Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Epistle to the Hebrews, Chapter 10ΠΡΟΣ ΕΒΡΑΙΟΥΣ Ι′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

1

Σκιὰν γὰρ ἔχων ὁ νόμος τῶν μελλόντων ἀγαθῶν, οὐκ αὐτὴν τὴν εἰκόνα τῶν πραγμάτων, κατ' ἐνιαυτὸν ταῖς αὐταῖς θυσίαις ἃς προσφέρουσιν εἰς τὸ διηνεκὲς οὐδέποτε δύναται τοὺς προσερχομένους τελειῶσαι·

For the law, having a shadow of the good things to come, not the very image of the things, can never, by the same sacrifices which they offer continually year by year, perfect those who draw near;

Ground / thesis of the sectionγάρThe γάρ grounds the prior chapter's claims and states the section's thesis: the law is only σκιά, not the εἰκών, so its repeated sacrifices are structurally unable to perfect. The whole argument of 10:1–18 unfolds from this incapacity.
Σκιὰνa shadowAccusativedirect object of ἔχων (fronted, emphatic)σκιά: 'shadow, foreshadowing'; a mere outline cast by a coming reality (cf. 8:5; Col 2:17), contrasted with εἰκών.
γὰρforexplanatory/causal conjunction
ἔχωνhavingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἔχωcausal/concessive adverbial participle→ stative presentἔχω: 'have, hold'; the law possesses only the shadow as a present, enduring condition.
theNominativearticle
νόμοςlawNominativesubject of δύναταινόμος: the Mosaic law, here viewed specifically in its sacrificial-cultic system.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
μελλόντωνcomingPres Act Ptc · Gen Pl Neut · μέλλωattributive participle→ futuristic presentμέλλω: 'be about to'; the good things still future from the law's standpoint, now arrived in Christ.
ἀγαθῶνgood thingsGenitiveobjective/attributive genitive (the things foreshadowed)ἀγαθός: 'good'; substantival neuter plural — the eschatological blessings the shadow points toward.
οὐκnotnegative particle
αὐτὴνitself / veryAccusativeintensive adjective (with εἰκόνα)αὐτός: intensive, 'the very'; sharpens the contrast — not the image itself.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
εἰκόναimageAccusativeobject (in apposition/antithesis to σκιάν)εἰκών: 'image, full representation'; not a copy but the realized form itself — the antithesis to a mere σκιά.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
πραγμάτωνthings / realitiesGenitiveobjective genitiveπρᾶγμα: 'thing, matter, reality'; the actual heavenly realities, of which the law has only the outline.
κατ'every / according topreposition + accusative (distributive)
ἐνιαυτὸνyearAccusativeobject of κατά (distributive: 'year by year')ἐνιαυτός: 'year'; κατ' ἐνιαυτόν = annually — the Day of Atonement's yearly repetition betrays its inadequacy.
ταῖςtheDativearticle
αὐταῖςsameDativeidentifying adjective (with θυσίαις)αὐτός: 'the same'; the sameness of the offerings underscores their failure to achieve finality.
θυσίαιςsacrificesDativedat. of means/instrumentθυσία: 'sacrifice, offering'; the means by which the law vainly attempts perfection.
ἃςwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of προσφέρουσιν)
προσφέρουσινthey offerPres Act Indic 3 Pl · προσφέρωverb of relative clause→ customary/iterative presentπροσφέρω: 'bring to, offer up' (the standard cultic term, recurring through the chapter); the priests' endless offering.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (extent/purpose)
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantizes adv. phrase)
διηνεκὲςcontinually / perpetuityAccusativeobject of εἰς (idiom: 'continually')διηνεκής: 'continuous, unbroken'; εἰς τὸ διηνεκές = 'perpetually' — ironically of the never-ending repetition (contrast its use of Christ in v.12, 14).
οὐδέποτεneveradverb (emphatic negation)οὐδέποτε: 'never at any time'; the categorical impossibility at the heart of the verse.
δύναταιis ablePres Mid Indic 3 Sg · δύναμαιmain verb→ gnomic presentδύναμαι: 'be able, can'; the law's inherent incapacity stated as a timeless principle.
τοὺςthoseAccusativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
προσερχομένουςwho draw nearPres Mid Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · προσέρχομαιsubstantival participle (object of τελειῶσαι)→ customary presentπροσέρχομαι: 'come/draw near' (to God in worship); a key cultic verb resumed positively in v.22.
τελειῶσαιto perfectAor Act Inf · τελειόωcomplementary infinitive (with δύναται)→ constative aoristτελειόω: 'bring to completion, perfect'; in Hebrews, to qualify decisively for God's presence — what the law cannot do.
2

ἐπεὶ οὐκ ἂν ἐπαύσαντο προσφερόμεναι, διὰ τὸ μηδεμίαν ἔχειν ἔτι συνείδησιν ἁμαρτιῶν τοὺς λατρεύοντας ἅπαξ κεκαθαρισμένους;

since would they not have ceased to be offered, because the worshipers, once cleansed, would no longer have any consciousness of sins?

Support: contrary-to-fact argumentἐπείA rhetorical question proving v.1 by a contrary-to-fact inference: if the sacrifices had perfected, they would have stopped. Their very continuance demonstrates they do not cleanse conscience finally.
ἐπεὶsince / otherwiseconjunction (introducing contrary-to-fact reasoning)ἐπεί: 'since, because'; here elliptical — 'for otherwise,' introducing what would follow if v.1 were false.
οὐκnotnegative (in a question expecting 'yes')
ἂνwouldmodal particle (contrary-to-fact)ἄν: marks the apodosis as potential/unreal — 'would have.'
ἐπαύσαντοthey have ceasedAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · παύωmain verb (contrary-to-fact apodosis)→ constative aorist (unreal)παύω (mid.): 'cease, stop'; the offerings would have come to an end had they truly cleansed.
προσφερόμεναιbeing offeredPres Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Fem · προσφέρωcomplementary participle (with ἐπαύσαντο)→ present (ongoing)προσφέρω: 'offer'; παύομαι + participle = 'cease offering.'
διὰbecause ofpreposition + accusative (cause)
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with articular infinitive)
μηδεμίανnoAccusativeattributive adjective (with συνείδησιν)μηδείς: 'no one, none'; the worshipers would have no remaining sin-consciousness.
ἔχεινto havePres Act Inf · ἔχωarticular infinitive of cause (with διά)→ present (durative)ἔχω: 'have'; διὰ τὸ ... ἔχειν gives the reason the offerings would have stopped.
ἔτιstill / any longeradverb (time)ἔτι: 'still, yet'; with the negation, 'no longer.'
συνείδησινconsciousness / conscienceAccusativeobject of ἔχεινσυνείδησις: 'conscience, consciousness'; the inner awareness of guilt that the law's blood cannot finally remove (cf. 9:9, 14).
ἁμαρτιῶνof sinsGenitiveobjective genitive (consciousness directed at sins)ἁμαρτία: 'sin'; the persistent guilt-awareness, the chapter's central problem.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (substantizes ptc.; acc. subject of inf.)
λατρεύονταςworshipersPres Act Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · λατρεύωsubstantival ptc. (acc. subject of ἔχειν)→ customary presentλατρεύω: 'serve, worship' (cultically); those engaged in the temple service.
ἅπαξonceadverb (with the participle)ἅπαξ: 'once (for all)'; a keyword of Hebrews — the decisive, unrepeatable cleansing (cf. ἐφάπαξ, v.10).
κεκαθαρισμένουςhaving been cleansedPerf Pass Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · καθαρίζωpredicate/circumstantial participle→ consummative perfect (abiding result)καθαρίζω: 'cleanse, purify'; the perfect would denote a once-accomplished, permanent purification — precisely what the law fails to give.
3

ἀλλ' ἐν αὐταῖς ἀνάμνησις ἁμαρτιῶν κατ' ἐνιαυτόν·

But in these there is a reminder of sins year by year;

Adversative: the real effectἀλλάThe strong adversative corrects: far from removing sins, the annual rite actually recalls them. The Day of Atonement is a yearly memorandum of unfinished business with sin.
ἀλλ'butstrong adversative conjunctionἀλλά: 'but, rather'; sets the true effect against the imagined cleansing of v.2.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (means/circumstance)
αὐταῖςthemDativeobject of ἐν (the sacrifices)αὐτός: refers back to the θυσίαι — in the very sacrifices themselves.
ἀνάμνησιςa reminderNominativesubject (verbless clause)ἀνάμνησις: 'remembrance, reminder'; the same word as 'in remembrance of me' (Lk 22:19) — here the rite re-calls sin rather than removing it.
ἁμαρτιῶνof sinsGenitiveobjective genitiveἁμαρτία: 'sin'; what the annual rite keeps bringing back to mind.
κατ'everypreposition + accusative (distributive)
ἐνιαυτόνyearAccusativeobject of κατά ('year by year')ἐνιαυτός: 'year'; the repetition echoes v.1 — the rhythm itself proves inadequacy.
4

ἀδύνατον γὰρ αἷμα ταύρων καὶ τράγων ἀφαιρεῖν ἁμαρτίας.

for it is impossible for the blood of bulls and goats to take away sins.

Ground: the reason for the reminderγάρThe bedrock reason for vv.1–3: animal blood is categorically incapable of removing sins. This impossibility (ἀδύνατον) drives the whole turn to Christ that follows.
ἀδύνατονimpossibleNominativepredicate adjective (impersonal)ἀδύνατος: 'impossible, powerless'; a categorical verdict (cf. 6:4, 18; 10:4; 11:6) — fronted for emphasis.
γὰρforexplanatory/causal conjunction
αἷμαbloodAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive ἀφαιρεῖναἷμα: 'blood'; the life-substance whose offering effects atonement (Lev 17:11) — yet animal blood cannot reach the conscience.
ταύρωνof bullsGenitivegenitive of sourceταῦρος: 'bull'; with τράγος, the Day-of-Atonement victims (Lev 16).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τράγωνof goatsGenitivegenitive of sourceτράγος: 'he-goat'; the goats of the atonement ritual.
ἀφαιρεῖνto take awayPres Act Inf · ἀφαιρέωsubject infinitive (with ἀδύνατον)→ present (durative)ἀφαιρέω: 'remove, take away' (ἀπό + αἱρέω); to lift off and carry away sins — what only Christ accomplishes (cf. v.11 περιελεῖν).
ἁμαρτίαςsinsAccusativedirect object of ἀφαιρεῖνἁμαρτία: 'sin'; the burden animal blood cannot remove.
5

Διὸ εἰσερχόμενος εἰς τὸν κόσμον λέγει· Θυσίαν καὶ προσφορὰν οὐκ ἠθέλησας, σῶμα δὲ κατηρτίσω μοι·

Therefore, on coming into the world, he says: "Sacrifice and offering you did not desire, but a body you prepared for me;

