Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Epistle to the Romans, Chapter 5ΠΡΟΣ ΡΩΜΑΙΟΥΣ Ε′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

1

Δικαιωθέντες οὖν ἐκ πίστεως εἰρήνην ἔχομεν πρὸς τὸν θεὸν διὰ τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ,

Therefore, having been justified by faith, we have peace with God through our Lord Jesus Christ,

Result of justificationοὖνThe pivot from argument to its fruit: now that justification is established, its first consequence is named — peace with God, mediated by Christ.
Δικαιωθέντεςhaving been justifiedAor Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · δικαιόωadverbial participle (causal/antecedent)→ constative aoristδικαιόω: 'declare righteous, acquit'; the aorist points to the accomplished verdict that grounds all that follows.
οὖνthereforeinferential conjunctionοὖν: 'therefore'; draws the consequences of chs. 1–4 into the believer's experience.
ἐκby/frompreposition + genitive (source)
πίστεωςfaithGenitiveobject of ἐκ (source)πίστις: 'faith'; the means of justification (cf. 3:28; 4:5).
εἰρήνηνpeaceAccusativedirect objectεἰρήνη: 'peace' (Hebrew šālôm); not mere feeling but the objective end of hostility — reconciled relationship with God.
ἔχομενwe havePres Act Indic 1 Pl · ἔχωmain verb→ stative presentἔχω: 'have, hold'; a well-known variant reads ἔχωμεν ('let us have,' hortatory subjunctive) — NA28 prints the indicative ἔχομεν, taken here.
πρὸςwithpreposition + accusative (relationship)πρός + acc. of relationship: 'toward, with' — peace in relation to God.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
θεὸνGodAccusativeobject of πρός
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (mediation)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
κυρίουLordGenitiveobject of διά (mediator)κύριος: 'Lord'; the peace is secured 'through' Christ, the mediator of reconciliation.
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of relationship
ἸησοῦJesusGenitiveapposition
ΧριστοῦChristGenitiveapposition
2

δι' οὗ καὶ τὴν προσαγωγὴν ἐσχήκαμεν τῇ πίστει εἰς τὴν χάριν ταύτην ἐν ᾗ ἑστήκαμεν, καὶ καυχώμεθα ἐπ' ἐλπίδι τῆς δόξης τοῦ θεοῦ.

through whom also we have obtained access by faith into this grace in which we stand, and we rejoice in hope of the glory of God.

Access and hopeδι' οὗTwo further fruits flow from Christ: standing access into grace, and exultant hope of sharing God's glory.
δι'throughpreposition + genitive (mediation)
οὗwhomGenitiverelative pronoun (object of διά)
καὶalsoadverbial (ascensive)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
προσαγωγὴνaccess/introductionAccusativedirect objectπροσαγωγή: 'access, approach, introduction' (cf. προσάγω, 'bring to'); the right of entry into a king's presence.
ἐσχήκαμενwe have obtainedPerf Act Indic 1 Pl · ἔχωmain verb→ intensive perfect (standing access)ἔχω: 'have, obtain'; the perfect — access gained and still possessed.
τῇbyDativearticle
πίστειfaithDativedat. of meansπίστις: 'faith'; the instrument of access (some MSS omit the phrase).
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
χάρινgraceAccusativeobject of εἰς (sphere entered)χάρις: 'grace'; here the state of favor into which believers are brought and now stand.
ταύτηνthisAccusativedemonstrative (attributive)
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
whichDativerelative pronoun (object of ἐν)
ἑστήκαμενwe standPerf Act Indic 1 Pl · ἵστημιmain verb→ intensive perfect (present standing)ἵστημι: 'stand'; the perfect with present force — a settled, secure standing in grace.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
καυχώμεθαwe rejoice/boastPres Mid Indic 1 Pl · καυχάομαιmain verb→ customary presentκαυχάομαι: 'boast, exult, glory'; now a legitimate boasting — not in self but in hope of God's glory (contrast 3:27).
ἐπ'in/onpreposition + dative (basis)
ἐλπίδιhopeDativedat. of basisἐλπίς: 'hope, confident expectation'; not wishful but assured anticipation.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
δόξηςgloryGenitiveobjective genitive (content of hope)δόξα: 'glory'; the glory of God believers will share — reversing the forfeiture of 3:23.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivepossessive genitive
3

οὐ μόνον δέ, ἀλλὰ καὶ καυχώμεθα ἐν ταῖς θλίψεσιν, εἰδότες ὅτι ἡ θλῖψις ὑπομονὴν κατεργάζεται,

And not only that, but we also rejoice in our sufferings, knowing that suffering produces endurance,

