Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Epistle to the Romans, Chapter 2ΠΡΟΣ ΡΩΜΑΙΟΥΣ Β′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

1

Διὸ ἀναπολόγητος εἶ, ὦ ἄνθρωπε πᾶς ὁ κρίνων· ἐν ᾧ γὰρ κρίνεις τὸν ἕτερον, σεαυτὸν κατακρίνεις, τὰ γὰρ αὐτὰ πράσσεις ὁ κρίνων.

Therefore you are without excuse, O man, everyone who judges; for in that which you judge the other, you condemn yourself, for you who judge practice the same things.

InferenceΔιόDraws the verdict of 1:18–32 onto the one who judges — the head assertion: you are 'without excuse.'
Διὸthereforeinferential conjunction
ἀναπολόγητοςwithout excuseNominativepredicate nominativeCompound ἀ-(neg) + ἀπολογία ('defense'): 'without defense.' In NT only Rom 1:20 & 2:1 — a deliberate echo of 1:20.
εἶyou arePres Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (equative)→ stative present
Oparticle of address
ἄνθρωπεmanVocativevocative of direct addressἄνθρωπος: generic 'human being'; the vocative is diatribe-style rhetorical address ('O man').
πᾶςeveryoneNominativenom. in apposition to vocative
the (one)Nominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
κρίνωνwho judgesPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · κρίνωsubstantival participle→ customary (characteristic)κρίνω: judge / decide / condemn — a wide forensic range; here the censorious 'pass judgment.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative
that whichDativedat. w/ ἐν (relative; 'wherein')
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
κρίνειςyou judgePres Act Indic 2 Sg · κρίνωmain verb (rel. clause)→ gnomic presentκρίνω: judge / decide / condemn — a wide forensic range; here the censorious 'pass judgment.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἕτερονotherAccusativedirect object (substantival adj.)ἕτερος: 'other' (classically 'another of a different kind'; the ἄλλος/ἕτερος distinction is largely blurred in Koine).
σεαυτὸνyourselfAccusativedirect object (reflexive)
κατακρίνειςyou condemnPres Act Indic 2 Sg · κατακρίνωmain verb→ gnomic presentIntensive κατά + κρίνω: 'condemn, give judgment against' — κατά adds the adverse force.
τὰtheAccusativearticle
γὰρforcausal conjunction
αὐτὰsame thingsAccusativedirect object (identity adj.)
πράσσειςyou practicePres Act Indic 2 Sg · πράσσωmain verb→ customary presentπράσσω: do / practice / perform — often habitual action, frequently with a negative tinge; cf. ποιέω.
the (one)Nominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
κρίνωνwho judgesPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · κρίνωsubstantival ptc., in apposition to subject→ customary (characteristic)κρίνω: judge / decide / condemn — a wide forensic range; here the censorious 'pass judgment.'
2

οἴδαμεν δὲ ὅτι τὸ κρίμα τοῦ θεοῦ ἐστιν κατὰ ἀλήθειαν ἐπὶ τοὺς τὰ τοιαῦτα πράσσοντας.

And we know that the judgment of God is according to truth against those who practice such things.

Shared premiseδέCommon ground: God's judgment accords with truth — the basis for the charge.
οἴδαμενwe knowPerf Act Indic 1 Pl (pres. sense) · οἶδαmain verb→ perfect w/ present forceοἶδα: 'know' (perfect form, present sense) — knowledge by reflection/intuition; cf. experiential γινώσκω.
δὲandconnective conjunction
ὅτιthatconjunction (content clause)
τὸtheNominativearticle
κρίμαjudgmentNominativesubjectκρίμα: the verdict / sentence (the -μα 'result' of judging); cf. the process-noun κρίσις.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivesubjective genitive
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ gnomic present
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative
ἀλήθειανtruthAccusativeobject of prep. (standard/norm)ἀλήθεια: 'truth'; κατὰ ἀλήθειαν = 'in accordance with the facts, truly.'
ἐπὶagainstpreposition + accusative
τοὺςthoseAccusativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
τὰtheAccusativearticle
τοιαῦταsuch thingsAccusativedirect object of ptc.
πράσσονταςwho practicePres Act Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · πράσσωsubstantival ptc. (object of ἐπί)→ customary (characteristic)πράσσω: do / practice / perform — often habitual action, frequently with a negative tinge; cf. ποιέω.
3

λογίζῃ δὲ τοῦτο, ὦ ἄνθρωπε ὁ κρίνων τοὺς τὰ τοιαῦτα πράσσοντας καὶ ποιῶν αὐτά, ὅτι σὺ ἐκφεύξῃ τὸ κρίμα τοῦ θεοῦ;

But do you suppose this, O man—you who judge those who practice such things and do them yourself—that you will escape the judgment of God?

Rhetorical questionδέApplies the premise to the hearer: do you suppose you will escape?
λογίζῃdo you supposePres Mid Indic 2 Sg (dep.) · λογίζομαιmain verb (interrogative)→ progressive presentλογίζομαι: 'reckon, calculate, consider' — an accounting term that becomes central in Romans (esp. ch. 4).
δὲbutconnective conjunction
τοῦτοthisAccusativedirect object (anticipatory)
Oparticle of address
ἄνθρωπεmanVocativevocative of direct addressἄνθρωπος: generic 'human being'; the vocative is diatribe-style rhetorical address ('O man').
the (one)Nominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
κρίνωνwho judgesPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · κρίνωsubstantival ptc., in apposition to vocative→ customary (characteristic)κρίνω: judge / decide / condemn — a wide forensic range; here the censorious 'pass judgment.'
τοὺςthoseAccusativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
τὰtheAccusativearticle
τοιαῦταsuch thingsAccusativedirect object of ptc.
πράσσονταςwho practicePres Act Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · πράσσωsubstantival ptc. (object of κρίνων)→ customary (characteristic)πράσσω: do / practice / perform — often habitual action, frequently with a negative tinge; cf. ποιέω.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ποιῶνdoingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ποιέωsubstantival ptc. (coordinate w/ κρίνων)→ customary (characteristic)ποιέω: 'do, make'; here a near-synonym of πράσσω.
αὐτάthemAccusativedirect object of ptc.
ὅτιthatconjunction (epexegetical to τοῦτο)
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic)
ἐκφεύξῃyou will escapeFut Mid Indic 2 Sg (dep.) · ἐκφεύγωmain verb (content clause)→ predictive futureἐκ + φεύγω: 'flee out, escape.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle
κρίμαjudgmentAccusativedirect objectκρίμα: the verdict / sentence (the -μα 'result' of judging); cf. the process-noun κρίσις.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivesubjective genitive
4

ἢ τοῦ πλούτου τῆς χρηστότητος αὐτοῦ καὶ τῆς ἀνοχῆς καὶ τῆς μακροθυμίας καταφρονεῖς, ἀγνοῶν ὅτι τὸ χρηστὸν τοῦ θεοῦ εἰς μετάνοιάν σε ἄγει;

Or do you despise the riches of his kindness and forbearance and patience, not knowing that the kindness of God leads you to repentance?