Inference → Scripture citation (Ps 40:6–8)ΔιόBecause animal blood is impotent (v.4), Christ on entering the world speaks Psalm 40:6–8 (LXX 39:7–9). The citation is the section's hinge: the rejected cultus gives way to a prepared body offered in obedience.
Διὸthereforeinferential conjunctionδιό: 'for which reason'; draws the conclusion from v.4 — the inadequacy of the old leads to the incarnate self-offering.
εἰσερχόμενοςcoming inPres Mid Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · εἰσέρχομαιtemporal adverbial participle→ present (contemporaneous)εἰσέρχομαι: 'enter, come into'; of the incarnation — the Son entering the world, the moment the Psalm is placed on his lips.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
κόσμονworldAccusativeobject of εἰςκόσμος: 'world'; the created human sphere into which the Son comes.
λέγειhe saysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (introduces citation)→ historical/dramatic presentλέγω: 'say'; the timeless present typical of Scripture citation — the words stand as Christ's own.
ΘυσίανsacrificeAccusativedirect object of ἠθέλησαςθυσία: 'sacrifice'; the blood offerings God 'did not desire' — the first of four cultic terms in the citation.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
προσφορὰνofferingAccusativedirect object (coordinate)προσφορά: 'offering, oblation'; grain/gift offerings — the noun cognate to προσφέρω, key to the whole chapter.
οὐκnotnegative particle
ἠθέλησαςyou desiredAor Act Indic 2 Sg · θέλωmain verb (within citation)→ constative aoristθέλω: 'will, desire'; God did not ultimately desire the sacrificial system as an end (cf. 1 Sam 15:22; Ps 51:16).
σῶμαa bodyAccusativedirect object of κατηρτίσω (emphatic)σῶμα: 'body'; the LXX reading (Hebrew 'ears you have dug') the author follows — the prepared body becomes the true offering (cf. v.10).
δὲbutadversative/contrastive conjunctionδέ: 'but'; the pivot from rejected offerings to the prepared body.
κατηρτίσωyou preparedAor Mid Indic 2 Sg · καταρτίζωmain verb→ constative aoristκαταρτίζω: 'fit out, prepare, equip'; God fashioned a body for the Son to offer — the means of true obedience.
μοιfor meDativedat. of advantage
6

ὁλοκαυτώματα καὶ περὶ ἁμαρτίας οὐκ εὐδόκησας.

in whole burnt offerings and sin offerings you took no pleasure.

Citation continued (Ps 40:6)asyndetonThe Psalm's second pair of cultic terms — burnt offerings and sin offerings — God did not delight in. Together with v.5 all four Levitical categories are named and relativized.
ὁλοκαυτώματαwhole burnt offeringsAccusativedirect object of εὐδόκησαςὁλοκαύτωμα: 'whole burnt offering' (ὅλος + καίω); the offering wholly consumed by fire (Lev 1).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
περὶforpreposition + genitive (concerning/for)περὶ ἁμαρτίας: a fixed LXX phrase for the 'sin offering' (cf. Lev 5; Rom 8:3).
ἁμαρτίαςsinGenitiveobject of περί (idiom: 'sin offering')ἁμαρτία: here within the idiom περὶ ἁμαρτίας = 'sin offering.'
οὐκnotnegative particle
εὐδόκησαςyou took pleasureAor Act Indic 2 Sg · εὐδοκέωmain verb→ constative aoristεὐδοκέω: 'be well pleased, delight in'; God found no ultimate delight in the cultic offerings as such.
7

τότε εἶπον· Ἰδοὺ ἥκω, ἐν κεφαλίδι βιβλίου γέγραπται περὶ ἐμοῦ, τοῦ ποιῆσαι, ὁ θεός, τὸ θέλημά σου.

Then I said, 'Behold, I have come — in the scroll of the book it is written of me — to do, O God, your will.'"

Citation climax (Ps 40:7–8)τότεThe climactic line: over against the rejected offerings, the Son announces his coming to do God's will. This ἦλθον/ἥκω of obedience is what the author will exploit in vv.8–10.
τότεthentemporal adverbτότε: 'then'; marks the answering response to God's non-desire for sacrifice.
εἶπονI saidAor Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb (introduces direct speech)→ constative aoristλέγω (εἶπον): 'said'; the Son's declared resolve at his coming.
Ἰδοὺbeholdinterjection / attention-markerἰδού: 'see! behold!'; a deictic call to attention introducing the self-offering.
ἥκωI have comePres Act Indic 1 Sg · ἥκωmain verb (within speech)→ perfective present (arrival accomplished)ἥκω: 'have come, am present'; a present with perfect force — the Son's arrival to do God's will is an accomplished fact.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place/locus)
κεφαλίδιthe scroll / headingDativedat. of place (locus of the writing)κεφαλίς: lit. 'little head'; the knob of a scroll-roller, hence 'scroll, roll'; ἐν κεφαλίδι βιβλίου = 'in the scroll of the book.'
βιβλίουof the bookGenitiveattributive/partitive genitiveβιβλίον: 'book, scroll'; the written Scripture testifying to him.
γέγραπταιit is writtenPerf Pass Indic 3 Sg · γράφωmain verb (parenthetical)→ consummative perfect (standing record)γράφω: 'write'; the perfect γέγραπται is the standard formula for abiding scriptural authority — 'it stands written.'
περὶconcerningpreposition + genitive (reference)
ἐμοῦmeGenitiveobject of περί (emphatic pronoun)
τοῦtoGenitivearticle (with infinitive of purpose)
ποιῆσαιto doAor Act Inf · ποιέωarticular infinitive of purpose (with τοῦ)→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do, accomplish'; τοῦ ποιῆσαι = 'in order to do' — the purpose of the coming is obedience to God's will.
OVocativearticle in vocatival address
θεόςGodVocativevocative of addressθεός: 'God'; the Son addresses the Father directly within the citation.
τὸtheAccusativearticle
θέλημάwillAccusativedirect object of ποιῆσαιθέλημα: 'will'; the keyword of vv.7–10 — God's will, done by the Son's offered body, replaces the cultus.
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive
8

ἀνώτερον λέγων ὅτι Θυσίας καὶ προσφορὰς καὶ ὁλοκαυτώματα καὶ περὶ ἁμαρτίας οὐκ ἠθέλησας οὐδὲ εὐδόκησας, αἵτινες κατὰ νόμον προσφέρονται,

Saying above, "Sacrifices and offerings and whole burnt offerings and sin offerings you did not desire nor take pleasure in" — which are offered according to the law —

Exposition of the citation (part 1)asyndetonThe author now interprets the Psalm. First he isolates the negative clause (the rejected offerings) and notes a decisive fact: these are precisely what the law prescribes. The 'first' is thus the law's cultus.
ἀνώτερονaboveadverb (comparative, of position in text)ἀνώτερον: 'higher up, earlier'; 'saying above' — referring back to the citation just quoted.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωtemporal/circumstantial participle (subj. = Christ)→ present (contemporaneous)λέγω: 'say'; resumes the speaker of the citation as the author begins his exposition.
ὅτιthatconjunction (recitative, introduces quotation)ὅτι: recitative — introducing the requoted words.
ΘυσίαςsacrificesAccusativedirect object of ἠθέλησας (now plural)θυσία: 'sacrifice'; the author repeats the citation's terms, now collectively pluralized.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
προσφορὰςofferingsAccusativedirect object (coordinate)προσφορά: 'offering'; cf. v.5.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὁλοκαυτώματαwhole burnt offeringsAccusativedirect object (coordinate)ὁλοκαύτωμα: 'whole burnt offering'; cf. v.6.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
περὶforpreposition + genitive (idiom)
ἁμαρτίαςsinGenitiveobject of περί (idiom: 'sin offerings')ἁμαρτία: in περὶ ἁμαρτίας, 'sin offering.'
οὐκnotnegative particle
ἠθέλησαςyou desiredAor Act Indic 2 Sg · θέλωverb (requoted)→ constative aoristθέλω: 'desire'; cf. v.5.
οὐδὲnorcoordinating negativeοὐδέ: 'and not, nor'; conflates the two negatives of vv.5–6.
εὐδόκησαςdid you take pleasureAor Act Indic 2 Sg · εὐδοκέωverb (requoted)→ constative aoristεὐδοκέω: 'take pleasure'; cf. v.6.
αἵτινεςwhichNominativerelative pronoun (qualitative, subject)ὅστις: 'which (very ones)'; qualitative relative — 'such things as are offered by law.'
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (standard/norm)
νόμονlawAccusativeobject of κατά (norm)νόμος: 'law'; the crucial observation — these very offerings are the law's own prescription.
προσφέρονταιare offeredPres Pass Indic 3 Pl · προσφέρωverb of relative clause→ customary presentπροσφέρω: 'offer'; the ongoing legal offerings, now identified as the 'first' to be removed.
9

τότε εἴρηκεν· Ἰδοὺ ἥκω τοῦ ποιῆσαι τὸ θέλημά σου. ἀναιρεῖ τὸ πρῶτον ἵνα τὸ δεύτερον στήσῃ·

then he has said, "Behold, I have come to do your will." He takes away the first in order to establish the second;

Exposition of the citation (part 2): the logicτότεThe interpretive heart: the Son's 'I have come to do your will' (the second) abolishes the legal offerings (the first). One divine arrangement is set aside so another may stand — covenantal replacement, not mere supplement.
τότεthentemporal adverb (sequence in citation)τότε: 'then'; the second member of the Psalm, set after the rejected offerings.
εἴρηκενhe has saidPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (introduces requote)→ consummative perfect (abiding utterance)λέγω (εἴρηκεν): perfect — 'he has spoken,' the word standing in permanent force as Scripture.
Ἰδοὺbeholdinterjectionἰδού: 'behold'; cf. v.7.
ἥκωI have comePres Act Indic 1 Sg · ἥκωverb (requoted)→ perfective presentἥκω: 'have come'; cf. v.7 — the obedience clause is isolated as the decisive 'second.'
τοῦtoGenitivearticle (with purpose infinitive)
ποιῆσαιto doAor Act Inf · ποιέωarticular infinitive of purpose→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do'; cf. v.7.
τὸtheAccusativearticle
θέλημάwillAccusativedirect object of ποιῆσαιθέλημα: 'will'; the keyword again — obedience is the 'second' that abides.
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive
ἀναιρεῖhe takes awayPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναιρέωmain verb (author's inference)→ gnomic/declarative presentἀναιρέω: 'do away with, abolish' (lit. 'take up/away'); the Son's obedience legally annuls the old order.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantizes adj.)
πρῶτονfirstAccusativesubstantival adjective (object of ἀναιρεῖ)πρῶτος: 'first'; the legal offerings/old covenant (cf. 8:7, 13) — the thing removed.
ἵναin order thatconjunction (purpose)ἵνα: 'so that'; the purpose of removing the first.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantizes adj.)
δεύτερονsecondAccusativesubstantival adjective (object of στήσῃ)δεύτερος: 'second'; the will-doing/new covenant — the thing established.
στήσῃhe might establishAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἵστημιsubjunctive (purpose, with ἵνα)→ constative aoristἵστημι: 'set up, establish, make stand'; the new arrangement is made to stand in place of the old.
10

ἐν ᾧ θελήματι ἡγιασμένοι ἐσμὲν διὰ τῆς προσφορᾶς τοῦ σώματος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ ἐφάπαξ.

by which will we have been sanctified through the offering of the body of Jesus Christ once for all.