Rejoicing in sufferingδέThe boasting reaches further — even into afflictions, because we know suffering sets in motion a chain that begins with endurance.
οὐnotnegative particle
μόνονonlyadverbοὐ μόνον δέ, ἀλλὰ καί: 'and not only so, but also' — an ascending formula (cf. v.11).
δέandconnective conjunction
ἀλλὰbutadversative conjunction
καὶalsoadverbial (ascensive)
καυχώμεθαwe rejoice/boastPres Mid Indic 1 Pl · καυχάομαιmain verb→ customary presentκαυχάομαι: 'boast, exult'; astonishingly, even amid affliction.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere/circumstance)
ταῖςtheDativearticle
θλίψεσινsufferings/afflictionsDativedat. of sphereθλῖψις: 'pressure, tribulation, affliction' (cf. θλίβω, 'press'); the squeezing trials of the Christian life.
εἰδότεςknowingPerf Act Ptc (pres. sense) · Nom Pl Masc · οἶδαadverbial participle (causal)→ perfect w/ present forceοἶδα: 'know'; the ground of the boasting — a settled knowledge of what suffering accomplishes.
ὅτιthatconjunction (content clause)
theNominativearticle
θλῖψιςsufferingNominativesubjectθλῖψις: 'affliction'; the first link in the chain endurance→character→hope.
ὑπομονὴνendurance/perseveranceAccusativedirect objectὑπομονή: 'patient endurance, steadfastness' (ὑπό + μένω, 'remain under'); bearing up under pressure.
κατεργάζεταιproducesPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · κατεργάζομαιmain verb→ gnomic presentκατεργάζομαι: 'work out, produce, bring about'; affliction's positive output in the believer.
4

ἡ δὲ ὑπομονὴ δοκιμήν, ἡ δὲ δοκιμὴ ἐλπίδα.

and endurance produces proven character, and proven character produces hope.

The chain (cont.)δὲThe chain continues by anaphora: endurance yields tested character, and character yields hope — the verb 'produces' carried over.
theNominativearticle
δὲandconnective conjunction
ὑπομονὴenduranceNominativesubjectὑπομονή: 'endurance'; now the producer of the next link.
δοκιμήνproven characterAccusativedirect object (verb 'produces' implied)δοκιμή: 'tested/proven character, the quality of being approved' (cf. δοκιμάζω, 'test'); the metal proven genuine by fire.
theNominativearticle
δὲandconnective conjunction
δοκιμὴproven characterNominativesubjectδοκιμή: 'tested character'; in turn the producer of hope.
ἐλπίδαhopeAccusativedirect object (verb implied)ἐλπίς: 'hope'; the chain's goal — a hope refined and confirmed through trial.
5

ἡ δὲ ἐλπὶς οὐ καταισχύνει, ὅτι ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ θεοῦ ἐκκέχυται ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ἡμῶν διὰ πνεύματος ἁγίου τοῦ δοθέντος ἡμῖν.

and hope does not put us to shame, because God's love has been poured out into our hearts through the Holy Spirit who has been given to us.

Hope vindicatedδὲWhy this hope cannot disappoint: it rests on the experienced reality of God's love, flooded into the heart by the indwelling Spirit.
theNominativearticle
δὲandconnective conjunction
ἐλπὶςhopeNominativesubjectἐλπίς: 'hope'; the chain's end, now shown to be unshakeable.
οὐnotnegative particle
καταισχύνειputs to shame/disappointsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · καταισχύνωmain verb→ gnomic presentκαταισχύνω: 'put to shame, disappoint' (κατά + αἰσχύνω); a hope that will not leave us ashamed/let down (cf. Ps 22:5).
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction
theNominativearticle
ἀγάπηloveNominativesubjectἀγάπη: 'love'; here God's love for us (subjective genitive), experientially known — the ground of unfailing hope.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivesubjective genitive (God's love for us)
ἐκκέχυταιhas been poured outPerf Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἐκχέωmain verb→ intensive perfect (abiding outpouring)ἐκχέω: 'pour out, lavish' (ἐκ + χέω); the perfect — a flooding that remains; lavish abundance, not a trickle.
ἐνin/intopreposition + dative (location)
ταῖςtheDativearticle
καρδίαιςheartsDativedat. of locationκαρδία: 'heart'; the inner self, flooded with the sense of God's love.
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of possession
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (agency/means)
πνεύματοςSpiritGenitiveobject of διά (agent/means)πνεῦμα: 'Spirit'; the Holy Spirit as the agent who pours the love in — the first major mention in Romans of the Spirit's inner work.
ἁγίουHolyGenitiveattributive adjectiveἅγιος: 'holy'; qualifying the Spirit given to believers.
τοῦthe (one)Genitivearticle (substantizes ptc.)
δοθέντοςwho has been givenAor Pass Ptc · Gen Sg Neut · δίδωμιattributive participle→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give'; the Spirit as God's gift to us — the down payment of the hope.
ἡμῖνto usDativedat. of indirect object
6

ἔτι γὰρ Χριστὸς ὄντων ἡμῶν ἀσθενῶν ἔτι κατὰ καιρὸν ὑπὲρ ἀσεβῶν ἀπέθανεν.