Alternative questionPresses further: or do you despise the kindness that is meant to lead you to repentance?
ordisjunctive conjunction
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
πλούτουrichesGenitivegenitive direct object (καταφρονέω)πλοῦτος: 'wealth, riches' — metaphorical here for the abundance of God's kindness.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
χρηστότητοςkindnessGenitivegenitive of apposition (epexegetical)χρηστότης: 'kindness, benignity'; cognate with χρηστός (the τὸ χρηστόν of v.4) — a deliberate echo.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
ἀνοχῆςforbearanceGenitivegenitive of apposition (coordinate)ἀνοχή: 'forbearance' — a holding-back / suspension of penalty; in NT only here & Rom 3:26. Cf. μακροθυμία.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
μακροθυμίαςpatienceGenitivegenitive of apposition (coordinate)μακροθυμία: lit. 'long-temperedness' (μακρός + θυμός): patience toward persons — vs. ἀνοχή, restraint of penalty.
καταφρονεῖςyou despisePres Act Indic 2 Sg (+ gen.) · καταφρονέωmain verb (governs genitive)→ progressive presentκατά + φρονέω: 'despise, think down on'; governs the genitive.
ἀγνοῶνnot knowingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀγνοέωadverbial ptc. (causal/manner)→ stative present (ongoing ignorance)ἀ- + (γι)νώσκω/νοέω: 'be ignorant, fail to recognize.'
ὅτιthatconjunction (object clause)
τὸtheNominativearticle
χρηστὸνkindnessNominativesubject (substantival adj.)χρηστός: 'good, kind'; substantival τὸ χρηστόν = 'the kindness/goodness' — wordplay with χρηστότης.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivepossessive/subjective genitive
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)
μετάνοιάνrepentanceAccusativeobject of prep. (goal)μετάνοια: 'change of mind/heart, repentance' (μετά + νοέω, lit. 'afterthought').
σεyouAccusativedirect object
ἄγειleadsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἄγωmain verb→ gnomic presentἄγω: 'lead, bring.'
5

κατὰ δὲ τὴν σκληρότητά σου καὶ ἀμετανόητον καρδίαν θησαυρίζεις σεαυτῷ ὀργὴν ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ὀργῆς καὶ ἀποκαλύψεως δικαιοκρισίας τοῦ θεοῦ

But according to your hardness and unrepentant heart you are storing up for yourself wrath in the day of wrath and of the revelation of the righteous judgment of God,

Consequence · climaxδέContrastive apodosis to vv.1–4: such hardness stores up wrath for the day of judgment.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (cause)
δὲbutcontrastive conjunction
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
σκληρότητάhardnessAccusativeobject of κατάσκληρότης: 'hardness, stubbornness' (σκληρός, 'hard, dry'). Hapax in NT; evokes the LXX 'hard heart.'
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀμετανόητονunrepentantAccusativeattributive adjectiveἀ- + μετανοέω: 'unrepentant, impenitent.' Hapax in NT.
καρδίανheartAccusativeobject of κατά (coordinate)καρδία: 'heart' — the biblical seat of will, mind, and emotion, not feeling alone.
θησαυρίζειςyou store upPres Act Indic 2 Sg · θησαυρίζωmain verb→ progressive presentθησαυρίζω: 'store up, lay up treasure' (cf. θησαυρός) — bitterly ironic here: treasuring up wrath.
σεαυτῷfor yourselfDativedative of (dis)advantage
ὀργὴνwrathAccusativedirect objectὀργή: 'wrath' — settled, judicial indignation (esp. divine); cf. the hotter θυμός.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (time)
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time (object of ἐν)
ὀργῆςof wrathGenitivedescriptive (attributive) genitiveὀργή: 'wrath' — settled, judicial indignation (esp. divine); cf. the hotter θυμός.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀποκαλύψεωςof revelationGenitivedescriptive genitive (coordinate)ἀποκάλυψις: 'unveiling, revelation' (ἀπό + καλύπτω, 'uncover').
δικαιοκρισίαςof righteous judgmentGenitiveobjective genitive (w/ ἀποκαλύψεως)δικαιοκρισία: 'righteous judgment' (δίκαιος + κρίσις) — hapax in NT, stressing the justice of the verdict.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivesubjective/possessive genitive
6

ὃς ἀποδώσει ἑκάστῳ κατὰ τὰ ἔργα αὐτοῦ·

who will repay each one according to his works:

Thesis (OT ground)ὅςRoots the warning in God's character: he repays each according to works (Ps 62:12).
ὃςwhoNominativesubject (relative pronoun)
ἀποδώσειwill repayFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποδίδωμιmain verb (rel. clause)→ predictive futureἀποδίδωμι: 'give back, repay what is due' — recompense language echoing Ps 62:12 / Prov 24:12.
ἑκάστῳto eachDativeindirect objectἕκαστος: 'each one' (distributive).
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (norm)
τὰtheAccusativearticle
ἔργαworksAccusativeobject of κατάἔργον: 'work, deed.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
7

τοῖς μὲν καθ’ ὑπομονὴν ἔργου ἀγαθοῦ δόξαν καὶ τιμὴν καὶ ἀφθαρσίαν ζητοῦσιν ζωὴν αἰώνιον,

to those who by perseverance in good work seek glory and honor and immortality, eternal life;

Development — destiny AμένFirst branch: to the persevering doers of good — glory, honor, eternal life.
τοῖςto thoseDativearticle; dative indirect object (implied verb)
μὲνon one handcorrelative particle (w/ δέ v.8)
καθ'bypreposition + accusative (manner)
ὑπομονὴνperseveranceAccusativeobject of κατάὑπομονή: 'endurance, steadfast perseverance' (ὑπό + μένω, 'remain under') — active constancy, not resignation.
ἔργουof workGenitivegenitive of referenceἔργον: 'work, deed.'
ἀγαθοῦgoodGenitiveattributive adjectiveἀγαθός: 'good' (intrinsically); cf. καλός.
δόξανgloryAccusativedirect object of ζητοῦσινδόξα: 'glory, honor, splendor' — LXX for Heb. kābôd ('weight, honor').
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τιμὴνhonorAccusativedirect object (coordinate)τιμή: 'honor, value, price.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀφθαρσίανimmortalityAccusativedirect object (coordinate)ἀφθαρσία: 'incorruptibility, immortality' (ἀ- + φθείρω, 'to perish').
ζητοῦσινwho seekPres Act Ptc · Dat Pl Masc · ζητέωsubstantival ptc. (explains τοῖς)→ customary presentζητέω: 'seek, strive after.'
ζωὴνlifeAccusativedirect object of implied ἀποδώσειζωή: 'life'; ζωὴ αἰώνιος ('eternal life') is qualitative as well as unending.
αἰώνιονeternalAccusativeattributive adjectiveαἰώνιος: 'eternal, age-long' (from αἰών, 'age').
8

τοῖς δὲ ἐξ ἐριθείας καὶ ἀπειθοῦσι τῇ ἀληθείᾳ πειθομένοις δὲ τῇ ἀδικίᾳ ὀργὴ καὶ θυμός.

but to those who are of selfish ambition and disobey the truth but obey unrighteousness, wrath and fury.