Result / application of the citationἐν ᾧThe payoff: that very will, done by the Son, is the ground of our sanctification — accomplished through the offering of his body, ἐφάπαξ. The 'body prepared' (v.5) is the 'offering' that sanctifies, and its once-for-all character answers the failed repetition of vv.1–4.
ἐνbypreposition + dative (means/cause)
whichDativerelative pronoun (attracted to θελήματι)ὅς: relative; 'in/by which will' — links the sanctification to God's will done by Christ.
θελήματιwillDativedat. of means (antecedent within rel. clause)θέλημα: 'will'; the third occurrence binds vv.7–10 — God's will is the saving instrument.
ἡγιασμένοιsanctifiedPerf Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἁγιάζωperiphrastic perfect (with ἐσμέν)→ consummative perfect (abiding state)ἁγιάζω: 'sanctify, make holy, consecrate'; the perfect marks an accomplished, enduring consecration — believers definitively set apart for God.
ἐσμὲνwe arePres Act Indic 1 Pl · εἰμίauxiliary (periphrastic with ptc.)→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be'; forms the periphrastic perfect 'we have been sanctified.'
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (means)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
προσφορᾶςofferingGenitiveobject of διά (means)προσφορά: 'offering'; the cultic noun now applied to Christ's self-oblation, the true and final offering.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
σώματοςbodyGenitiveobjective/epexegetical genitive (what is offered)σῶμα: 'body'; the prepared body of v.5 is the offering — the incarnation issues in the cross.
Ἰησοῦof JesusGenitivepossessive/subjective genitive
ΧριστοῦChristGenitiveapposition
ἐφάπαξonce for alladverb (emphatic, clause-final)ἐφάπαξ: 'once for all' (ἐπί + ἅπαξ); the climactic Hebrews term (7:27; 9:12) — the unrepeatable finality contrasting the yearly rite.
11

Καὶ πᾶς μὲν ἱερεὺς ἕστηκεν καθ' ἡμέραν λειτουργῶν καὶ τὰς αὐτὰς πολλάκις προσφέρων θυσίας, αἵτινες οὐδέποτε δύνανται περιελεῖν ἁμαρτίας·

And every priest stands daily ministering and offering repeatedly the same sacrifices, which can never take away sins;

Contrast (member 1): the standing priestκαί … μένThe μέν opens a sharp μέν/δέ contrast running into v.12. The Levitical priest stands (no seat in the sanctuary) and repeats the same impotent sacrifices — perpetual posture, perpetual incompleteness.
Καὶandcontinuative conjunction
πᾶςeveryNominativeattributive adjective (with ἱερεύς)πᾶς: 'every, all'; the whole Levitical order, without exception.
μὲνon the one handparticle (correlative with δέ, v.12)μέν: sets up the contrast answered by δέ in v.12.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubjectἱερεύς: 'priest'; the ordinary Levitical officiant (some witnesses read ἀρχιερεύς, 'high priest').
ἕστηκενstandsPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb (perfect with present sense)→ intensive perfect (settled posture)ἵστημι: 'stand'; the perfect ἕστηκεν means 'stands' — the priest's unending standing posture, in pointed contrast to Christ's sitting (v.12).
καθ'everypreposition + accusative (distributive)
ἡμέρανdayAccusativeobject of κατά ('day by day, daily')ἡμέρα: 'day'; καθ' ἡμέραν = daily — the relentless repetition (intensifying κατ' ἐνιαυτόν of v.1).
λειτουργῶνministeringPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λειτουργέωcircumstantial participle (manner)→ customary presentλειτουργέω: 'perform public/cultic service'; the priest's liturgical ministry (whence 'liturgy').
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
αὐτὰςsameAccusativeidentifying adjective (with θυσίας)αὐτός: 'the same'; the sameness of the offerings betrays their inability to finish (cf. v.1).
πολλάκιςoften / repeatedlyadverb (frequency)πολλάκις: 'many times, often'; repetition as a mark of inefficacy (cf. 9:25–26).
προσφέρωνofferingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · προσφέρωcircumstantial participle (manner)→ customary/iterative presentπροσφέρω: 'offer'; the keyword verb of the chapter, here in endless iteration.
θυσίαςsacrificesAccusativedirect object of προσφέρωνθυσία: 'sacrifice'; the repeated offerings.
αἵτινεςwhichNominativequalitative relative pronoun (subject)ὅστις: 'which (of such a kind)'; characterizes the offerings as inherently ineffectual.
οὐδέποτεneveradverb (emphatic negation)οὐδέποτε: 'never'; echoes v.1 — the categorical futility.
δύνανταιare ablePres Mid Indic 3 Pl · δύναμαιmain verb of relative clause→ gnomic presentδύναμαι: 'be able'; the inherent incapacity (cf. v.1).
περιελεῖνto take awayAor Act Inf · περιαιρέωcomplementary infinitive (with δύνανται)→ constative aoristπεριαιρέω: 'strip off, remove entirely' (περί + αἱρέω); to take sins completely away — what no animal sacrifice can do (cf. ἀφαιρεῖν, v.4).
ἁμαρτίαςsinsAccusativedirect object of περιελεῖνἁμαρτία: 'sin'; the burden the repeated sacrifices can never lift.
12

οὗτος δὲ μίαν ὑπὲρ ἁμαρτιῶν προσενέγκας θυσίαν εἰς τὸ διηνεκὲς ἐκάθισεν ἐν δεξιᾷ τοῦ θεοῦ,

but this one, having offered a single sacrifice for sins for all time, sat down at the right hand of God,

Contrast (member 2): the seated ChristδέThe answering δέ: over against the ever-standing priest, Christ offered one sacrifice and sat down — the seat proves the work is finished. εἰς τὸ διηνεκές, redeemed from its ironic use in v.1, now describes the offering's perpetual efficacy.
οὗτοςthis oneNominativesubject (emphatic, contrastive)οὗτος: 'this (man)'; pointedly singles out Christ against 'every priest.'
δὲbutadversative (answering μέν of v.11)δέ: 'but'; completes the μέν/δέ antithesis.
μίανoneAccusativeattributive numeral (with θυσίαν, emphatic)εἷς: 'one'; the singularity — one sacrifice against the 'same ... often' (v.11).
ὑπὲρforpreposition + genitive (on behalf of)
ἁμαρτιῶνsinsGenitiveobject of ὑπέρ (reference/advantage)ἁμαρτία: 'sin'; the sacrifice 'for sins.'
προσενέγκαςhaving offeredAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · προσφέρωantecedent temporal participle (before ἐκάθισεν)→ constative aorist (antecedent)προσφέρω: 'offer'; the decisive single offering, aorist — a completed act prior to the sitting.
θυσίανsacrificeAccusativedirect object of προσενέγκαςθυσία: 'sacrifice'; the one offering of Christ.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (extent of time)
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantizes adv. phrase)
διηνεκὲςperpetuityAccusativeobject of εἰς ('for all time')διηνεκής: 'continuous'; εἰς τὸ διηνεκές here = 'forever' — the lasting validity of the one offering (may modify the offering or the sitting).
ἐκάθισενhe sat downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καθίζωmain verb→ constative aoristκαθίζω: 'sit down'; the enthronement (Ps 110:1) — a seated priest, his sacrificial work complete, contrasts the standing Levite (v.11).
ἐνatpreposition + dative (place)
δεξιᾷthe right handDativedat. of place (location)δεξιά: 'right hand'; the place of honor and authority (Ps 110:1), recurring through Hebrews (1:3, 13; 8:1).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivepossessive genitiveθεός: 'God'; at whose right hand the Son is enthroned.
13

τὸ λοιπὸν ἐκδεχόμενος ἕως τεθῶσιν οἱ ἐχθροὶ αὐτοῦ ὑποπόδιον τῶν ποδῶν αὐτοῦ.

from then on waiting until his enemies are made a footstool for his feet.

Continuation: the present expectationasyndetonCompleting the Ps 110:1 allusion: the enthroned Son now simply waits for the subjection of his foes. The finished work yields a posture of expectant rest, not further offering.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (adverbial accusative)
λοιπὸνhenceforth / for the restAccusativeadverbial accusative (time)λοιπός: 'remaining'; τὸ λοιπόν = 'from now on, henceforth' — the time after the enthronement.
ἐκδεχόμενοςwaiting / expectingPres Mid Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἐκδέχομαιcircumstantial participle (attendant, of Christ)→ present (ongoing)ἐκδέχομαι: 'await, expect'; the Son's present expectant waiting for the consummation.
ἕωςuntilconjunction (temporal)ἕως: 'until'; introduces the awaited goal.
τεθῶσινthey are placedAor Pass Subj 3 Pl · τίθημιsubjunctive (indefinite temporal clause)→ constative aoristτίθημι: 'put, place'; the enemies 'be made/placed' as a footstool — divine passive, God subduing them (Ps 110:1).
οἱtheNominativearticle
ἐχθροὶenemiesNominativesubject of τεθῶσινἐχθρός: 'enemy, hostile one'; the foes still to be subjected.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
ὑποπόδιονa footstoolNominativepredicate nominative (with τεθῶσιν)ὑποπόδιον: 'footstool' (ὑπό + πούς); the image of total subjugation from Ps 110:1.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ποδῶνfeetGenitivepossessive/partitive genitiveπούς: 'foot'; the enemies beneath his feet.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
14

μιᾷ γὰρ προσφορᾷ τετελείωκεν εἰς τὸ διηνεκὲς τοὺς ἁγιαζομένους.

For by one offering he has perfected for all time those who are being sanctified.

Ground / summary of vv.11–13γάρThe summary thesis of the unit: one offering has perfected forever the sanctified. τετελείωκεν (perfect tense) accomplishes exactly what the law 'could never' do (τελειῶσαι, v.1) — the inclusio is complete.
μιᾷoneDativeattributive numeral (with προσφορᾷ, emphatic)εἷς: 'one'; the single offering, set against the 'many' of v.11.
γὰρforexplanatory/causal conjunction
προσφορᾷofferingDativedat. of means/instrumentπροσφορά: 'offering'; the single sacrifice as the instrument of perfection.
τετελείωκενhe has perfectedPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · τελειόωmain verb→ consummative perfect (abiding result)τελειόω: 'perfect, bring to completion'; the perfect tense seals the result — answering the law's incapacity (v.1) with an accomplished, standing perfection.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (extent of time)
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantizes adv. phrase)
διηνεκὲςperpetuityAccusativeobject of εἰς ('for all time')διηνεκής: 'continuous'; the perfection is permanent — no top-up needed.
τοὺςthoseAccusativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
ἁγιαζομένουςbeing sanctifiedPres Pass Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · ἁγιάζωsubstantival participle (object of τετελείωκεν)→ present (ongoing process)ἁγιάζω: 'sanctify'; the present participle holds together definitive perfection (perfect verb) with ongoing sanctification — the perfected are 'those being sanctified.'
15

Μαρτυρεῖ δὲ ἡμῖν καὶ τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον· μετὰ γὰρ τὸ εἰρηκέναι·