For while we were still weak, at the right time Christ died for the ungodly.

Christ died for usγάρThe objective proof of that love: at the appointed moment, while we were still powerless, Christ died on behalf of the ungodly.
ἔτιstilladverb (time)ἔτι: 'still, yet'; underscoring the timing — while we were yet helpless.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
ΧριστὸςChristNominativesubject
ὄντωνbeingPres Act Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · εἰμίgenitive absolute (temporal/concessive)→ present (concurrent)εἰμί: 'be'; the genitive absolute sets the condition — 'while we were…'
ἡμῶνweGenitivegenitive absolute subject
ἀσθενῶνweak/helplessGenitivepredicate adj. (in gen. absolute)ἀσθενής: 'weak, powerless' (ἀ- + σθένος, 'strength'); morally unable to save ourselves.
ἔτιstilladverb (time; resumptive)ἔτι repeated for emphasis (the doubled 'still' is textually awkward but well attested).
κατὰatpreposition + accusative (time)
καιρὸνthe right timeAccusativeobject of κατά (time)καιρός: 'appointed/opportune time'; κατὰ καιρόν = 'at the proper time' — God's set moment in history.
ὑπὲρfor/on behalf ofpreposition + genitive (advantage)ὑπέρ + gen.: 'on behalf of, for the benefit of' — substitutionary/representative force.
ἀσεβῶνthe ungodlyGenitiveobject of ὑπέρ (substantival adj.)ἀσεβής: 'ungodly, impious' (cf. 4:5); the unworthy beneficiaries — the very ones under wrath (1:18).
ἀπέθανενdiedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb→ constative aoristἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; Christ's death, the supreme demonstration of love.
7

μόλις γὰρ ὑπὲρ δικαίου τις ἀποθανεῖται· ὑπὲρ γὰρ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ τάχα τις καὶ τολμᾷ ἀποθανεῖν·

For one will scarcely die for a righteous person — though perhaps for a good person one would even dare to die —

Human analogyγάρBy contrast with human love at its rare best: people barely die even for the upright, though conceivably for a benefactor someone might.
μόλιςscarcely/hardlyadverb (degree)μόλις: 'with difficulty, scarcely'; even the best human self-sacrifice is rare.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
ὑπὲρforpreposition + genitive (advantage)
δικαίουa righteous personGenitiveobject of ὑπέρ (substantival adj.)δίκαιος: 'righteous, just'; a merely upright, law-keeping person — admirable but not endearing.
τιςone/someoneNominativeindefinite pronoun (subject)
ἀποθανεῖταιwill dieFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb→ gnomic futureἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; the gnomic future of what generally happens.
ὑπὲρforpreposition + genitive (advantage)
γὰρfor/indeedexplanatory conjunction
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ἀγαθοῦgood personGenitiveobject of ὑπέρ (substantival adj.)ἀγαθός: 'good'; perhaps the warm-hearted benefactor (vs. the merely 'just') — for such a one someone might just dare.
τάχαperhapsadverb (probability)τάχα: 'perhaps, possibly'; conceding the bare possibility.
τιςone/someoneNominativeindefinite pronoun (subject)
καὶevenadverbial (ascensive)
τολμᾷdaresPres Act Indic 3 Sg · τολμάωmain verb→ gnomic presentτολμάω: 'dare, have courage'; to bring oneself to do the hard thing.
ἀποθανεῖνto dieAor Act Inf · ἀποθνῄσκωcomplementary infinitive→ constative aorist
8

συνίστησιν δὲ τὴν ἑαυτοῦ ἀγάπην εἰς ἡμᾶς ὁ θεὸς ὅτι ἔτι ἁμαρτωλῶν ὄντων ἡμῶν Χριστὸς ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν ἀπέθανεν.

But God demonstrates his own love for us in that while we were still sinners, Christ died for us.

God's love surpassingδὲThe climactic contrast: God's love outstrips all human analogy — Christ died for us not as righteous or good, but while we were still sinners.
συνίστησινdemonstrates/commendsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · συνίστημιmain verb→ gnomic presentσυνίστημι: 'establish, commend, prove, put on display' (cf. 3:5); God 'shows off' his love as a present, demonstrable fact.
δὲbutadversative conjunction
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἑαυτοῦhis ownGenitivereflexive (possessive, emphatic)ἑαυτοῦ: 'his own'; stressing that this love originates wholly in God.
ἀγάπηνloveAccusativedirect objectἀγάπη: 'love'; God's self-giving love, here proved by the cross.
εἰςfor/towardpreposition + accusative (direction)
ἡμᾶςusAccusativeobject of εἰς
theNominativearticle
θεὸςGodNominativesubject
ὅτιin that/becausecausal conjunction
ἔτιstilladverb (time)ἔτι: 'still'; the love's wonder lies in its timing — while we were yet sinners.
ἁμαρτωλῶνsinnersGenitivepredicate adj. (in gen. absolute)ἁμαρτωλός: 'sinner'; the climactic term in the descent weak→ungodly→sinners→enemies.
ὄντωνbeingPres Act Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · εἰμίgenitive absolute (temporal/concessive)→ present (concurrent)εἰμί: 'be'; 'while we were still sinners.'
ἡμῶνweGenitivegenitive absolute subject
ΧριστὸςChristNominativesubject
ὑπὲρforpreposition + genitive (advantage)
ἡμῶνusGenitiveobject of ὑπέρ
ἀπέθανενdiedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb→ constative aoristἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; the act that proves the love.
9

πολλῷ οὖν μᾶλλον δικαιωθέντες νῦν ἐν τῷ αἵματι αὐτοῦ σωθησόμεθα δι' αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τῆς ὀργῆς.