Development — destiny BδέSecond branch: to the self-seeking who disobey the truth — wrath and fury.
τοῖςto thoseDativearticle; dative indirect object (implied verb)
δὲbutcontrastive conjunction (w/ μέν v.7)
ἐξofpreposition + genitive (source)
ἐριθείαςselfish ambitionGenitiveobject of ἐκ (source/characterization)ἐριθεία: 'selfish ambition, factiousness' (disputed root, assoc. with partisan self-seeking / strife).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀπειθοῦσιwho disobeyPres Act Ptc · Dat Pl Masc · ἀπειθέωsubstantival ptc. (coordinate)→ customary presentἀ- + πείθω: 'disobey, refuse to be persuaded' (+ dat.). Note the wordplay with πειθομένοις.
τῇtheDativearticle
ἀληθείᾳtruthDativedative direct object (ἀπειθέω)ἀλήθεια: 'truth'; κατὰ ἀλήθειαν = 'in accordance with the facts, truly.'
πειθομένοιςwho obeyPres Mid Ptc · Dat Pl Masc · πείθωsubstantival ptc. (coordinate)→ customary presentπείθομαι (mid. of πείθω): 'be persuaded, obey, trust' (+ dat.) — set antithetically against ἀπειθέω.
δὲbutcontrastive conjunction
τῇtheDativearticle
ἀδικίᾳunrighteousnessDativedative direct object (πείθομαι)ἀδικία: 'unrighteousness, injustice' (ἀ- + δίκη).
ὀργὴwrathNominativesubject (of implied verb)ὀργή: 'wrath' — settled, judicial indignation (esp. divine); cf. the hotter θυμός.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
θυμόςfuryNominativesubject (coordinate)θυμός: 'rage, passion' — the heat / outburst of anger, vs. the settled ὀργή; the pair intensifies.
9

θλῖψις καὶ στενοχωρία ἐπὶ πᾶσαν ψυχὴν ἀνθρώπου τοῦ κατεργαζομένου τὸ κακόν, Ἰουδαίου τε πρῶτον καὶ Ἕλληνος·

Tribulation and distress upon every soul of man who works evil, of the Jew first and also of the Greek;

Restatement (chiasm)asyndetonWrath restated, now ordered Jew-then-Greek (B′).
θλῖψιςtribulationNominativesubject (of implied verb)θλῖψις: 'tribulation, pressure' (θλίβω, 'to press / crush').
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
στενοχωρίαdistressNominativesubject (coordinate)στενοχωρία: lit. 'narrowness of space' (στενός + χῶρος): 'distress, being hemmed in' — vivid beside θλῖψις.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative
πᾶσανeveryAccusativeattributive adjective
ψυχὴνsoulAccusativeobject of ἐπίψυχή: 'soul, life, person'; 'every soul' is Hebraic for 'every person.'
ἀνθρώπουof manGenitivegenitive of appositionἄνθρωπος: 'man, person, humankind.'
τοῦthe (one)Genitivearticle (substantizes ptc.)
κατεργαζομένουwho worksPres Mid Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · κατεργάζομαιattributive ptc. (modifies ἀνθρώπου)→ customary presentκατεργάζομαι: 'work out, bring about, accomplish' — κατά gives completive force; cf. ἐργάζομαι.
τὸtheAccusativearticle
κακόνevilAccusativedirect object of ptc. (substantival adj.)κακός: 'bad, evil' (qualitative); τὸ κακόν = 'evil.'
Ἰουδαίουof JewGenitivegenitive in apposition (partitive)Ἰουδαῖος: 'Jew, Judean.'
τεbothcorrelative particle
πρῶτονfirst(adverbial)adverbial accusativeπρῶτον: 'first' — priority in salvation history (cf. 1:16), not mere sequence.
καὶandcorrelative conjunction
Ἕλληνοςof GreekGenitivegenitive in apposition (coordinate)Ἕλλην: 'Greek' — here 'Gentile / non-Jew' generally, not strictly ethnic Greek.
10

δόξα δὲ καὶ τιμὴ καὶ εἰρήνη παντὶ τῷ ἐργαζομένῳ τὸ ἀγαθόν, Ἰουδαίῳ τε πρῶτον καὶ Ἕλληνι·

but glory and honor and peace to everyone who works good, to the Jew first and also to the Greek.

Restatement (chiasm)δέReward restated, Jew-then-Greek (A′): the A–B–B′–A′ pattern frames v.11.
δόξαgloryNominativesubject (of implied verb)δόξα: 'glory, honor, splendor' — LXX for Heb. kābôd ('weight, honor').
δὲbutcontrastive conjunction
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τιμὴhonorNominativesubject (coordinate)τιμή: 'honor, value, price.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἰρήνηpeaceNominativesubject (coordinate)εἰρήνη: 'peace' ≈ Heb. shalom: wholeness / well-being, not just absence of conflict.
παντὶto everyoneDativedative indirect object (substantival adj.)
τῷthe (one)Dativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
ἐργαζομένῳwho worksPres Mid Ptc · Dat Sg Masc · ἐργάζομαιattributive ptc. (modifies παντί)→ customary presentἐργάζομαι: 'work, do, perform.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle
ἀγαθόνgoodAccusativedirect object of ptc. (substantival adj.)ἀγαθός: 'good' (intrinsically); cf. καλός.
Ἰουδαίῳto JewDativedative in apposition (to παντί)Ἰουδαῖος: 'Jew, Judean.'
τεbothcorrelative particle
πρῶτονfirst(adverbial)adverbial accusativeπρῶτον: 'first' — priority in salvation history (cf. 1:16), not mere sequence.
καὶandcorrelative conjunction
Ἕλληνιto GreekDativedative in apposition (coordinate)Ἕλλην: 'Greek' — here 'Gentile / non-Jew' generally, not strictly ethnic Greek.
11

οὐ γάρ ἐστιν προσωπολημψία παρὰ τῷ θεῷ.