And the Holy Spirit also testifies to us; for after saying,

Scriptural confirmation (Jer 31:33–34)δέA second witness: the Holy Spirit, speaking through Jeremiah's new-covenant oracle (already cited in ch. 8), confirms the once-for-all perfection. Scripture itself attests the finished work.
ΜαρτυρεῖtestifiesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · μαρτυρέωmain verb (fronted)→ gnomic/durative presentμαρτυρέω: 'bear witness, testify'; Scripture's abiding testimony, here the Spirit's.
δὲand / moreovercontinuative/connective conjunctionδέ: 'and, now'; adds the confirming witness.
ἡμῖνto usDativedat. of indirect object (recipients of testimony)
καὶalsoadverbial/adjunctive ('also')καί: 'also'; the Spirit too bears witness, alongside the argument just made.
τὸtheNominativearticle
πνεῦμαSpiritNominativesubjectπνεῦμα: 'Spirit'; the Holy Spirit as the divine author of Scripture (cf. 3:7; 9:8).
τὸtheNominativearticle (second attributive position)
ἅγιονHolyNominativeattributive adjectiveἅγιος: 'holy'; τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον = 'the Holy Spirit.'
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (temporal)
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with articular infinitive)
εἰρηκέναιhaving saidPerf Act Inf · λέγωarticular infinitive (with μετά, temporal)→ consummative perfectλέγω (εἰρηκέναι): 'to have said'; μετὰ τὸ εἰρηκέναι = 'after he has said' — introducing the citation's first half (v.16).
16

Αὕτη ἡ διαθήκη ἣν διαθήσομαι πρὸς αὐτοὺς μετὰ τὰς ἡμέρας ἐκείνας, λέγει κύριος, διδοὺς νόμους μου ἐπὶ καρδίας αὐτῶν, καὶ ἐπὶ τὴν διάνοιαν αὐτῶν ἐπιγράψω αὐτούς,

"This is the covenant that I will make with them after those days, says the Lord: putting my laws on their hearts, and on their mind I will write them,"

Citation: Jer 31:33 (covenant interiorized)asyndetonThe first half of the new-covenant promise: God internalizes his law, inscribing it on heart and mind. The covenant is no longer external tablets but transformed interior — the basis for true sanctification.
ΑὕτηthisNominativepredicate (demonstrative)οὗτος: 'this'; 'This is the covenant' — pointing forward to the promise.
theNominativearticle
διαθήκηcovenantNominativesubjectδιαθήκη: 'covenant, testament'; the new covenant of Jer 31, a central term of Hebrews (chs. 8–9).
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of διαθήσομαι)
διαθήσομαιI will makeFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · διατίθημιverb of relative clause→ predictive futureδιατίθημι: 'arrange, ordain (a covenant)'; cognate with διαθήκη — God 'covenants' the new arrangement.
πρὸςwithpreposition + accusative (relational)
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativeobject of πρός
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (temporal)
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeobject of μετάἡμέρα: 'day'; 'after those days' — the eschatological era of fulfillment.
ἐκείναςthoseAccusativedemonstrative adjectiveἐκεῖνος: 'that'; the appointed days of the promise.
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωverb (citation formula, parenthetical)→ present (timeless)λέγω: 'say'; the prophetic 'says the Lord.'
κύριοςthe LordNominativesubject of λέγεικύριος: 'Lord'; the LXX rendering of YHWH, the covenant-maker.
διδοὺςgiving / puttingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · δίδωμιcircumstantial participle (means/manner)→ present (concurrent)δίδωμι: 'give, place'; God 'putting' his laws within — the participle (LXX has a finite verb) describes how the covenant is enacted.
νόμουςlawsAccusativedirect object of διδούςνόμος: 'law'; now interiorized, not abolished but inscribed on the heart.
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (place onto)
καρδίαςheartsAccusativeobject of ἐπίκαρδία: 'heart'; the inner seat of will and devotion — where the law is now written.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitive
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (place onto)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
διάνοιανmindAccusativeobject of ἐπίδιάνοια: 'mind, understanding'; the faculty of thought, also inscribed with God's law.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitive
ἐπιγράψωI will writeFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐπιγράφωmain verb (within citation)→ predictive futureἐπιγράφω: 'write upon, inscribe' (ἐπί + γράφω); God himself engraves the law internally — the new-covenant transformation.
αὐτούςthemAccusativedirect object of ἐπιγράψω (the laws)
17

καὶ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτῶν καὶ τῶν ἀνομιῶν αὐτῶν οὐ μὴ μνησθήσομαι ἔτι.

then he adds, "and their sins and their lawless deeds I will remember no more."

Citation: Jer 31:34 (sins forgotten)καίThe second, climactic half of the promise: God's emphatic resolve (οὐ μή) never to remember sins again. This non-remembrance is the precise opposite of the law's annual 'reminder' of sins (v.3).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (resumes citation)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
ἁμαρτιῶνsinsGenitivegenitive object of μνησθήσομαι (verb of remembering)ἁμαρτία: 'sin'; what God resolves to remember no more — the direct reversal of v.3.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitive
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
ἀνομιῶνlawless deedsGenitivegenitive object of μνησθήσομαιἀνομία: 'lawlessness, iniquity' (ἀ- + νόμος); transgressions of the law — also forgotten.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitive
οὐnotnegative (with μή, emphatic)
μὴnevernegative (οὐ μή = emphatic denial)οὐ μή: the strongest Greek negation — 'certainly not, never'; God absolutely will not recall their sins.
μνησθήσομαιI will rememberFut Pass Indic 1 Sg · μιμνῄσκομαιmain verb (within citation)→ predictive future (emphatic)μιμνῄσκομαι: 'remember, call to mind'; with οὐ μή, God's pledge of permanent forgiveness — sin canceled, not merely covered.
ἔτιany moreadverb (time)ἔτι: 'still, longer'; 'no longer at all' — the finality of forgiveness.
18

ὅπου δὲ ἄφεσις τούτων, οὐκέτι προσφορὰ περὶ ἁμαρτίας.

Now where there is forgiveness of these, there is no longer any offering for sin.

Conclusion (QED) of 10:1–18δέThe argument's closing inference: if sins are forgiven and forgotten (v.17), every further sin-offering is superfluous. The repeated sacrifices (vv.1–3, 11) are decisively rendered obsolete — the section ends where it began, but inverted.
ὅπουwhererelative adverb (place/condition)ὅπου: 'where'; introduces the logical condition — wherever forgiveness exists.
δὲnowtransitional/inferential conjunctionδέ: 'now, and'; draws the conclusion from the citation.
ἄφεσιςforgivenessNominativesubject (verbless clause)ἄφεσις: 'release, forgiveness' (from ἀφίημι, 'send away'); the cancellation of debt/sin — the new covenant's gift.
τούτωνof theseGenitiveobjective genitive (sins and lawless deeds)οὗτος: 'these'; the sins and ἀνομίαι of v.17.
οὐκέτιno longeradverb (negation of continuation)οὐκέτι: 'no longer'; the decisive end of the sacrificial system.
προσφορὰofferingNominativesubject of implied 'there is'προσφορά: 'offering'; the chapter's keyword — now declared needless.
περὶforpreposition + genitive (idiom)
ἁμαρτίαςsinGenitiveobject of περί (idiom: 'sin offering')ἁμαρτία: in περὶ ἁμαρτίας, 'offering for sin' — wholly superseded by Christ's one offering.
19

Ἔχοντες οὖν, ἀδελφοί, παρρησίαν εἰς τὴν εἴσοδον τῶν ἁγίων ἐν τῷ αἵματι Ἰησοῦ,

Having therefore, brothers, boldness for the entrance into the holy place by the blood of Jesus,

Inference → exhortation (the great pivot)οὖνThe οὖν turns the whole doctrinal argument (chs. 7–10:18) into exhortation. The first of two grounding participles (ἔχοντες): we possess bold access into the sanctuary through Jesus' blood — the privilege the old cultus never gave.
ἜχοντεςhavingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἔχωcausal participle (ground of the exhortations)→ stative presentἔχω: 'have, possess'; the present possession of access — basis for 'let us draw near' (v.22).
οὖνthereforeinferential conjunctionοὖν: 'therefore'; the great hinge from doctrine to duty.
ἀδελφοίbrothersVocativevocative of direct addressἀδελφός: 'brother'; warm direct address marking the turn to exhortation.
παρρησίανboldness / confidenceAccusativedirect object of ἔχοντεςπαρρησία: 'boldness, freedom of access' (lit. 'all-speech'); confident right of entry to God's presence (cf. 4:16; 10:35).
εἰςfor / intopreposition + accusative (goal)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
εἴσοδονentrance / enteringAccusativeobject of εἰς (the act of entering)εἴσοδος: 'entrance, way in' (εἰς + ὁδός); here the act of entering the sanctuary.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ἁγίωνholy placeGenitiveobjective genitive (the place entered)ἅγια: '(the) holy places, sanctuary'; neuter plural for the Most Holy Place — now open to all believers.
ἐνbypreposition + dative (means)
τῷtheDativearticle
αἵματιbloodDativedat. of means/instrumentαἷμα: 'blood'; the means of access — Jesus' blood, not animal blood (contrast v.4).
Ἰησοῦof JesusGenitivepossessive/subjective genitive
20

ἣν ἐνεκαίνισεν ἡμῖν ὁδὸν πρόσφατον καὶ ζῶσαν διὰ τοῦ καταπετάσματος, τοῦτ' ἔστιν τῆς σαρκὸς αὐτοῦ,

by a new and living way which he opened for us through the veil, that is, his flesh,

Relative expansion: the way of accessἥνA relative clause unpacking 'the entrance': Jesus inaugurated a new and living way through the veil — identified with his flesh. The torn veil of the temple becomes the access through his crucified body.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐνεκαίνισεν; antecedent εἴσοδον/ὁδόν)
ἐνεκαίνισενhe inaugurated / openedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐγκαινίζωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristἐγκαινίζω: 'inaugurate, dedicate afresh' (from καινός, 'new'); Jesus consecrated this way at the cross (cf. 9:18 of the first covenant).
ἡμῖνfor usDativedat. of advantage
ὁδὸνa wayAccusativeaccusative in apposition (predicate to ἥν)ὁδός: 'way, road'; the access-route into God's presence.
πρόσφατονnew / recentAccusativeattributive adjectiveπρόσφατος: 'fresh, newly-made' (orig. 'newly slain'); a way only recently opened — and ever fresh.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ζῶσανlivingPres Act Ptc · Acc Sg Fem · ζάωattributive participle→ present (ongoing characteristic)ζάω: 'live'; a 'living' way — animate and effective because it is the living Christ himself (contrast lifeless ritual).
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (path/means)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
καταπετάσματοςveil / curtainGenitiveobject of διά (path)καταπέτασμα: 'curtain, veil'; the temple veil before the Most Holy Place (9:3; Mt 27:51) — barrier turned passage.
τοῦτ'thisNominativedemonstrative (in explanatory idiom)οὗτος: in τοῦτ' ἔστιν, 'that is to say.'
ἔστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (explanatory idiom: 'that is')→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be'; τοῦτ' ἔστιν = 'that is' — an interpretive equation of the veil with the flesh.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
σαρκὸςfleshGenitivegenitive in apposition to καταπετάσματοςσάρξ: 'flesh'; Christ's incarnate/crucified humanity is the veil through which we pass — his body offered (v.10) is the way in.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
21