Much more then, having now been justified by his blood, we shall be saved through him from the wrath.

A fortiori (wrath)οὖνThe first 'much more' argument: if the costly part is done — justified by Christ's blood — the lesser surely follows; we shall be saved from wrath.
πολλῷmuchDativedat. of degree (w/ μᾶλλον)πολλῷ μᾶλλον: 'by much more, all the more' — the a fortiori formula governing vv.9–10, 15, 17.
οὖνtheninferential conjunction
μᾶλλονmoreadverb (comparative)
δικαιωθέντεςhaving been justifiedAor Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · δικαιόωadverbial participle (causal)→ constative aoristδικαιόω: 'justify, acquit'; the accomplished verdict, now the basis for confidence about final salvation.
νῦνnowadverb (time)νῦν: 'now'; the present possession of justification, over against the future 'shall be saved.'
ἐνby/inpreposition + dative (means)
τῷtheDativearticle
αἵματιbloodDativedat. of meansαἷμα: 'blood'; the sacrificial death as the price of justification (cf. 3:25).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
σωθησόμεθαwe shall be savedFut Pass Indic 1 Pl · σῴζωmain verb→ predictive futureσῴζω: 'save, rescue, deliver'; here the future, eschatological deliverance from wrath.
δι'throughpreposition + genitive (mediation)
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveobject of διά
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
ὀργῆςwrathGenitiveobject of ἀπό (separation)ὀργή: 'wrath'; the coming judgment (cf. 1:18; 2:5) from which the justified are delivered.
10

εἰ γὰρ ἐχθροὶ ὄντες κατηλλάγημεν τῷ θεῷ διὰ τοῦ θανάτου τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ, πολλῷ μᾶλλον καταλλαγέντες σωθησόμεθα ἐν τῇ ζωῇ αὐτοῦ·

For if, while we were enemies, we were reconciled to God through the death of his Son, much more, having been reconciled, we shall be saved by his life.

A fortiori (life)γάρThe argument restated in terms of reconciliation: if enemies were reconciled by Christ's death, far more shall the reconciled be saved by his risen life.
εἰifconjunction (first-class condition)
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
ἐχθροὶenemiesNominativepredicate nom. (w/ ὄντες)ἐχθρός: 'enemy, hostile'; the deepest term in the descent — alienated and at enmity with God (whether actively hostile or objects of wrath, or both).
ὄντεςbeingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · εἰμίconcessive participle ('though enemies')→ present (concurrent)εἰμί: 'be'; 'while we were enemies' — the concessive backdrop to reconciliation.
κατηλλάγημενwe were reconciledAor Pass Indic 1 Pl · καταλλάσσωmain verb→ constative aoristκαταλλάσσω: 'reconcile, restore relationship' (κατά + ἀλλάσσω, 'change'); the enmity exchanged for peace — God reconciling us to himself.
τῷtoDativearticle
θεῷGodDativedat. of reference (party reconciled to)
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (means)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
θανάτουdeathGenitiveobject of διά (means)θάνατος: 'death'; Christ's death as the means of reconciliation.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
υἱοῦSonGenitivegenitive of relationshipυἱός: 'Son'; the costliness underscored — God's own Son.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship
πολλῷmuchDativedat. of degree
μᾶλλονmoreadverb (comparative)
καταλλαγέντεςhaving been reconciledAor Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · καταλλάσσωadverbial participle (causal)→ constative aoristκαταλλάσσω: 'reconcile'; now the accomplished reconciliation as the basis for confidence.
σωθησόμεθαwe shall be savedFut Pass Indic 1 Pl · σῴζωmain verb→ predictive futureσῴζω: 'save'; the final salvation, here effected 'in his life.'
ἐνby/inpreposition + dative (means/sphere)
τῇtheDativearticle
ζωῇlifeDativedat. of meansζωή: 'life'; Christ's resurrection life — the living Lord who secures our salvation.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
11

οὐ μόνον δέ, ἀλλὰ καὶ καυχώμενοι ἐν τῷ θεῷ διὰ τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, δι' οὗ νῦν τὴν καταλλαγὴν ἐλάβομεν.

And not only that, but we also rejoice in God through our Lord Jesus Christ, through whom we have now received the reconciliation.