For there is no partiality with God.

GroundγάρCaps the unit: there is no partiality with God — the principle behind the two destinies.
οὐnotnegative particle
γάρforexplanatory conjunction
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential)→ gnomic present
προσωπολημψίαpartialityNominativesubjectπροσωπολημψία: 'partiality' — lit. 'face-receiving' (πρόσωπον + λαμβάνω), a Hebraism; effectively a biblical coinage.
παρὰwithpreposition + dative
τῷtheDativearticle
θεῷGodDativeobject of παρά (association)
12

ὅσοι γὰρ ἀνόμως ἥμαρτον, ἀνόμως καὶ ἀπολοῦνται, καὶ ὅσοι ἐν νόμῳ ἥμαρτον, διὰ νόμου κριθήσονται·

For as many as sinned without the law will also perish without the law, and as many as sinned under the law will be judged through the law;

Ground · explanationγάρExtends impartiality to law-status: each is judged by the light he had.
ὅσοιas many asNominativesubject (correlative pronoun)
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
ἀνόμωςwithout law(adverb)adverb of mannerἀνόμως: 'without (the) law, lawlessly' (ἀ- + νόμος) — adverb for Gentiles outside Torah.
ἥμαρτονsinnedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἁμαρτάνωmain verb (constative aorist)→ constative aoristἁμαρτάνω: 'sin, miss the mark.'
ἀνόμωςwithout law(adverb)adverb of mannerἀνόμως: 'without (the) law, lawlessly' (ἀ- + νόμος) — adverb for Gentiles outside Torah.
καὶalsoadverbial conjunction (ascensive)
ἀπολοῦνταιwill perishFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἀπόλλυμιmain verb→ predictive futureἀπόλλυμαι (mid.): 'perish, be ruined / lost' (act. ἀπόλλυμι, 'destroy').
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὅσοιas many asNominativesubject (correlative pronoun)
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
νόμῳlawDativeobject of ἐν (sphere)νόμος: 'law' — here the Mosaic Torah (the governing sense in this section); can also mean 'principle.'
ἥμαρτονsinnedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἁμαρτάνωmain verb→ constative aoristἁμαρτάνω: 'sin, miss the mark.'
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (means)
νόμουlawGenitiveobject of διά (means)νόμος: 'law' — here the Mosaic Torah (the governing sense in this section); can also mean 'principle.'
κριθήσονταιwill be judgedFut Pass Indic 3 Pl · κρίνωmain verb→ predictive futureκρίνω (here passive): 'be judged.'
13

οὐ γὰρ οἱ ἀκροαταὶ νόμου δίκαιοι παρὰ [τῷ] θεῷ, ἀλλ’ οἱ ποιηταὶ νόμου δικαιωθήσονται.

for not the hearers of the law are righteous before God, but the doers of the law will be justified.

SupportγάρSupports v.12: doers, not hearers, of the law are justified.
οὐnotnegative particle
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle (substantizing)
ἀκροαταὶhearersNominativesubjectἀκροατής: 'hearer' (ἀκροάομαι) — evokes the synagogue hearing of Torah; cf. Jas 1:22–23.
νόμουof lawGenitiveobjective genitiveνόμος: 'law' — here the Mosaic Torah (the governing sense in this section); can also mean 'principle.'
δίκαιοιrighteousNominativepredicate nominativeδίκαιος: 'righteous, just.'
παρὰbeforepreposition + dative
[τῷ]theDativearticle (bracketed)
θεῷGodDativeobject of παρά
ἀλλ'butadversative conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle (substantizing)
ποιηταὶdoersNominativesubjectποιητής: 'doer' (also 'maker / poet' in classical Greek); here 'doer of the law.'
νόμουof lawGenitiveobjective genitiveνόμος: 'law' — here the Mosaic Torah (the governing sense in this section); can also mean 'principle.'
δικαιωθήσονταιwill be justifiedFut Pass Indic 3 Pl · δικαιόωmain verb→ predictive futureδικαιόω: 'justify, declare / treat as righteous, vindicate' — forensic; a central Pauline term.
14

ὅταν γὰρ ἔθνη τὰ μὴ νόμον ἔχοντα φύσει τὰ τοῦ νόμου ποιῶσιν, οὗτοι νόμον μὴ ἔχοντες ἑαυτοῖς εἰσιν νόμος·

For whenever Gentiles, who do not have the law, by nature do the things of the law, these, not having the law, are a law to themselves;

Support · illustrationγάρEvidence: Gentiles who by nature do the law are 'a law to themselves.'
ὅτανwhenevertemporal conjunction (indefinite)
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
ἔθνηGentilesNominativesubjectἔθνος (pl. ἔθνη): 'nations, Gentiles'; anarthrous here = 'Gentiles as such.'
τὰthe (ones)Nominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
μὴnotnegative particle (w/ ptc.)
νόμονlawAccusativedirect object of ptc.νόμος: 'law' — here the Mosaic Torah (the governing sense in this section); can also mean 'principle.'
ἔχονταhavingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Neut · ἔχωattributive ptc. (modifies ἔθνη)→ stative present
φύσειby natureDativedative of mannerφύσις: 'nature'; φύσει = 'by nature, instinctively' (whether it modifies 'do' or 'not having' is debated).
τὰthe thingsAccusativearticle (substantizing)
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
νόμουlawGenitivegenitive of referenceνόμος: 'law' — here the Mosaic Torah (the governing sense in this section); can also mean 'principle.'
ποιῶσινthey doPres Act Subj 3 Pl · ποιέωsubjunctive (indefinite temporal clause)→ customary (pres. subj.)ποιέω: 'do, make'; here a near-synonym of πράσσω.
οὗτοιtheseNominativesubject (resumptive demonstrative)
νόμονlawAccusativedirect object of ptc.νόμος: 'law' — here the Mosaic Torah (the governing sense in this section); can also mean 'principle.'
μὴnotnegative particle (w/ ptc.)
ἔχοντεςhavingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἔχωadverbial ptc. (concessive)→ stative present
ἑαυτοῖςto themselvesDativedative of advantage/reference
εἰσινarePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ gnomic present
νόμοςa lawNominativepredicate nominativeνόμος: 'law' — here the Mosaic Torah (the governing sense in this section); can also mean 'principle.'
15

οἵτινες ἐνδείκνυνται τὸ ἔργον τοῦ νόμου γραπτὸν ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις αὐτῶν, συμμαρτυρούσης αὐτῶν τῆς συνειδήσεως καὶ μεταξὺ ἀλλήλων τῶν λογισμῶν κατηγορούντων ἢ καὶ ἀπολογουμένων,

who show the work of the law written in their hearts, their conscience bearing witness with them and, between one another, their thoughts accusing or even defending them,