καὶ ἱερέα μέγαν ἐπὶ τὸν οἶκον τοῦ θεοῦ,

and having a great priest over the house of God,

Second ground (still under ἔχοντες)καίThe second possession grounding the exhortation: a 'great priest' set over God's household. Access (v.19) plus a mediating high priest (v.21) together warrant the threefold 'let us' of vv.22–25.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (second object of ἔχοντες)
ἱερέαa priestAccusativedirect object of ἔχοντες (v.19)ἱερεύς: 'priest'; here Christ as our priest, qualified μέγαν.
μέγανgreatAccusativeattributive adjectiveμέγας: 'great'; ἱερεὺς μέγας ≈ 'great high priest' (cf. 4:14) — surpassing the Levitical office.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + accusative (authority over)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
οἶκονhouseAccusativeobject of ἐπί (domain of authority)οἶκος: 'house, household'; God's household, the people of God (cf. 3:6) over whom Christ presides.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivepossessive genitiveθεός: 'God'; whose house the church is.
22

προσερχώμεθα μετὰ ἀληθινῆς καρδίας ἐν πληροφορίᾳ πίστεως, ῥεραντισμένοι τὰς καρδίας ἀπὸ συνειδήσεως πονηρᾶς καὶ λελουσμένοι τὸ σῶμα ὕδατι καθαρῷ·

let us draw near with a true heart in full assurance of faith, having our hearts sprinkled clean from an evil conscience and our bodies washed with pure water;

Exhortation 1: draw nearasyndetonThe first hortatory subjunctive — 'let us draw near,' the cultic verb of v.1 now turned to believers. We approach with a sincere heart and full assurance, cleansed inwardly (sprinkled heart) and outwardly (washed body), in priestly-consecration imagery.
προσερχώμεθαlet us draw nearPres Mid Subj 1 Pl · προσέρχομαιhortatory subjunctive (main exhortation)→ present (ongoing practice)προσέρχομαι: 'draw near' (to God); the cultic-approach verb (v.1; 4:16) now a standing privilege of worship.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment/manner)
ἀληθινῆςtrueGenitiveattributive adjectiveἀληθινός: 'true, genuine'; a heart without pretense — sincere devotion.
καρδίαςheartGenitiveobject of μετά (manner)καρδία: 'heart'; the inner person, now able to approach truly.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (manner/sphere)
πληροφορίᾳfull assuranceDativedat. of mannerπληροφορία: 'full assurance, complete certainty' (lit. 'full carrying'); unwavering confidence (cf. 6:11).
πίστεωςof faithGenitivegenitive of source/contentπίστις: 'faith'; the faith that gives the assurance — the keyword opening the bridge to ch. 11.
ῥεραντισμένοιhaving been sprinkledPerf Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ῥαντίζωcircumstantial participle (means/cause)→ consummative perfect (abiding state)ῥαντίζω: 'sprinkle'; cultic purification imagery (9:13, 19) — hearts sprinkled clean by Christ's blood, an accomplished state.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
καρδίαςheartsAccusativeaccusative of respect (with passive ptc.)καρδία: 'heart'; the locus of cleansing — accusative of respect ('sprinkled as to the hearts').
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)
συνειδήσεωςconscienceGenitiveobject of ἀπό (separation)συνείδησις: 'conscience'; cleansed from guilt (cf. v.2; 9:14) — the inner problem now resolved.
πονηρᾶςevilGenitiveattributive adjectiveπονηρός: 'evil, bad'; a guilty conscience, from which believers are now freed.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
λελουσμένοιhaving been washedPerf Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · λούωcircumstantial participle (means/cause)→ consummative perfect (abiding state)λούω: 'wash, bathe (the whole body)'; the outward counterpart to the inward sprinkling — likely an allusion to baptism/cleansing.
τὸtheAccusativearticle
σῶμαbodyAccusativeaccusative of respectσῶμα: 'body'; washed 'as to the body' — total cleansing, inner and outer.
ὕδατιwith waterDativedat. of means/instrumentὕδωρ: 'water'; the cleansing medium.
καθαρῷpureDativeattributive adjectiveκαθαρός: 'clean, pure'; cf. Ezek 36:25 — clean water for true purification.
23

κατέχωμεν τὴν ὁμολογίαν τῆς ἐλπίδος ἀκλινῆ, πιστὸς γὰρ ὁ ἐπαγγειλάμενος·

let us hold fast the confession of our hope without wavering, for he who promised is faithful;

Exhortation 2: hold fastasyndetonThe second 'let us': hold the confession of hope unswervingly. Its ground (γάρ) is God's own fidelity — perseverance rests not on our strength but on the trustworthiness of the Promiser.
κατέχωμενlet us hold fastPres Act Subj 1 Pl · κατέχωhortatory subjunctive→ present (continuous holding)κατέχω: 'hold down, hold fast, retain' (κατά-intensive of ἔχω); cling firmly to the confession (cf. 3:6, 14).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ὁμολογίανconfessionAccusativedirect objectὁμολογία: 'confession, profession' (lit. 'saying the same'); the publicly professed faith (cf. 3:1; 4:14).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
ἐλπίδοςhopeGenitiveobjective/content genitive (the confession's content)ἐλπίς: 'hope'; the second of the faith-hope-love triad spanning vv.22–24; confident expectation of the promise.
ἀκλινῆwithout waveringAccusativepredicate adjective (with ὁμολογίαν)ἀκλινής: 'unbending, unwavering' (ἀ- + κλίνω, 'lean'); held without tilting or collapse.
πιστὸςfaithfulNominativepredicate adjective (fronted, emphatic)πιστός: 'faithful, trustworthy'; God's reliability is the bedrock of perseverance (cf. 11:11).
γὰρforexplanatory/causal conjunction
the (one)Nominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
ἐπαγγειλάμενοςwho promisedAor Mid Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἐπαγγέλλομαιsubstantival participle (subject)→ constative aoristἐπαγγέλλομαι: 'promise'; 'the One who promised' — God, whose promise secures the hope (cf. 11:11).
24

καὶ κατανοῶμεν ἀλλήλους εἰς παροξυσμὸν ἀγάπης καὶ καλῶν ἔργων,

and let us consider one another, to stir up love and good works,

Exhortation 3: stir up one anotherκαίThe third 'let us,' completing the triad with love: thoughtful attention to one another aimed at provoking love and good deeds. Faith (v.22), hope (v.23), and now love — and the focus turns communal.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κατανοῶμενlet us considerPres Act Subj 1 Pl · κατανοέωhortatory subjunctive→ present (continuous attention)κατανοέω: 'observe carefully, fix the mind on' (κατά + νοέω); attentive mutual concern, not casual notice.
ἀλλήλουςone anotherAccusativedirect object (reciprocal pronoun)ἀλλήλων: 'one another'; the communal, reciprocal focus of the exhortation.
εἰςfor / topreposition + accusative (purpose)
παροξυσμὸνstirring up / provocationAccusativeobject of εἰς (purpose)παροξυσμός: 'incitement, provocation' (from παροξύνω, 'sharpen'); usually negative ('sharp dispute'), here a positive 'spurring on' — striking usage.
ἀγάπηςof loveGenitiveobjective genitive (what is provoked)ἀγάπη: 'love'; the third virtue of the triad — self-giving love to be stirred up.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
καλῶνgoodGenitiveattributive adjectiveκαλός: 'good, noble, fine'; deeds admirable in themselves.
ἔργωνworksGenitiveobjective genitive (coordinate with ἀγάπης)ἔργον: 'work, deed'; love's concrete expression in good works.
25

μὴ ἐγκαταλείποντες τὴν ἐπισυναγωγὴν ἑαυτῶν, καθὼς ἔθος τισίν, ἀλλὰ παρακαλοῦντες, καὶ τοσούτῳ μᾶλλον ὅσῳ βλέπετε ἐγγίζουσαν τὴν ἡμέραν.

not forsaking our own assembling together, as is the habit of some, but encouraging one another, and all the more as you see the Day drawing near.

Negative/positive expansion of v.24asyndetonHow to 'consider one another': not by abandoning the gathering (a real temptation for some) but by mutual encouragement — and with increasing urgency as the eschatological Day approaches. Community is the arena of perseverance.
μὴnotnegative (with participle)
ἐγκαταλείποντεςforsakingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἐγκαταλείπωcircumstantial participle (manner, negated)→ present (habitual)ἐγκαταλείπω: 'abandon, desert, leave in the lurch' (cf. 13:5; Mt 27:46); not deserting the congregation.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἐπισυναγωγὴνassembling togetherAccusativedirect object of the participleἐπισυναγωγή: 'gathering together, assembly' (ἐπί + συναγωγή); the Christian meeting (also the eschatological gathering, 2 Thess 2:1).
ἑαυτῶνof ourselvesGenitivepossessive (reflexive) genitiveἑαυτοῦ: 'of themselves/ourselves'; their own communal gathering.
καθὼςascomparative conjunctionκαθώς: 'just as'; introduces the noted bad precedent.
ἔθοςhabit / customNominativesubject (verbless clause: 'as is the habit')ἔθος: 'custom, habit'; the settled practice of some who absent themselves.
τισίνof someDativedat. of possession ('the habit belonging to some')τις: 'some, certain ones'; a concrete pastoral problem in the community.
ἀλλὰbutadversative conjunctionἀλλά: 'but'; the positive alternative to forsaking.
παρακαλοῦντεςencouragingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · παρακαλέωcircumstantial participle (manner, positive)→ present (continuous)παρακαλέω: 'exhort, encourage, comfort' (παρά + καλέω, 'call alongside'); the mutual upbuilding that gathering enables (cf. 3:13).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τοσούτῳby so muchDativedat. of degree of difference (correlative)τοσοῦτος: 'so much'; τοσούτῳ ... ὅσῳ = 'by so much the more as' — a proportional construction.
μᾶλλονmorecomparative adverbμᾶλλον: 'more, rather'; intensifies the encouragement.
ὅσῳasDativedat. of degree (correlative with τοσούτῳ)ὅσος: 'as much as'; the second member of the proportion.
βλέπετεyou seePres Act Indic 2 Pl · βλέπωmain verb of comparative clause→ present (ongoing perception)βλέπω: 'see, perceive'; they can discern the approaching Day in present signs.
ἐγγίζουσανdrawing nearPres Act Ptc · Acc Sg Fem · ἐγγίζωsupplementary participle (with βλέπετε)→ futuristic/progressive presentἐγγίζω: 'draw near, approach'; the Day is imminent — eschatological motivation for perseverance.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἡμέρανDayAccusativesubject of the participle (acc. with βλέπετε)ἡμέρα: 'day'; 'the Day' — the Day of the Lord, Christ's return and judgment (cf. 1 Cor 3:13).
26

Ἑκουσίως γὰρ ἁμαρτανόντων ἡμῶν μετὰ τὸ λαβεῖν τὴν ἐπίγνωσιν τῆς ἀληθείας, οὐκέτι περὶ ἁμαρτιῶν ἀπολείπεται θυσία,

For if we sin deliberately after receiving the knowledge of the truth, there no longer remains a sacrifice for sins,