Rejoicing in GodδέThe crowning fruit, echoing v.3's formula: beyond being saved, we now exult in God himself, through the Christ by whom reconciliation has been received.
οὐnotnegative particle
μόνονonlyadverbοὐ μόνον δέ, ἀλλὰ καί: the ascending formula again (cf. v.3) — the highest fruit yet.
δέandconnective conjunction
ἀλλὰbutadversative conjunction
καὶalsoadverbial (ascensive)
καυχώμενοιrejoicing/boastingPres Mid Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · καυχάομαιadverbial participle (continuing the main idea)→ customary (characteristic)καυχάομαι: 'boast, exult, glory'; the participle continues the thought — boasting now in God himself, the supreme object.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (object of boasting)
τῷtheDativearticle
θεῷGodDativeobject of ἐν (the ground of boasting)θεός: God himself — the proper and ultimate object of the believer's boast.
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (mediation)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
κυρίουLordGenitiveobject of διά (mediator)κύριος: 'Lord'; the constant refrain — all comes 'through our Lord Jesus Christ' (cf. vv.1, 21).
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of relationship
ἸησοῦJesusGenitiveapposition
ΧριστοῦChristGenitiveapposition
δι'throughpreposition + genitive (mediation)
οὗwhomGenitiverelative pronoun (object of διά)
νῦνnowadverb (time)νῦν: 'now'; reconciliation is a present possession.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
καταλλαγὴνreconciliationAccusativedirect objectκαταλλαγή: 'reconciliation' (cf. καταλλάσσω, vv.10); the noun summing up the restored relationship — something 'received,' a gift.
ἐλάβομενwe have receivedAor Act Indic 1 Pl · λαμβάνωmain verb→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: 'receive, take'; reconciliation is received as a gift, not achieved.
12

Διὰ τοῦτο ὥσπερ δι' ἑνὸς ἀνθρώπου ἡ ἁμαρτία εἰς τὸν κόσμον εἰσῆλθεν καὶ διὰ τῆς ἁμαρτίας ὁ θάνατος, καὶ οὕτως εἰς πάντας ἀνθρώπους ὁ θάνατος διῆλθεν, ἐφ' ᾧ πάντες ἥμαρτον—

Therefore, just as sin entered the world through one man, and death through sin, so also death spread to all people, because all sinned —

Sin through AdamΔιὰ τοῦτοThe grand comparison begins (its second half deferred to v.18): through one man sin and death entered and reached all — for all sinned.
Διὰbecause ofpreposition + accusative (inference)διὰ τοῦτο: 'therefore, for this reason' — transitioning into the Adam/Christ argument.
τοῦτοthisAccusativeobject of διά (demonstrative)
ὥσπερjust ascomparative conjunction (protasis of comparison)ὥσπερ: 'just as'; opens a comparison whose 'so also' apodosis is suspended until v.18.
δι'throughpreposition + genitive (agency)
ἑνὸςoneGenitiveattributive adjectiveεἷς: 'one'; the drumbeat 'one man' (Adam) recurring through the section.
ἀνθρώπουmanGenitiveobject of διά (agency)ἄνθρωπος: 'man, human'; Adam, the representative head of humanity.
theNominativearticle
ἁμαρτίαsinNominativesubjectἁμαρτία: 'sin'; near-personified as a power that 'entered' and now dominates (cf. 5:21; 6:1ff).
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
κόσμονworldAccusativeobject of εἰςκόσμος: 'world'; the human world into which sin gained entry.
εἰσῆλθενenteredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'come in, enter' (εἰς + ἔρχομαι); sin's historic ingress through Adam.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (means)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
ἁμαρτίαςsinGenitiveobject of διά (means)ἁμαρτία: 'sin'; the doorway through which death came.
theNominativearticle
θάνατοςdeathNominativesubject (verb 'entered' implied)θάνατος: 'death'; sin's entailment — physical and spiritual death, the penalty of Gen 2–3.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οὕτωςso/thusadverb (manner)οὕτως: 'so, in this way'; death's spread follows the pattern set by Adam.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (extent)
πάνταςallAccusativeattributive adjectiveπᾶς: 'all'; the universal reach of death.
ἀνθρώπουςpeopleAccusativeobject of εἰς
theNominativearticle
θάνατοςdeathNominativesubject
διῆλθενspread/passed throughAor Act Indic 3 Sg · διέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristδιέρχομαι: 'go through, spread, pervade' (διά + ἔρχομαι); death's diffusion to the whole race.
ἐφ'because/uponpreposition + dative (ground; contested)ἐφ' ᾧ: a famously disputed phrase — 'because' (taken here), 'in whom (Adam),' or 'on the basis of which.'
whichDativerelative pronoun (w/ ἐπί)
πάντεςallNominativesubject (substantival adj.)πᾶς: 'all'; the universality of sinning, however the link to Adam is construed.
ἥμαρτονsinnedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἁμαρτάνωmain verb→ constative aoristἁμαρτάνω: 'sin'; whether 'all sinned in Adam' or 'all sin individually' turns on ἐφ' ᾧ — the seedbed of debates over original sin.
13

ἄχρι γὰρ νόμου ἁμαρτία ἦν ἐν κόσμῳ, ἁμαρτία δὲ οὐκ ἐλλογεῖται μὴ ὄντος νόμου,

for until the law sin was in the world, but sin is not charged where there is no law.