ElaborationοἵτινεςUnpacks v.14: the law's work is written on the heart; conscience co-testifies.
οἵτινεςwhoNominativesubject (qualitative relative)
ἐνδείκνυνταιshowPres Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἐνδείκνυμιmain verb→ customary presentἐνδείκνυμι (mid.): 'show, demonstrate, give proof of.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle
ἔργονworkAccusativedirect objectἔργον: 'work, deed.'
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
νόμουlawGenitivepossessive/source genitiveνόμος: 'law' — here the Mosaic Torah (the governing sense in this section); can also mean 'principle.'
γραπτὸνwrittenAccusativepredicate adj. (complement to ἔργον)γραπτός: verbal adj. of γράφω, 'written.' Hapax in NT — law on the heart (cf. Jer 31:33) vs. on stone.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)
ταῖςtheDativearticle
καρδίαιςheartsDativeobject of ἐν (sphere)καρδία: 'heart' — the biblical seat of will, mind, and emotion, not feeling alone.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitive
συμμαρτυρούσηςbearing witness withPres Act Ptc · Gen Sg Fem · συμμαρτυρέωgenitive absolute→ progressive presentσυμμαρτυρέω: 'bear witness with / alongside' (σύν + μαρτυρέω).
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitive
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
συνειδήσεωςconscienceGenitivesubject of genitive absoluteσυνείδησις: 'conscience' — lit. 'co-knowing' (σύν + οἶδα); a Hellenistic concept, among Paul's earliest NT uses.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
μεταξὺbetweenimproper prep. + genitiveμεταξύ: 'between, among' (improper preposition + gen.).
ἀλλήλωνone anotherGenitiveobject of μεταξύ (reciprocal)ἀλλήλων: 'one another' (reciprocal pronoun).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
λογισμῶνthoughtsGenitivesubject of genitive absoluteλογισμός: 'thought, reasoning, calculation' (cf. λογίζομαι).
κατηγορούντωνaccusingPres Act Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · κατηγορέωgenitive absolute→ iterative presentκατηγορέω: 'accuse, bring charges' (forensic; κατά + ἀγορεύω) — the courtroom pair with ἀπολογέομαι.
ordisjunctive conjunction
καὶevenadjunctive conjunction
ἀπολογουμένωνdefendingPres Mid Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · ἀπολογέομαιgenitive absolute (coordinate)→ iterative presentἀπολογέομαι: 'defend oneself, make a defense' (cf. ἀπολογία) — counterpart to κατηγορέω.
16

ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ὅτε κρίνει ὁ θεὸς τὰ κρυπτὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων κατὰ τὸ εὐαγγέλιόν μου διὰ Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ.

on the day when God judges the secret things of men according to my gospel through Christ Jesus.

Temporal frameἐν ἡμέρᾳAnchors the judging of vv.12–15 to the eschatological day, 'according to my gospel.'
ἐνonpreposition + dative (time)
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time (object of ἐν)
ὅτεwhentemporal conjunction
κρίνειjudgesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · κρίνωmain verb (futuristic present)→ futuristic presentκρίνω: judge / decide / condemn — a wide forensic range; here the censorious 'pass judgment.'
theNominativearticle
θεὸςGodNominativesubject
τὰtheAccusativearticle
κρυπτὰsecret thingsAccusativedirect object (substantival adj.)κρυπτός: 'hidden, secret' (κρύπτω); τὰ κρυπτά = 'the secret things'; echoed at v.29 (ἐν τῷ κρυπτῷ).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ἀνθρώπωνmenGenitivepossessive genitiveἄνθρωπος: 'man, person, humankind.'
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (norm)
τὸtheAccusativearticle
εὐαγγέλιόνgospelAccusativeobject of κατάεὐαγγέλιον: 'good news, gospel'; 'my gospel' = the message Paul proclaims.
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (agency)
ΧριστοῦChristGenitiveobject of διά (intermediate agent)Χριστός: 'Christ, Anointed One' (= Heb. Messiah).
ἸησοῦJesusGenitivegenitive in apposition (to Χριστοῦ)Ἰησοῦς: 'Jesus' (= Heb. Yēšûaʿ, 'YHWH saves').
17

Εἰ δὲ σὺ Ἰουδαῖος ἐπονομάζῃ καὶ ἐπαναπαύῃ νόμῳ καὶ καυχᾶσαι ἐν θεῷ

But if you are called a Jew and rest on the law and boast in God,

Transition · new protasisΕἰ δέTurns to address the Jew; opens a long conditional that is left grammatically suspended.
Εἰifconditional conjunction (1st-class protasis)
δὲbuttransitional conjunction
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic)
ἸουδαῖοςJewNominativepredicate nominativeἸουδαῖος: 'Jew, Judean.'
ἐπονομάζῃyou are calledPres Pass Indic 2 Sg · ἐπονομάζωmain verb (protasis)→ stative presentἐπονομάζω: 'name, call by a name' (ἐπί + ὀνομάζω); pass. 'bear the name.' Hapax in NT.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐπαναπαύῃyou rest onPres Mid Indic 2 Sg · ἐπαναπαύομαιmain verb (coordinate)→ stative presentἐπαναπαύομαι: 'rest upon, rely on' (ἐπί + ἀνά + παύω) + dat. — confident reliance.
νόμῳthe lawDativedative of reliance (object of verb)νόμος: 'law' — here the Mosaic Torah (the governing sense in this section); can also mean 'principle.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
καυχᾶσαιyou boastPres Mid Indic 2 Sg (dep.) · καυχάομαιmain verb (coordinate)→ customary presentκαυχάομαι: 'boast, glory, take pride in' — a key Pauline term, positive or negative depending on its object.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (basis)
θεῷGodDativeobject of ἐν
18

καὶ γινώσκεις τὸ θέλημα καὶ δοκιμάζεις τὰ διαφέροντα κατηχούμενος ἐκ τοῦ νόμου,

and know the will and approve the things that matter, being instructed out of the law,

ContinuationκαίCoordinate clauses extend the protasis: you know the will, approve what matters…
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
γινώσκειςyou knowPres Act Indic 2 Sg · γινώσκωmain verb→ stative presentγινώσκω: 'know (by experience), recognize.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle
θέλημαwillAccusativedirect objectθέλημα: 'will, what is willed' (-μα result noun of θέλω).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
δοκιμάζειςyou approvePres Act Indic 2 Sg · δοκιμάζωmain verb→ customary presentδοκιμάζω: 'test, examine, approve after testing, discern' — an assaying metaphor.
τὰthe thingsAccusativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
διαφέρονταthat matterPres Act Ptc · Acc Pl Neut · διαφέρωsubstantival ptc. (direct object)→ gnomic present (substantival)διαφέρω: 'differ; excel'; τὰ διαφέροντα = 'the things that differ' or 'the things that matter.'
κατηχούμενοςbeing instructedPres Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · κατηχέωadverbial ptc. (causal/means)→ progressive presentκατηχέω: 'instruct (orally)' — lit. 'sound down to'; the source of 'catechize.'
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (source)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
νόμουlawGenitiveobject of ἐκ (source)νόμος: 'law' — here the Mosaic Torah (the governing sense in this section); can also mean 'principle.'
19