Warning: the gravity of apostasyγάρThe exhortation darkens into warning (γάρ grounding the urgency of v.25). To sin willfully — deliberate, settled apostasy after knowing the truth — leaves no further sacrifice, since the one final offering has already been spurned.
Ἑκουσίωςdeliberately / willfullyadverb (manner, emphatic position)ἑκουσίως: 'willingly, deliberately'; high-handed, intentional sin (cf. Num 15:30–31, the 'sin with a high hand'), not weakness or ignorance.
γὰρforexplanatory/causal conjunction
ἁμαρτανόντωνsinningPres Act Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · ἁμαρτάνωgenitive absolute (conditional)→ present (continual/habitual)ἁμαρτάνω: 'sin, miss the mark'; the present marks persistent, ongoing willful sinning — a settled course, not a single lapse.
ἡμῶνweGenitivesubject of genitive absolute
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (temporal)
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with articular infinitive)
λαβεῖνreceivingAor Act Inf · λαμβάνωarticular infinitive (with μετά, temporal)→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: 'receive, take'; μετὰ τὸ λαβεῖν = 'after receiving' — the sin follows full reception of the truth.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἐπίγνωσινknowledgeAccusativedirect object of λαβεῖνἐπίγνωσις: 'full/precise knowledge' (ἐπί-intensive of γνῶσις); not mere acquaintance but recognized truth — making the rejection culpable.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
ἀληθείαςtruthGenitiveobjective genitive (knowledge of the truth)ἀλήθεια: 'truth'; the gospel reality, knowingly abandoned.
οὐκέτιno longeradverb (negation of continuation)οὐκέτι: 'no longer'; pointedly echoes v.18 — but where there forgiveness made offering needless, here apostasy makes it absent.
περὶforpreposition + genitive (idiom)
ἁμαρτιῶνsinsGenitiveobject of περί (idiom: 'for sins')ἁμαρτία: 'sin'; no sacrifice περὶ ἁμαρτιῶν remains for the apostate.
ἀπολείπεταιremains / is leftPres Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀπολείπωmain verb→ stative presentἀπολείπω: 'leave behind, leave remaining'; no further offering is left — Christ's was the last and only one.
θυσίαa sacrificeNominativesubject of ἀπολείπεταιθυσία: 'sacrifice'; to reject the one sacrifice is to have none.
27

φοβερὰ δέ τις ἐκδοχὴ κρίσεως καὶ πυρὸς ζῆλος ἐσθίειν μέλλοντος τοὺς ὑπεναντίους.

but a certain fearful expectation of judgment, and a fury of fire that will consume the adversaries.

The alternative that remainsδέWhat does remain in place of a sacrifice: only dread expectation of judgment and a fiery zeal destined to consume God's adversaries. The apostate stands among the ὑπεναντίοι — the enemies, not the household.
φοβερὰfearfulNominativeattributive/predicate adjective (fronted)φοβερός: 'fearful, terrifying' (from φόβος); a keyword of the warning (cf. v.31; 12:21).
δέbutadversative conjunctionδέ: 'but'; sets the dread expectation against the absent sacrifice.
τιςa certainNominativeindefinite adjective (with ἐκδοχή)τις: 'a certain'; intensifies — 'a fearful something,' beyond easy description.
ἐκδοχὴexpectationNominativesubject (verbless: 'there remains')ἐκδοχή: 'expectation, awaiting' (cognate with ἐκδέχομαι, v.13); here dreadful anticipation of judgment.
κρίσεωςof judgmentGenitiveobjective genitive (expectation of judgment)κρίσις: 'judgment, condemnation'; the awaited verdict (cf. 9:27).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πυρὸςof fireGenitiveattributive/objective genitive (with ζῆλος)πῦρ: 'fire'; the consuming fire of judgment (cf. 12:29; Isa 26:11, alluded to here).
ζῆλοςzeal / furyNominativesubject (coordinate)ζῆλος: 'zeal, jealousy, fervor'; here the blazing 'fury' of fire — God's jealous wrath imaged as flame.
ἐσθίεινto consume / devourPres Act Inf · ἐσθίωcomplementary infinitive (with μέλλοντος)→ present (durative)ἐσθίω: 'eat, devour'; the fire 'eats up' the adversaries — vivid imagery of destruction.
μέλλοντοςabout toPres Act Ptc · Gen Sg Neut · μέλλωattributive participle (with πυρός)→ futuristic presentμέλλω: 'be about to'; the fire is poised to consume — certain, impending judgment.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
ὑπεναντίουςadversariesAccusativedirect object of ἐσθίεινὑπεναντίος: 'opposed, adversary' (ὑπό + ἐναντίος); God's opponents — among whom the apostate now numbers.
28

ἀθετήσας τις νόμον Μωϋσέως χωρὶς οἰκτιρμῶν ἐπὶ δυσὶν ἢ τρισὶν μάρτυσιν ἀποθνῄσκει·

Anyone who has set aside the law of Moses dies without mercy on the testimony of two or three witnesses.

Argument from the lesser (a fortiori, premise)asyndetonAn a fortiori (qal wahomer) argument begins: under Moses' law, rejection brought merciless death on two or three witnesses (Deut 17:6). This is the lesser case, setting up the greater in v.29.
ἀθετήσαςhaving set asideAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀθετέωsubstantival/conditional participle (subject)→ constative aoristἀθετέω: 'set aside, reject, nullify' (ἀ- + τίθημι); to treat the law as void — deliberate repudiation.
τιςanyoneNominativesubject (indefinite pronoun)τις: 'someone, anyone'; the generic transgressor.
νόμονlawAccusativedirect object of ἀθετήσαςνόμος: 'law'; the Mosaic law, here as covenant obligation.
Μωϋσέωςof MosesGenitivegenitive of source/authorΜωϋσῆς: Moses; the mediator of the first covenant (cf. 3:2–5).
χωρὶςwithoutpreposition + genitive (separation)χωρίς: 'apart from, without'; no clemency is granted.
οἰκτιρμῶνmercy / compassionGenitiveobject of χωρίςοἰκτιρμός: 'compassion, pity'; the offender dies without any mercy.
ἐπὶon (the testimony of)preposition + dative (basis/evidence)ἐπί + dat.: 'on the basis of'; the legal evidentiary standard.
δυσὶνtwoDativeattributive numeral (with μάρτυσιν)δύο: 'two'; the minimum required witnesses (Deut 17:6; 19:15).
ordisjunctive conjunction
τρισὶνthreeDativeattributive numeral (with μάρτυσιν)τρεῖς: 'three'; the corroborating testimony.
μάρτυσινwitnessesDativedat. with ἐπί (basis of condemnation)μάρτυς: 'witness'; legal witnesses establishing the capital charge.
ἀποθνῄσκειdiesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb→ gnomic presentἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; the gnomic present states the law's standing penalty — capital death.
29

πόσῳ δοκεῖτε χείρονος ἀξιωθήσεται τιμωρίας ὁ τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ θεοῦ καταπατήσας, καὶ τὸ αἷμα τῆς διαθήκης κοινὸν ἡγησάμενος ἐν ᾧ ἡγιάσθη, καὶ τὸ πνεῦμα τῆς χάριτος ἐνυβρίσας;

How much worse punishment, do you think, will he deserve who has trampled the Son of God, and has regarded as common the blood of the covenant by which he was sanctified, and has insulted the Spirit of grace?

Argument from the lesser to the greater (conclusion)asyndetonThe a fortiori conclusion: if rejecting Moses' law brought death, how much greater the punishment for spurning the Son. Three escalating crimes — trampling the Son, profaning the covenant blood, insulting the Spirit — name the full Trinitarian outrage of apostasy.
πόσῳhow muchDativedat. of degree of difference (with χείρονος)πόσος: 'how much/great'; the a fortiori 'how much more' — measuring the greater guilt.
δοκεῖτεdo you thinkPres Act Indic 2 Pl · δοκέωmain verb (parenthetical appeal)→ present (direct appeal)δοκέω: 'think, suppose'; a rhetorical appeal directly to the readers' judgment.
χείρονοςworseGenitiveattributive comparative adjective (with τιμωρίας)χείρων: 'worse' (comparative of κακός); a graver penalty than death.
ἀξιωθήσεταιwill be deemed worthy ofFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀξιόωmain verb→ predictive futureἀξιόω: 'deem worthy, count deserving'; here ironically — 'deserve' the worse punishment.
τιμωρίαςpunishmentGenitivegenitive object of ἀξιωθήσεταιτιμωρία: 'punishment, retribution' (orig. 'vindication of honor'); penal retribution for the insult to God.
the (one)Nominativearticle (substantizes ptc.; subject)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
υἱὸνSonAccusativedirect object of καταπατήσαςυἱός: 'Son'; the Son of God himself, trampled by the apostate.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive of relationship
καταπατήσαςhaving trampledAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · καταπατέωsubstantival participle (first crime)→ constative aoristκαταπατέω: 'trample underfoot' (κατά + πατέω); utter contempt — treading on the Son as worthless.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὸtheAccusativearticle
αἷμαbloodAccusativedirect object of ἡγησάμενοςαἷμα: 'blood'; the covenant-ratifying blood of Christ (cf. v.19; 9:20; Ex 24:8).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
διαθήκηςcovenantGenitiveattributive/possessive genitiveδιαθήκη: 'covenant'; the blood that inaugurated the new covenant (cf. vv.16–17).
κοινὸνcommon / uncleanAccusativepredicate accusative (object complement)κοινός: 'common, profane, ritually unclean'; to count the sacred blood as ordinary — sacrilege.
ἡγησάμενοςhaving regardedAor Mid Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἡγέομαιsubstantival participle (second crime)→ constative aoristἡγέομαι: 'consider, regard, count'; the apostate's verdict on the blood — 'merely common.'
ἐνbypreposition + dative (means)
whichDativerelative pronoun (means; antecedent αἷμα)ὅς: relative; 'by which (blood) he was sanctified.'
ἡγιάσθηhe was sanctifiedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἁγιάζωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristἁγιάζω: 'sanctify, consecrate'; he had been set apart by this very blood — making the contempt the more heinous (the subject may be the apostate or, less likely, Christ).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὸtheAccusativearticle
πνεῦμαSpiritAccusativedirect object of ἐνυβρίσαςπνεῦμα: 'Spirit'; the Holy Spirit (cf. v.15), here insulted.
τῆςofGenitivearticle
χάριτοςgraceGenitiveattributive genitive (the Spirit who bestows grace)χάρις: 'grace'; the Spirit characterized by/mediating grace (cf. Zech 12:10) — grace itself insulted.
ἐνυβρίσαςhaving insulted / outragedAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἐνυβρίζωsubstantival participle (third crime)→ constative aoristἐνυβρίζω: 'insult outrageously, treat with contempt' (ἐν + ὕβρις); the climactic crime — wanton affront to the Spirit of grace.
30

οἴδαμεν γὰρ τὸν εἰπόντα· Ἐμοὶ ἐκδίκησις, ἐγὼ ἀνταποδώσω· καὶ πάλιν· Κρινεῖ κύριος τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ.

For we know him who said, "Vengeance is mine, I will repay," and again, "The Lord will judge his people."