Sin before lawγάρA parenthesis on the pre-Mosaic era: sin was present before the law, yet without law it is not formally reckoned — so death's reign needs another explanation.
ἄχριuntilpreposition + genitive (time)ἄχρι: 'until, up to'; the span from Adam to Moses.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
νόμουlawGenitiveobject of ἄχρι (temporal)νόμος: 'law'; the Mosaic law, not yet given in that era.
ἁμαρτίαsinNominativesubjectἁμαρτία: 'sin'; really present in the world even before Sinai.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb→ imperfect (ongoing state)εἰμί: 'be'; the imperfect — sin was continually present in that period.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
κόσμῳworldDativedat. of placeκόσμος: 'world'; the human sphere where sin operated.
ἁμαρτίαsinNominativesubject
δὲbutadversative conjunction
οὐκnotnegative particle
ἐλλογεῖταιis charged/reckonedPres Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἐλλογέωmain verb→ gnomic presentἐλλογέω: 'charge to an account, reckon' (ἐν + λόγος; a commercial term); without a law sin is not formally entered on the books as transgression.
μὴnotnegative particle (w/ ptc.)
ὄντοςbeing/existingPres Act Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · εἰμίgenitive absolute (conditional)→ present (concurrent)εἰμί: 'be'; 'when/where there is no law' — the genitive absolute states the condition.
νόμουlawGenitivegenitive absolute subjectνόμος: 'law'; its absence is what leaves sin un-reckoned as transgression.
14

ἀλλὰ ἐβασίλευσεν ὁ θάνατος ἀπὸ Ἀδὰμ μέχρι Μωϋσέως καὶ ἐπὶ τοὺς μὴ ἁμαρτήσαντας ἐπὶ τῷ ὁμοιώματι τῆς παραβάσεως Ἀδάμ, ὅς ἐστιν τύπος τοῦ μέλλοντος.

Yet death reigned from Adam to Moses, even over those who had not sinned in the likeness of Adam's transgression, who is a type of the one to come.

Death reignedἀλλὰThe proof that all are implicated in Adam: death — sin's penalty — reigned even over those who broke no explicit command, because they died in Adam; and Adam prefigures Christ.
ἀλλὰyet/butadversative conjunction
ἐβασίλευσενreignedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb→ constative aoristβασιλεύω: 'reign, rule as king' (cf. βασιλεύς); death personified as a tyrant-king — a keyword of vv.14, 17, 21.
theNominativearticle
θάνατοςdeathNominativesubjectθάνατος: 'death'; the reigning power, proving sin's universal grip.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (time)
ἈδὰμAdamGenitiveobject of ἀπό (indeclinable)Ἀδάμ: Adam; the starting point of death's reign.
μέχριto/untilpreposition + genitive (time)
ΜωϋσέωςMosesGenitiveobject of μέχριΜωϋσῆς: Moses; the giving of the law marks the era's end.
καὶevenadverbial (ascensive)
ἐπὶoverpreposition + accusative (rule over)
τοὺςthoseAccusativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
μὴnotnegative particle (w/ ptc.)
ἁμαρτήσανταςwho had sinnedAor Act Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · ἁμαρτάνωsubstantival participle (object of ἐπί)→ constative aoristἁμαρτάνω: 'sin'; those who did not sin against an explicit command as Adam did, yet still died.
ἐπὶinpreposition + dative (manner/likeness)
τῷtheDativearticle
ὁμοιώματιlikenessDativedat. of mannerὁμοίωμα: 'likeness, resemblance' (cf. 1:23); they did not transgress 'in the likeness of' Adam's specific breach.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
παραβάσεωςtransgressionGenitiveobjective genitiveπαράβασις: 'transgression' (overstepping a known command, cf. 4:15); Adam's deliberate breach of an explicit prohibition.
Ἀδάμof AdamGenitivegenitive of possession
ὅςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (refers to Adam)
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ gnomic present
τύποςtype/patternNominativepredicate nominativeτύπος: 'type, pattern, foreshadowing' (lit. an imprint/mold); Adam prefigures Christ — the hinge into the contrast of vv.15–21.
τοῦof the (one)Genitivearticle (substantizes ptc.)
μέλλοντοςthe one to comePres Act Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · μέλλωsubstantival participle (objective genitive)→ present (impending)μέλλω: 'be about to, be destined'; 'the Coming One' — Christ, the second Adam.
15

Ἀλλ' οὐχ ὡς τὸ παράπτωμα, οὕτως καὶ τὸ χάρισμα· εἰ γὰρ τῷ τοῦ ἑνὸς παραπτώματι οἱ πολλοὶ ἀπέθανον, πολλῷ μᾶλλον ἡ χάρις τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ ἡ δωρεὰ ἐν χάριτι τῇ τοῦ ἑνὸς ἀνθρώπου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ εἰς τοὺς πολλοὺς ἐπερίσσευσεν.