πέποιθάς τε σεαυτὸν ὁδηγὸν εἶναι τυφλῶν, φῶς τῶν ἐν σκότει,

and are confident that you yourself are a guide of the blind, a light of those in darkness,

Continuationasyndeton…confident you are a guide of the blind, a light to those in darkness…
πέποιθάςyou are confidentPerf Act Indic 2 Sg · πείθωmain verb (intensive perfect)→ intensive perfect (= present state)πέποιθα (2nd perf. of πείθω): 'I am confident, I trust.'
τεandconnective particle
σεαυτὸνyourselfAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive
ὁδηγὸνa guideAccusativepredicate accusative (complement)ὁδηγός: 'guide' (ὁδός 'way' + ἡγέομαι 'lead').
εἶναιto bePres Act Infin · εἰμίobject infinitive (after πέποιθα)→ stative present
τυφλῶνof the blindGenitiveobjective genitiveτυφλός: 'blind.'
φῶςa lightAccusativepredicate accusative (in apposition)φῶς: 'light' — metaphor for revelation / instruction.
τῶνof thoseGenitivearticle (substantizing prep. phrase)
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
σκότειdarknessDativeobject of ἐνσκότος: 'darkness' — metaphor for ignorance / sin.
20

παιδευτὴν ἀφρόνων, διδάσκαλον νηπίων, ἔχοντα τὴν μόρφωσιν τῆς γνώσεως καὶ τῆς ἀληθείας ἐν τῷ νόμῳ·

an instructor of the foolish, a teacher of infants, having the embodiment of knowledge and truth in the law—

Continuationasyndeton…an instructor of the foolish, with knowledge embodied in the law.
παιδευτὴνan instructorAccusativepredicate accusative (coordinate)παιδευτής: 'instructor, corrector' (παιδεύω, 'train / discipline') — corrective nuance; rare (here & Heb 12:9).
ἀφρόνωνof the foolishGenitiveobjective genitiveἄφρων: 'foolish, senseless' (ἀ- + φρήν, 'mind').
διδάσκαλονa teacherAccusativepredicate accusative (coordinate)διδάσκαλος: 'teacher.'
νηπίωνof infantsGenitiveobjective genitiveνήπιος: 'infant, immature one' (lit. 'non-speaking') — metaphor for the unlearned.
ἔχονταhavingPres Act Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · ἔχωattributive ptc. (modifies acc. subject)→ stative present
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
μόρφωσινembodimentAccusativedirect object of ptc.μόρφωσις: 'form, embodiment, outline' (cf. μορφή) — here 'embodiment'; only here & 2 Tim 3:5 (there negative).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
γνώσεωςknowledgeGenitivegenitive of apposition (content)γνῶσις: 'knowledge.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
ἀληθείαςtruthGenitivegenitive of apposition (coordinate)ἀλήθεια: 'truth'; κατὰ ἀλήθειαν = 'in accordance with the facts, truly.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
τῷtheDativearticle
νόμῳlawDativeobject of ἐννόμος: 'law' — here the Mosaic Torah (the governing sense in this section); can also mean 'principle.'
21

ὁ οὖν διδάσκων ἕτερον σεαυτὸν οὐ διδάσκεις; ὁ κηρύσσων μὴ κλέπτειν κλέπτεις;

you, then, who teach another, do you not teach yourself? You who preach not to steal, do you steal?

Inference — indictmentοὖνThe turn to accusation: you who teach others, do you not teach yourself?
the (one)Nominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
οὖνtheninferential conjunction
διδάσκωνwho teachPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · διδάσκωsubstantival ptc. (subject; appositional)→ customary (characteristic)διδάσκω: 'teach.'
ἕτερονanotherAccusativedirect object of ptc. (substantival adj.)ἕτερος: 'other' (classically 'another of a different kind'; the ἄλλος/ἕτερος distinction is largely blurred in Koine).
σεαυτὸνyourselfAccusativedirect object (reflexive; fronted)
οὐnotnegative particle (expects 'yes')
διδάσκειςdo you teachPres Act Indic 2 Sg · διδάσκωmain verb (interrogative)→ gnomic presentδιδάσκω: 'teach.'
the (one)Nominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
κηρύσσωνwho preachPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · κηρύσσωsubstantival ptc. (subject)→ customary (characteristic)κηρύσσω: 'proclaim, preach, herald' (cf. κῆρυξ, 'herald').
μὴnotnegative particle (w/ infinitive)
κλέπτεινto stealPres Act Infin · κλέπτωobject infinitive (content of κηρύσσων)→ general (pres. infin.)κλέπτω: 'steal.'
κλέπτειςdo you stealPres Act Indic 2 Sg · κλέπτωmain verb (interrogative)→ customary presentκλέπτω: 'steal.'
22

ὁ λέγων μὴ μοιχεύειν μοιχεύεις; ὁ βδελυσσόμενος τὰ εἴδωλα ἱεροσυλεῖς;

You who say not to commit adultery, do you commit adultery? You who abhor idols, do you rob temples?

Parallel questionsasyndetonThe charges continue in asyndeton: adultery, temple-robbery.
the (one)Nominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
λέγωνwho sayPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωsubstantival ptc. (subject)→ customary (characteristic)λέγω: 'say, speak.'
μὴnotnegative particle (w/ infinitive)
μοιχεύεινto commit adulteryPres Act Infin · μοιχεύωobject infinitive (content of λέγων)→ general (pres. infin.)μοιχεύω: 'commit adultery.'
μοιχεύειςdo you commit adulteryPres Act Indic 2 Sg · μοιχεύωmain verb (interrogative)→ customary presentμοιχεύω: 'commit adultery.'
the (one)Nominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
βδελυσσόμενοςwho abhorPres Mid Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · βδελύσσομαιsubstantival ptc. (subject)→ customary (characteristic)βδελύσσομαι: 'abhor, detest' (cf. βδέλυγμα, LXX 'abomination,' used of idols) — a strong word.
τὰtheAccusativearticle
εἴδωλαidolsAccusativedirect object of ptc.εἴδωλον: 'idol, image' (cf. εἶδος, 'form').
ἱεροσυλεῖςdo you rob templesPres Act Indic 2 Sg · ἱεροσυλέωmain verb (interrogative)→ customary presentἱεροσυλέω: 'rob temples, commit sacrilege' (ἱερόν + συλάω). Hapax in NT — the sting: profiting from idol-shrines while loathing idols.
23

ὃς ἐν νόμῳ καυχᾶσαι, διὰ τῆς παραβάσεως τοῦ νόμου τὸν θεὸν ἀτιμάζεις·

You who boast in the law, do you dishonor God through the transgression of the law?