Scriptural ground for the warning (Deut 32)γάρThe warning is grounded (γάρ) in God's own character as Judge, confirmed by two lines from the Song of Moses (Deut 32:35–36). The God who claims vengeance and judges his people is the One the apostate must reckon with.
οἴδαμενwe knowPerf Act Indic 1 Pl · οἶδαmain verb (perfect with present sense)→ stative perfect (settled knowledge)οἶδα: 'know' (perfect with present meaning); shared, settled knowledge of who God is.
γὰρforexplanatory/causal conjunction
τὸνthe (one)Accusativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
εἰπόνταwho saidAor Act Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · λέγωsubstantival participle (object of οἴδαμεν)→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say'; 'the One who said' — God, identified by his own words.
Ἐμοὶto me / mineDativedat. of possession (emphatic, fronted)ἐγώ: 'I, me'; emphatic — vengeance belongs to God alone.
ἐκδίκησιςvengeanceNominativesubject (verbless: 'vengeance is mine')ἐκδίκησις: 'vengeance, retribution, vindication of justice'; God's prerogative (Deut 32:35; cf. Rom 12:19).
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)ἐγώ: 'I'; emphatic — God himself will act.
ἀνταποδώσωI will repayFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀνταποδίδωμιmain verb (within citation)→ predictive futureἀνταποδίδωμι: 'pay back, recompense' (ἀντί + ἀποδίδωμι); full requital — God will repay in kind.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πάλινagainadverb (introduces second citation)πάλιν: 'again'; a formula linking a second proof-text (cf. 1:5; 2:13).
Κρινεῖwill judgeFut Act Indic 3 Sg · κρίνωmain verb (within citation)→ predictive futureκρίνω: 'judge'; the Lord will execute judgment — here on his own covenant people, not only outsiders.
κύριοςthe LordNominativesubjectκύριος: 'Lord'; YHWH the Judge (Deut 32:36).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
λαὸνpeopleAccusativedirect object of κρινεῖλαός: 'people'; God's own people — covenant membership is no exemption from judgment.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
31

φοβερὸν τὸ ἐμπεσεῖν εἰς χεῖρας θεοῦ ζῶντος.

It is a fearful thing to fall into the hands of the living God.

Conclusion of the warningasyndetonThe warning's solemn climax, an aphorism: to fall under the judgment of the living God is terrifying. φοβερόν (v.27) returns as an inclusio; the 'living' God is precisely the one who acts in real judgment.
φοβερὸνfearfulNominativepredicate adjective (fronted, emphatic)φοβερός: 'fearful, dreadful'; frames the warning with v.27 — a terrifying prospect.
τὸtheNominativearticle (with articular infinitive)
ἐμπεσεῖνto fallAor Act Inf · ἐμπίπτωarticular infinitive (subject of the clause)→ constative aoristἐμπίπτω: 'fall into' (ἐν + πίπτω); to fall helplessly into God's grasp for judgment.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)
χεῖραςhandsAccusativeobject of εἰςχείρ: 'hand'; God's hands of judgment — power to punish (cf. 2 Sam 24:14).
θεοῦof GodGenitivepossessive genitiveθεός: 'God'; the Judge whose hands are inescapable.
ζῶντοςlivingPres Act Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · ζάωattributive participle→ present (ongoing characteristic)ζάω: 'live'; 'the living God' (cf. 3:12; 9:14) — not a lifeless idol but the active, judging God.
32

Ἀναμιμνῄσκεσθε δὲ τὰς πρότερον ἡμέρας, ἐν αἷς φωτισθέντες πολλὴν ἄθλησιν ὑπεμείνατε παθημάτων,

But remember the former days, in which, after you were enlightened, you endured a hard struggle of sufferings,

Encouragement: appeal to past enduranceδέThe tone turns from warning to encouragement (δέ). The author appeals to the readers' own track record: in the early days after conversion they endured a great contest of sufferings — proof they can endure again.
Ἀναμιμνῄσκεσθεremember / recallPres Mid Impv 2 Pl · ἀναμιμνῄσκωimperative (main exhortation)→ present (continual)ἀναμιμνῄσκω: 'remind, recall to mind' (ἀνά + μιμνῄσκω); call the past deliberately to memory.
δὲbuttransitional/contrastive conjunctionδέ: 'but, now'; turns from the warning to warm encouragement.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
πρότερονformer / earlieradverb (used adjectivally with ἡμέρας)πρότερον: 'earlier, formerly'; the early days of their faith.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativedirect object of ἀναμιμνῄσκεσθεἡμέρα: 'day'; 'the former days' — their initial period of testing.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (time)
αἷςwhichDativerelative pronoun (temporal; antecedent ἡμέρας)
φωτισθέντεςhaving been enlightenedAor Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · φωτίζωtemporal/antecedent participle (after enlightenment)→ constative aoristφωτίζω: 'illumine, enlighten'; of conversion/baptism (cf. 6:4) — coming to the light of the gospel.
πολλὴνmuch / hardAccusativeattributive adjective (with ἄθλησιν)πολύς: 'much, great'; the severity of the contest.
ἄθλησινstruggle / contestAccusativedirect object of ὑπεμείνατεἄθλησις: 'contest, struggle' (athletic imagery, whence 'athlete'); the hard 'bout' of persecution endured.
ὑπεμείνατεyou enduredAor Act Indic 2 Pl · ὑπομένωmain verb of relative clause→ constative aoristὑπομένω: 'endure, remain under, stand firm' (ὑπό + μένω); steadfast endurance under pressure — the keyword of the section (cf. ὑπομονή, v.36).
παθημάτωνof sufferingsGenitiveobjective/descriptive genitive (with ἄθλησιν)πάθημα: 'suffering, affliction'; the sufferings constituting the contest (cf. 2:9–10).
33

τοῦτο μὲν ὀνειδισμοῖς τε καὶ θλίψεσιν θεατριζόμενοι, τοῦτο δὲ κοινωνοὶ τῶν οὕτως ἀναστρεφομένων γενηθέντες·

partly by being made a public spectacle through reproaches and afflictions, and partly by becoming partners with those who were so treated.

Specification of the suffering (two ways)τοῦτο μέν … τοῦτο δέThe contest took two forms (τοῦτο μέν … τοῦτο δέ): directly, they were publicly exposed to insult and affliction; and indirectly, they stood in solidarity with others so treated. Both personal endurance and sympathetic partnership are commended.
τοῦτοin this (partly)Accusativeadverbial accusative (τοῦτο μέν = 'on the one hand')οὗτος: in the idiom τοῦτο μέν ... τοῦτο δέ, 'partly ... partly.'
μὲνon the one handparticle (correlative with δέ)μέν: first member of the correlation.
ὀνειδισμοῖςreproachesDativedat. of means (with θεατριζόμενοι)ὀνειδισμός: 'reproach, insult, public disgrace'; verbal abuse for the faith (cf. 11:26; 13:13).
τεbothconnective particle (τε ... καί)τε: 'and'; τε ... καί joins reproaches and afflictions closely.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
θλίψεσινafflictionsDativedat. of meansθλῖψις: 'affliction, tribulation, pressure' (lit. 'crushing'); concrete hardships, not merely words.
θεατριζόμενοιbeing made a spectaclePres Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · θεατρίζωcircumstantial participle (means/manner)→ present (during the contest)θεατρίζω: 'expose publicly, make a spectacle of' (from θέατρον, 'theater'); held up to public shame (cf. 1 Cor 4:9).
τοῦτοin this (partly)Accusativeadverbial accusative (τοῦτο δέ = 'on the other hand')οὗτος: second member of the τοῦτο μέν ... τοῦτο δέ correlation.
δὲon the other handparticle (correlative with μέν)δέ: completes the correlation.
κοινωνοὶpartners / sharersNominativepredicate nominative (with γενηθέντες)κοινωνός: 'partner, sharer, companion'; they made common cause with the persecuted (cf. v.34).
τῶνof thoseGenitivearticle (substantizes ptc.)
οὕτωςthus / soadverb (manner)οὕτως: 'in this way'; 'those treated thus' — i.e. with reproach and affliction.
ἀναστρεφομένωνbeing treated / livingPres Pass Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · ἀναστρέφωsubstantival participle (object of κοινωνοί)→ present (ongoing)ἀναστρέφω: 'conduct oneself, live'; in passive, 'those so dealt with' — fellow sufferers.
γενηθέντεςhaving becomeAor Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · γίνομαιcircumstantial participle (means/manner)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'become'; they became partners — chosen solidarity with the afflicted.
34

καὶ γὰρ τοῖς δεσμίοις συνεπαθήσατε, καὶ τὴν ἁρπαγὴν τῶν ὑπαρχόντων ὑμῶν μετὰ χαρᾶς προσεδέξασθε, γινώσκοντες ἔχειν ἑαυτοὺς κρείττονα ὕπαρξιν καὶ μένουσαν.

For you both showed sympathy to the prisoners and accepted with joy the plundering of your possessions, knowing that you yourselves have a better and abiding possession.

Evidence of the partnershipκαὶ γάρConcrete proof of their endurance and solidarity: they sympathized with prisoners and even welcomed the seizure of their goods — joyfully, because they knew of a better, lasting possession. Faith's view of an enduring reward transfigures present loss.
καὶindeed / bothadjunctive (καὶ γάρ = 'for indeed')καὶ γάρ: 'for indeed, for also'; introduces confirming evidence.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
τοῖςtheDativearticle
δεσμίοιςprisonersDativedat. of object (with συνεπαθήσατε)δέσμιος: 'prisoner, captive' (from δεσμός, 'bond'); those jailed for the faith (cf. 13:3).
συνεπαθήσατεyou sympathizedAor Act Indic 2 Pl · συμπαθέωmain verb→ constative aoristσυμπαθέω: 'sympathize, suffer with' (σύν + πάσχω); fellow-feeling shown to the imprisoned (cf. 4:15 of Christ).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἁρπαγὴνplundering / seizureAccusativedirect object of προσεδέξασθεἁρπαγή: 'seizure, plunder, robbery' (from ἁρπάζω, 'snatch'); confiscation of their property.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (substantizes ptc.)
ὑπαρχόντωνpossessions / goodsPres Act Ptc · Gen Pl Neut · ὑπάρχωsubstantival participle (objective genitive)→ present (ongoing)ὑπάρχω: 'be, belong'; τὰ ὑπάρχοντα = 'belongings, property' — their material goods.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivepossessive genitive
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (manner)
χαρᾶςjoyGenitiveobject of μετά (manner)χαρά: 'joy'; the paradoxical gladness of those who count loss as gain (cf. Mt 5:12).
προσεδέξασθεyou accepted / welcomedAor Mid Indic 2 Pl · προσδέχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristπροσδέχομαι: 'receive, welcome, accept'; they took the loss willingly, even gladly.
γινώσκοντεςknowingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · γινώσκωcausal participle (ground of the joy)→ present (ongoing awareness)γινώσκω: 'know'; the knowledge that made joy possible — awareness of the better possession.
ἔχεινto havePres Act Inf · ἔχωinfinitive in indirect discourse (with γινώσκοντες)→ stative presentἔχω: 'have, possess'; 'that they have' — the content of their knowledge.
ἑαυτοὺςyourselvesAccusativeaccusative subject of ἔχειν (reflexive)ἑαυτοῦ: reflexive 'themselves/yourselves'; the subject of the indirect statement.
κρείττοναbetterAccusativeattributive comparative adjectiveκρείττων: 'better, superior' (comparative); the signature Hebrews word — a superior possession (cf. 7:19; 8:6).
ὕπαρξινpossessionAccusativedirect object of ἔχεινὕπαρξις: 'property, possession, substance'; a heavenly, lasting estate replacing the plundered earthly goods.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
μένουσανabiding / lastingPres Act Ptc · Acc Sg Fem · μένωattributive participle (with ὕπαρξιν)→ present (enduring characteristic)μένω: 'remain, abide'; the possession that endures (cf. 13:14) — unlike confiscated goods.
35

μὴ ἀποβάλητε οὖν τὴν παρρησίαν ὑμῶν, ἥτις ἔχει μεγάλην μισθαποδοσίαν.