But the free gift is not like the trespass. For if by the trespass of the one the many died, much more did the grace of God and the gift by the grace of the one man Jesus Christ abound to the many.

Gift exceeds trespassγάρThe first of the dissimilarities: the parallel is not symmetrical — grace vastly outweighs the trespass, abounding to the many.
Ἀλλ'butadversative conjunction
οὐχnotnegative particle
ὡςascomparative particleοὐχ ὡς… οὕτως: 'not as… so' — marking the asymmetry of the comparison.
τὸtheNominativearticle
παράπτωμαtrespassNominativesubjectπαράπτωμα: 'trespass, false step' (cf. 4:25); Adam's offense.
οὕτωςsoadverb (correlative)
καὶalsoadverbial
τὸtheNominativearticle
χάρισμαfree giftNominativesubjectχάρισμα: 'gift of grace' (cf. 1:11; 6:23); the gift in Christ — incommensurably greater than the offense.
εἰifconjunction (first-class condition)
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
τῷby theDativearticle
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
ἑνὸςoneGenitiveattributive adjective (substantival)εἷς: 'one'; 'the one' — Adam, repeatedly contrasted with 'the one,' Christ.
παραπτώματιtrespassDativedat. of cause/meansπαράπτωμα: 'trespass'; the cause of the many's death.
οἱtheNominativearticle
πολλοὶmanyNominativesubject (substantival adj.)πολύς: 'many'; οἱ πολλοί = 'the many,' i.e. the mass of humanity (not 'some' but 'the all-of-them').
ἀπέθανονdiedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb (protasis)→ constative aoristἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; the lethal effect of Adam's trespass on the many.
πολλῷmuchDativedat. of degreeπολλῷ μᾶλλον: 'much more' — the a fortiori again, now of grace's superabundance.
μᾶλλονmoreadverb (comparative)
theNominativearticle
χάριςgraceNominativesubjectχάρις: 'grace'; God's grace, the counterweight infinitely heavier than the trespass.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivesubjective/possessive genitive
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
theNominativearticle
δωρεὰgiftNominativesubject (coordinate)δωρεά: 'gift, free gift' (cf. δωρεάν, 4:4; here the gift of righteousness).
ἐνby/inpreposition + dative (means/sphere)
χάριτιgraceDativedat. of meansχάρις: 'grace'; the gift comes 'by the grace of' the one man.
τῇtheDativearticle
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
ἑνὸςoneGenitiveattributive adjectiveεἷς: 'one'; now 'the one man' — Christ.
ἀνθρώπουmanGenitivegenitive of possession
ἸησοῦJesusGenitiveapposition
ΧριστοῦChristGenitiveapposition
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (extent/recipients)
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
πολλοὺςmanyAccusativeobject of εἰς (substantival adj.)πολύς: 'many'; the recipients of the overflowing grace.
ἐπερίσσευσενaboundedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · περισσεύωmain verb (apodosis)→ constative aoristπερισσεύω: 'abound, overflow' (cf. 3:7); grace did not merely match but overflowed.
16

καὶ οὐχ ὡς δι' ἑνὸς ἁμαρτήσαντος τὸ δώρημα· τὸ μὲν γὰρ κρίμα ἐξ ἑνὸς εἰς κατάκριμα, τὸ δὲ χάρισμα ἐκ πολλῶν παραπτωμάτων εἰς δικαίωμα.

And the gift is not like the result of the one man's sin. For the judgment following one trespass brought condemnation, but the free gift following many trespasses brought justification.