Summary accusationὅςSums up: you who boast in the law dishonor God by breaking it.
ὃςwhoNominativesubject (relative pronoun)
ἐνinpreposition + dative (basis)
νόμῳlawDativeobject of ἐννόμος: 'law' — here the Mosaic Torah (the governing sense in this section); can also mean 'principle.'
καυχᾶσαιyou boastPres Mid Indic 2 Sg (dep.) · καυχάομαιmain verb (rel. clause)→ customary presentκαυχάομαι: 'boast, glory, take pride in' — a key Pauline term, positive or negative depending on its object.
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (means)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
παραβάσεωςtransgressionGenitiveobject of διά (means)παράβασις: 'transgression, overstepping' (παρά + βαίνω) — violation of a known command; a key term in Romans.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
νόμουlawGenitiveobjective genitiveνόμος: 'law' — here the Mosaic Torah (the governing sense in this section); can also mean 'principle.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
θεὸνGodAccusativedirect object
ἀτιμάζειςyou dishonorPres Act Indic 2 Sg · ἀτιμάζωmain verb (interrogative)→ customary presentἀτιμάζω: 'dishonor, treat with contempt' (ἀ- + τιμή) — antonym of τιμάω.
24

τὸ γὰρ ὄνομα τοῦ θεοῦ δι’ ὑμᾶς βλασφημεῖται ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν, καθὼς γέγραπται.

For the name of God is blasphemed among the Gentiles because of you, just as it is written.

Scripture proofγάρGrounds the charge in Scripture: God's name is blasphemed because of you (Isa 52:5).
τὸtheNominativearticle
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
ὄνομαnameNominativesubjectὄνομα: 'name'; in Hebraic thought the name = the person and reputation.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivepossessive genitive
δι'because ofpreposition + accusative (cause)
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeobject of διά
βλασφημεῖταιis blasphemedPres Pass Indic 3 Sg · βλασφημέωmain verb→ iterative presentβλασφημέω: 'blaspheme, slander, revile' (here pass.); the line alludes to Isa 52:5 (LXX).
ἐνamongpreposition + dative (sphere)
τοῖςtheDativearticle
ἔθνεσινGentilesDativeobject of ἐνἔθνος (pl. ἔθνη): 'nations, Gentiles'; anarthrous here = 'Gentiles as such.'
καθὼςjust ascomparative conjunction
γέγραπταιit is writtenPerf Pass Indic 3 Sg · γράφωmain verb (Scripture idiom)→ intensive perfect ('stands written')γράφω: 'write'; γέγραπται ('it stands written') is the standard formula for citing Scripture.
25

Περιτομὴ μὲν γὰρ ὠφελεῖ ἐὰν νόμον πράσσῃς· ἐὰν δὲ παραβάτης νόμου ᾖς, ἡ περιτομή σου ἀκροβυστία γέγονεν.

For circumcision indeed profits if you practice the law; but if you are a transgressor of the law, your circumcision has become uncircumcision.

Ground · transitionγάρMoves to circumcision: it profits only with obedience; otherwise it becomes uncircumcision.
ΠεριτομὴcircumcisionNominativesubjectπεριτομή: 'circumcision' (περί + τέμνω, 'cut around').
μὲνindeedcorrelative particle (concessive)
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
ὠφελεῖprofitsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ὠφελέωmain verb (gnomic present)→ gnomic presentὠφελέω: 'profit, benefit, be of use.'
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (3rd-class)
νόμονlawAccusativedirect objectνόμος: 'law' — here the Mosaic Torah (the governing sense in this section); can also mean 'principle.'
πράσσῃςyou practicePres Act Subj 2 Sg · πράσσωsubjunctive (protasis)→ customary (pres. subj.)πράσσω: do / practice / perform — often habitual action, frequently with a negative tinge; cf. ποιέω.
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (3rd-class)
δὲbutcontrastive conjunction
παραβάτηςa transgressorNominativepredicate nominativeπαραβάτης: 'transgressor' (agent noun; cf. παράβασις / παραβαίνω).
νόμουof lawGenitiveobjective genitiveνόμος: 'law' — here the Mosaic Torah (the governing sense in this section); can also mean 'principle.'
ᾖςyou arePres Act Subj 2 Sg · εἰμίsubjunctive (protasis; copula)→ stative (pres. subj.)
theNominativearticle
περιτομήcircumcisionNominativesubjectπεριτομή: 'circumcision' (περί + τέμνω, 'cut around').
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive
ἀκροβυστίαuncircumcisionNominativepredicate nominativeἀκροβυστία: 'uncircumcision, foreskin' — a distinctively Jewish-Greek / LXX term; Paul's standard antonym of περιτομή.
γέγονενhas becomePerf Act Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (apodosis)→ consummative perfectγίνομαι: 'become, come to be, happen.'
26

ἐὰν οὖν ἡ ἀκροβυστία τὰ δικαιώματα τοῦ νόμου φυλάσσῃ, οὐχ ἡ ἀκροβυστία αὐτοῦ εἰς περιτομὴν λογισθήσεται;

If, therefore, the uncircumcised keeps the righteous requirements of the law, will not his uncircumcision be counted as circumcision?

Inference (rhetorical Q.)οὖνThe converse: if the uncircumcised keeps the law, is he not reckoned as circumcised?
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (3rd-class)
οὖνthereforeinferential conjunction
theNominativearticle (substantizing)
ἀκροβυστίαuncircumcisedNominativesubjectἀκροβυστία: 'uncircumcision, foreskin' — a distinctively Jewish-Greek / LXX term; Paul's standard antonym of περιτομή.
τὰtheAccusativearticle
δικαιώματαrequirementsAccusativedirect objectδικαίωμα: 'righteous requirement / regulation; righteous act' (-μα noun of δικαιόω); here the law's requirements.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
νόμουlawGenitivepossessive/source genitiveνόμος: 'law' — here the Mosaic Torah (the governing sense in this section); can also mean 'principle.'
φυλάσσῃkeepsPres Act Subj 3 Sg · φυλάσσωsubjunctive (protasis)→ customary (pres. subj.)φυλάσσω: 'guard, keep, observe' (of keeping commandments).
οὐχnotnegative particle (expects 'yes')
theNominativearticle
ἀκροβυστίαuncircumcisionNominativesubjectἀκροβυστία: 'uncircumcision, foreskin' — a distinctively Jewish-Greek / LXX term; Paul's standard antonym of περιτομή.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
εἰςaspreposition + accusative (result)
περιτομὴνcircumcisionAccusativeobject of εἰς (predicate sense)περιτομή: 'circumcision' (περί + τέμνω, 'cut around').
λογισθήσεταιwill be countedFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · λογίζομαιmain verb (apodosis)→ predictive futureλογίζομαι: 'reckon, count, credit' — here 'counted as' (cf. v.3; ch. 4).
27

καὶ κρινεῖ ἡ ἐκ φύσεως ἀκροβυστία τὸν νόμον τελοῦσα σὲ τὸν διὰ γράμματος καὶ περιτομῆς παραβάτην νόμου.