Do not therefore cast away your boldness, which has a great reward.

Exhortation drawn from the pastοὖνThe inference (οὖν) from their proven endurance: do not now throw away the very confidence that carried them — it carries a great reward. παρρησία links back to v.19; the boldness of access must not be surrendered.
μὴnotnegative (with aorist subjunctive of prohibition)
ἀποβάλητεcast away / throw offAor Act Subj 2 Pl · ἀποβάλλωprohibitory subjunctive (μή + aor. subj.)→ ingressive aorist (prohibition)ἀποβάλλω: 'throw away, cast off' (ἀπό + βάλλω); do not discard your confidence as a worthless thing.
οὖνthereforeinferential conjunctionοὖν: 'therefore'; draws the exhortation from vv.32–34.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
παρρησίανboldness / confidenceAccusativedirect object of ἀποβάλητεπαρρησία: 'boldness, confidence'; resumes v.19 — confident assurance before God, not to be abandoned.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivepossessive genitive
ἥτιςwhichNominativequalitative relative pronoun (subject)ὅστις: 'which (very thing)'; characterizes the confidence by its reward.
ἔχειhasPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔχωverb of relative clause→ stative presentἔχω: 'have, hold'; the confidence carries a reward with it.
μεγάληνgreatAccusativeattributive adjectiveμέγας: 'great'; the magnitude of the recompense.
μισθαποδοσίανreward / recompenseAccusativedirect object of ἔχειμισθαποδοσία: 'payment of wages, recompense' (μισθός + ἀποδίδωμι); reward for faithfulness (cf. 11:26; contrast 2:2).
36

ὑπομονῆς γὰρ ἔχετε χρείαν ἵνα τὸ θέλημα τοῦ θεοῦ ποιήσαντες κομίσησθε τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν.

For you have need of endurance, so that having done the will of God you may receive the promise.

Ground: the need of enduranceγάρWhy not cast away confidence: endurance is exactly what they need to reach the goal. Doing God's will (the very phrase of v.7) and then patiently waiting is the path to receiving the promise — perseverance, not mere initial faith, secures the inheritance.
ὑπομονῆςenduranceGenitivegenitive object of χρείαν ἔχετεὑπομονή: 'endurance, perseverance, steadfastness'; the cardinal virtue of the section (cf. ὑπεμείνατε, v.32) — patient remaining-under.
γὰρforexplanatory/causal conjunction
ἔχετεyou havePres Act Indic 2 Pl · ἔχωmain verb→ stative presentἔχω: 'have'; ἔχετε χρείαν = 'you have need.'
χρείανneedAccusativedirect object of ἔχετεχρεία: 'need, necessity'; what they require to finish the race.
ἵναso thatconjunction (purpose/result)ἵνα: 'in order that'; the goal endurance serves.
τὸtheAccusativearticle
θέλημαwillAccusativedirect object of ποιήσαντεςθέλημα: 'will'; deliberately echoes vv.7–10 — believers, like Christ, do God's will.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivepossessive/subjective genitiveθεός: 'God'; whose will, done, leads to the promise.
ποιήσαντεςhaving doneAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ποιέωantecedent temporal participle (before κομίσησθε)→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do, accomplish'; doing God's will precedes receiving the promise.
κομίσησθεyou may receiveAor Mid Subj 2 Pl · κομίζωsubjunctive (purpose, with ἵνα)→ constative aoristκομίζω (mid.): 'receive, obtain, carry off (for oneself)'; to receive the promised reward (cf. 11:39).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἐπαγγελίανpromiseAccusativedirect object of κομίσησθεἐπαγγελία: 'promise'; the promised inheritance/salvation, the goal of endurance (cf. 6:12; 11:13).
37

ἔτι γὰρ μικρὸν ὅσον ὅσον, ὁ ἐρχόμενος ἥξει καὶ οὐ χρονίσει·

For yet "a very little while, and the Coming One will come and will not delay;

Scriptural ground (Hab 2:3–4)γάρThe need for endurance is grounded (γάρ) in the brevity of the wait. Drawing on Isaiah 26:20 and Habakkuk 2:3, the author promises that 'the Coming One' will arrive without delay — the same Habakkuk text that anchors Romans 1:17 and Galatians 3:11.
ἔτιyet / stilladverb (time)ἔτι: 'yet, still'; 'yet a little while' — the remaining short interval.
γὰρforexplanatory/causal conjunction
μικρὸνa little (while)Accusativeadverbial accusative (of time)μικρός: 'small, little'; here of time — a brief span (echoing Isa 26:20 LXX).
ὅσονhow (very)Accusativeintensifying idiom (ὅσον ὅσον = 'very')ὅσος: in the doubled idiom ὅσον ὅσον, 'a very little, just a tiny bit' — emphasizing extreme brevity.
ὅσον(very) littleAccusativeintensifying idiom (repetition for emphasis)ὅσος: the repetition intensifies — 'how very little a while.'
the (one)Nominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
ἐρχόμενοςcoming onePres Mid Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἔρχομαιsubstantival participle (subject)→ futuristic presentἔρχομαι: 'come'; ὁ ἐρχόμενος, 'the Coming One' — a messianic title (cf. Mt 11:3), here Christ at his return (the article personalizes Habakkuk's neuter 'vision').
ἥξειwill comeFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἥκωmain verb→ predictive futureἥκω: 'come, arrive'; the certain future advent.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οὐnotnegative particle
χρονίσειwill delay / tarryFut Act Indic 3 Sg · χρονίζωmain verb→ predictive futureχρονίζω: 'take time, delay, tarry' (from χρόνος); he 'will not linger' — the coming is sure and timely.
38

ὁ δὲ δίκαιός μου ἐκ πίστεως ζήσεται, καὶ ἐὰν ὑποστείληται, οὐκ εὐδοκεῖ ἡ ψυχή μου ἐν αὐτῷ.

but my righteous one shall live by faith, and if he shrinks back, my soul has no pleasure in him."

Scriptural ground (Hab 2:4)δέThe decisive citation of Habakkuk 2:4: the righteous lives by faith — but God takes no pleasure in the one who shrinks back. Two ways are set out — faith unto life, or apostate withdrawal — preparing the final summary of v.39 and the faith-chapter to follow.
theNominativearticle
δὲbutadversative/connective conjunctionδέ: 'but'; sets the life of faith against the delay just denied, and against shrinking back.
δίκαιόςrighteous oneNominativesubjectδίκαιος: 'righteous, just'; the righteous person, who lives by faith (Hab 2:4 — central to Pauline theology, Rom 1:17; Gal 3:11).
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive (God's righteous one)ἐγώ: 'my'; the LXX placement makes the righteous one God's own — 'my righteous one.'
ἐκby / frompreposition + genitive (source/basis)
πίστεωςfaithGenitiveobject of ἐκ (source/basis of life)πίστις: 'faith, faithfulness'; the principle of true life — ἐκ πίστεως, 'by faith.'
ζήσεταιshall liveFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ζάωmain verb→ predictive futureζάω: 'live'; the righteous one will have true, lasting life through faith.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐὰνifconjunction (conditional, with subjunctive)ἐάν: 'if'; introduces the contrary possibility — shrinking back.
ὑποστείληταιhe shrinks backAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · ὑποστέλλωsubjunctive (protasis of 3rd-class condition)→ ingressive aoristὑποστέλλω: 'draw back, shrink, withdraw' (in fear or cowardice); apostate retreat — the antithesis of faith and endurance (cf. v.39).
οὐκnotnegative particle
εὐδοκεῖtakes pleasurePres Act Indic 3 Sg · εὐδοκέωmain verb (apodosis)→ gnomic presentεὐδοκέω: 'be pleased, delight in'; God finds no delight in the deserter (the same verb as vv.6, 8, now of persons).
theNominativearticle
ψυχήsoulNominativesubject of εὐδοκεῖψυχή: 'soul, self, life'; 'my soul' = God himself, a Semitic idiom for the whole self.
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive
ἐνinpreposition + dative (object of pleasure)
αὐτῷhimDativeobject of ἐν (the one God is displeased with)
39

ἡμεῖς δὲ οὐκ ἐσμὲν ὑποστολῆς εἰς ἀπώλειαν, ἀλλὰ πίστεως εἰς περιποίησιν ψυχῆς.

But we are not of those who shrink back to destruction, but of those who have faith to the preserving of the soul.

Confident conclusion / transition to ch. 11δέA pastoral conclusion expressing confidence and identifying author and readers with the faithful, not the apostate. The contrast 'shrinking back unto destruction' vs. 'faith unto the soul's preservation' resolves the warning on a hopeful note and the word πίστις launches the great roll-call of faith in chapter 11.
ἡμεῖςweNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)ἡμεῖς: 'we'; emphatic — author and readers placed firmly among the faithful.
δὲbutadversative conjunctionδέ: 'but'; contrasts 'we' with the one who shrinks back (v.38).
οὐκnotnegative particle
ἐσμὲνwe arePres Act Indic 1 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (copula with predicate genitive)→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be'; 'we are (people) of ...' — a genitive of class/characteristic follows.
ὑποστολῆςshrinking backGenitivepredicate genitive of class/qualityὑποστολή: 'shrinking back, timid withdrawal' (cognate with ὑποστείληται, v.38); the apostate disposition — not ours.
εἰςto / untopreposition + accusative (result/goal)
ἀπώλειανdestructionAccusativeobject of εἰς (the end of shrinking back)ἀπώλεια: 'destruction, ruin, perdition' (from ἀπόλλυμι, 'destroy'); the fatal outcome of apostasy.
ἀλλὰbutstrong adversative conjunctionἀλλά: 'but rather'; the positive alternative.
πίστεωςfaithGenitivepredicate genitive of class/qualityπίστις: 'faith'; the disposition that characterizes 'us' — the keyword that opens ch. 11 ('Now faith is ...').
εἰςto / untopreposition + accusative (result/goal)
περιποίησινpreserving / gainingAccusativeobject of εἰς (the end of faith)περιποίησις: 'preservation, obtaining, possession' (from περιποιέομαι, 'keep safe, acquire'); the saving of the soul, faith's outcome.
ψυχῆςof the soulGenitiveobjective genitive (what is preserved)ψυχή: 'soul, life'; the true self preserved unto salvation (contrast ἀπώλεια).