctive (purpose clause)→ constative aoristῥύομαι: 'rescue, deliver, drag from danger' (cf. 7:24; 11:26); the first request — protection.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)
τῶνthoseGenitivearticle (substantizes ptc.)
ἀπειθούντωνwho disobey/are unbelievingPres Act Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · ἀπειθέωsubstantival participle (object of ἀπό)→ customary (characteristic)ἀπειθέω: 'be disobedient, refuse to believe' (cf. 10:21; 11:30-31); the hostile unbelievers in Judea.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
τῇtheDativearticle
ἸουδαίᾳJudeaDativedat. of placeἸουδαία: Judea; the region of danger for Paul.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἡtheNominativearticle
διακονίαservice/ministryNominativesubjectδιακονία: 'service, ministry' (cf. v.25; 12:7); the relief mission to Jerusalem.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession
ἡthe (which is)Nominativearticle (attributive, w/ prep. phrase)
εἰςfor/topreposition + accusative (direction)
ἸερουσαλὴμJerusalemAccusativeobject of εἰςἸερουσαλήμ: Jerusalem (cf. v.25-26).
εὐπρόσδεκτοςacceptable/well-receivedNominativepredicate adjectiveεὐπρόσδεκτος: 'acceptable, welcome' (cf. v.16); that the gift be gladly received — Jewish-Gentile relations were delicate.
τοῖςtheDativearticle
ἁγίοιςsaintsDativedat. of reference (substantival adj.)ἅγιος: 'saint' (cf. v.25-26); the Jerusalem believers.
γένηταιmay become/beAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · γίνομαιsubjunctive (purpose clause)→ ingressive aoristγίνομαι: 'become'; the second request — a warm reception.
32
ἵνα ἐν χαρᾷ ἐλθὼν πρὸς ὑμᾶς διὰ θελήματος θεοῦ συναναπαύσωμαι ὑμῖν.
so that by God's will I may come to you with joy and be refreshed in your company.
Refreshed among youἵναThe ultimate aim of those prayers: that, God willing, Paul may come to Rome joyfully and find rest and refreshment with them.
ἵναso thatconjunction (purpose)
ἐνwith/inpreposition + dative (manner)
χαρᾷjoyDativedat. of mannerχαρά: 'joy' (cf. 14:17; 15:13); coming joyfully, the answered prayers behind him.
ἐλθὼνhaving comeAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἔρχομαιadverbial participle (temporal)→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come' (cf. v.22-29); the longed-for arrival.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeobject of πρός
διὰby/throughpreposition + genitive (means)διὰ θελήματος θεοῦ: 'through God's will' (cf. 1:10) — all subject to God's purpose.
θελήματοςwillGenitiveobject of διά (means)θέλημα: 'will' (cf. 1:10; 12:2); the visit contingent on God's will.
θεοῦof GodGenitivepossessive genitive
συναναπαύσωμαιI may be refreshed together withAor Mid Subj 1 Sg · συναναπαύομαιsubjunctive (purpose clause)→ ingressive aoristσυναναπαύομαι: 'rest with, be refreshed together with' (σύν + ἀνά + παύομαι, 'rest'); mutual refreshment in their fellowship.
ὑμῖνwith youDativedat. of association
33
ὁ δὲ θεὸς τῆς εἰρήνης μετὰ πάντων ὑμῶν· ἀμήν.
May the God of peace be with you all. Amen.
The God of peaceδὲA closing benediction sealing the body of the letter: may the God who gives peace be with them all.
ὁtheNominativearticle
δὲnow/andconnective conjunction
θεὸςGodNominativesubject (verbless benediction)θεός: God; 'the God of peace' (cf. 16:20; the 'God of hope,' v.13; 'of endurance,' v.5).
τῆςofGenitivearticle
εἰρήνηςpeaceGenitiveattributive genitiveεἰρήνη: 'peace' (cf. 5:1; 14:17; 15:13); God characterized as the giver of peace — fitting after the appeals to unity.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (association)
πάντωνallGenitiveattributive adjectiveπᾶς: 'all'; the whole church — weak and strong, Jew and Gentile.
ὑμῶνyouGenitiveobject of μετά
ἀμήνamenliturgical affirmation (transliterated Hebrew)ἀμήν: 'truly, so be it' (cf. 1:25; 11:36); sealing the benediction (some MSS omit, given the doxology placement issues).