And the one who is by nature uncircumcised, while fulfilling the law, will judge you who, through the letter and circumcision, are a transgressor of the law.

ConsequenceκαίResult: the natural uncircumcised law-keeper will judge the circumcised law-breaker.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κρινεῖwill judgeFut Act Indic 3 Sg · κρίνωmain verb→ predictive futureκρίνω: judge / decide / condemn — a wide forensic range; here the censorious 'pass judgment.'
theNominativearticle
ἐκbypreposition + genitive (source)
φύσεωςnatureGenitiveobject of ἐκ (source)φύσις: 'nature'; φύσει = 'by nature, instinctively' (whether it modifies 'do' or 'not having' is debated).
ἀκροβυστίαuncircumcisionNominativesubjectἀκροβυστία: 'uncircumcision, foreskin' — a distinctively Jewish-Greek / LXX term; Paul's standard antonym of περιτομή.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
νόμονlawAccusativedirect object of ptc.νόμος: 'law' — here the Mosaic Torah (the governing sense in this section); can also mean 'principle.'
τελοῦσαfulfillingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · τελέωadverbial ptc. (concessive/circumstantial)→ customary presentτελέω: 'complete, fulfill, keep fully' (cf. τέλος, 'end / goal').
σὲyouAccusativedirect object of κρινεῖ
τὸνthe (one)Accusativearticle (substantizing appositive)
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (attendant circ.)
γράμματοςletterGenitiveobject of διάγράμμα: 'letter (of the alphabet), written code'; Paul's letter/Spirit contrast (cf. 7:6; 2 Cor 3:6).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
περιτομῆςcircumcisionGenitiveobject of διά (coordinate)περιτομή: 'circumcision' (περί + τέμνω, 'cut around').
παραβάτηνa transgressorAccusativeaccusative in apposition (to σέ)παραβάτης: 'transgressor' (agent noun; cf. παράβασις / παραβαίνω).
νόμουof lawGenitiveobjective genitiveνόμος: 'law' — here the Mosaic Torah (the governing sense in this section); can also mean 'principle.'
28

οὐ γὰρ ὁ ἐν τῷ φανερῷ Ἰουδαῖός ἐστιν οὐδὲ ἡ ἐν τῷ φανερῷ ἐν σαρκὶ περιτομή,

For he is not a Jew who is one outwardly, nor is circumcision that which is outward in the flesh,

Ground · definitionγάρDefines the real Jew: not the one who is so outwardly, in the flesh.
οὐnotnegative particle
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
the (one)Nominativearticle (substantizing); subject
ἐνinpreposition + dative
τῷtheDativearticle (substantizing)
φανερῷopen (outwardly)Dativeobject of ἐν (substantival adj.)φανερός: 'visible, outward, manifest'; ἐν τῷ φανερῷ = 'outwardly.'
Ἰουδαῖόςa JewNominativepredicate nominativeἸουδαῖος: 'Jew, Judean.'
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ gnomic present
οὐδὲnornegative conjunction
theNominativearticle (w/ περιτομή)
ἐνinpreposition + dative
τῷtheDativearticle (substantizing)
φανερῷopen (outwardly)Dativeobject of ἐνφανερός: 'visible, outward, manifest'; ἐν τῷ φανερῷ = 'outwardly.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
σαρκὶfleshDativeobject of ἐνσάρξ: 'flesh' — here the physical body; elsewhere a loaded Pauline term.
περιτομήcircumcisionNominativesubject (predicate elided)περιτομή: 'circumcision' (περί + τέμνω, 'cut around').
29

ἀλλ’ ὁ ἐν τῷ κρυπτῷ Ἰουδαῖος, καὶ περιτομὴ καρδίας ἐν πνεύματι οὐ γράμματι, οὗ ὁ ἔπαινος οὐκ ἐξ ἀνθρώπων ἀλλ’ ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ.

but he is a Jew who is one inwardly, and circumcision is of the heart, in spirit not in letter, whose praise is not from men but from God.

Correction · climaxἀλλάThe antithesis and climax: the true Jew is inward — circumcision of the heart, by the Spirit.
ἀλλ'butadversative conjunction
the (one)Nominativearticle (substantizing); subject
ἐνinpreposition + dative
τῷtheDativearticle (substantizing)
κρυπτῷhidden (inwardly)Dativeobject of ἐν (substantival adj.)κρυπτός: 'hidden, secret' (κρύπτω); τὰ κρυπτά = 'the secret things'; echoed at v.29 (ἐν τῷ κρυπτῷ).
Ἰουδαῖοςa JewNominativepredicate nominativeἸουδαῖος: 'Jew, Judean.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
περιτομὴcircumcisionNominativesubjectπεριτομή: 'circumcision' (περί + τέμνω, 'cut around').
καρδίαςof heartGenitivegenitive of reference (descriptive)καρδία: 'heart' — the biblical seat of will, mind, and emotion, not feeling alone.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere/means)
πνεύματιspiritDativeobject of ἐνπνεῦμα: 'spirit, breath, wind' — here the inward / Spiritual sphere, set against γράμμα ('letter').
οὐnotnegative particle
γράμματιletterDativedative of sphere/means (contrast)γράμμα: 'letter (of the alphabet), written code'; Paul's letter/Spirit contrast (cf. 7:6; 2 Cor 3:6).
οὗwhoseGenitivepossessive genitive (relative)
theNominativearticle
ἔπαινοςpraiseNominativesubjectἔπαινος: 'praise, commendation' (ἐπί + αἶνος) — perhaps a play on 'Jew' / Judah ≈ Heb. 'praise.'
οὐκnotnegative particle
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (source)
ἀνθρώπωνmenGenitiveobject of ἐκ (source)ἄνθρωπος: 'man, person, humankind.'
ἀλλ'butadversative conjunction
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitiveobject of ἐκ (source)