Gift exceeds judgmentγάρThe second dissimilarity, in the arithmetic of grace: judgment moved from one sin to condemnation, but the gift moves from many sins to acquittal.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οὐχnotnegative particle
ὡςascomparative particle
δι'throughpreposition + genitive (agency)
ἑνὸςone (man)Genitivesubstantival adjectiveεἷς: 'one'; the single sinner, Adam.
ἁμαρτήσαντοςwho sinnedAor Act Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · ἁμαρτάνωattributive/substantival participle→ constative aoristἁμαρτάνω: 'sin'; 'the one who sinned' — Adam, source of the judgment.
τὸtheNominativearticle
δώρημαgiftNominativesubjectδώρημα: 'gift, present' (the -μα concrete thing given; cf. δωρεά); the bestowed gift in Christ.
τὸtheNominativearticle
μὲνon the one handparticle (μέν … δέ)μέν … δέ: balancing the two sides — judgment vs. gift.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
κρίμαjudgmentNominativesubjectκρίμα: 'judgment, verdict'; the sentence proceeding from the one trespass.
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (source)
ἑνὸςoneGenitivesubstantival adjective ('one trespass')εἷς: 'one'; supply 'one (trespass)' — the single offense.
εἰςto/resulting inpreposition + accusative (result)
κατάκριμαcondemnationAccusativeobject of εἰς (result)κατάκριμα: 'condemnation, the sentence of doom' (κατά + κρίμα); the adverse verdict (cf. 8:1).
τὸtheNominativearticle
δὲbut on the otherparticle (δέ answering μέν)
χάρισμαfree giftNominativesubjectχάρισμα: 'gift of grace'; the counterpart that astonishingly starts from 'many trespasses.'
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)
πολλῶνmanyGenitiveattributive adjectiveπολύς: 'many'; the gift overcomes not one but countless offenses.
παραπτωμάτωνtrespassesGenitiveobject of ἐκ (source)παράπτωμα: 'trespass'; the many sins the gift answers and overrules.
εἰςto/resulting inpreposition + accusative (result)
δικαίωμαjustification/acquittalAccusativeobject of εἰς (result)δικαίωμα: here 'righteous verdict, act of acquittal' (cf. 1:32; 8:4 with different nuance); the favorable sentence, opposite of κατάκριμα.
17

εἰ γὰρ τῷ τοῦ ἑνὸς παραπτώματι ὁ θάνατος ἐβασίλευσεν διὰ τοῦ ἑνός, πολλῷ μᾶλλον οἱ τὴν περισσείαν τῆς χάριτος καὶ τῆς δωρεᾶς τῆς δικαιοσύνης λαμβάνοντες ἐν ζωῇ βασιλεύσουσιν διὰ τοῦ ἑνὸς Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ.

For if, by the trespass of the one, death reigned through that one man, much more will those who receive the abundance of grace and of the gift of righteousness reign in life through the one man Jesus Christ.

From reign of death to reign in lifeγάρThe climactic asymmetry: where death reigned over its subjects, grace's recipients do not merely live — they themselves reign in life through Christ.
εἰifconjunction (first-class condition)
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
τῷby theDativearticle
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
ἑνὸςoneGenitivesubstantival adjectiveεἷς: 'one'; Adam.
παραπτώματιtrespassDativedat. of cause/meansπαράπτωμα: 'trespass'; the cause of death's reign.
theNominativearticle
θάνατοςdeathNominativesubjectθάνατος: 'death'; the tyrant that 'reigned' (cf. v.14).
ἐβασίλευσενreignedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (protasis)→ constative aoristβασιλεύω: 'reign'; death's dominion through Adam.
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (agency)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ἑνόςoneGenitivesubstantival adjectiveεἷς: 'the one' — Adam, the channel of death's reign.
πολλῷmuchDativedat. of degreeπολλῷ μᾶλλον: 'much more' — the a fortiori climax.
μᾶλλονmoreadverb (comparative)
οἱthoseNominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
περισσείανabundanceAccusativedirect object of λαμβάνοντεςπερισσεία: 'abundance, surplus' (cf. περισσεύω); the overflowing supply of grace received.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
χάριτοςgraceGenitiveobjective/partitive genitiveχάρις: 'grace'; the abundance is of grace.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
δωρεᾶςgiftGenitivegenitive (coordinate)δωρεά: 'gift'; the free gift, here 'of righteousness.'
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
δικαιοσύνηςrighteousnessGenitiveepexegetical genitive (the gift = righteousness)δικαιοσύνη: 'righteousness'; the gift consisting in righteous standing.
λαμβάνοντεςwho receivePres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · λαμβάνωsubstantival participle (subject)→ customary (characteristic)λαμβάνω: 'receive'; grace and righteousness are received, not earned — note the active 'reign' that follows.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
ζωῇlifeDativedat. of sphereζωή: 'life'; the realm of their reigning — eschatological, abundant life.
βασιλεύσουσινwill reignFut Act Indic 3 Pl · βασιλεύωmain verb (apodosis)→ predictive futureβασιλεύω: 'reign'; the stunning reversal — not merely 'life reigns over them' but they reign in life.
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (agency)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ἑνὸςoneGenitivesubstantival adjectiveεἷς: 'the one' — now Christ, the channel of the reign in life.
ἸησοῦJesusGenitiveapposition
ΧριστοῦChristGenitiveapposition
18

Ἄρα οὖν ὡς δι' ἑνὸς παραπτώματος εἰς πάντας ἀνθρώπους εἰς κατάκριμα, οὕτως καὶ δι' ἑνὸς δικαιώματος εἰς πάντας ἀνθρώπους εἰς δικαίωσιν ζωῆς·

So then, as through one trespass there came condemnation for all people, so also through one righteous act there came justification of life for all people.

The comparison completedἌρα οὖνThe suspended comparison of v.12 is at last completed in tight parallel: one trespass→condemnation for all; one righteous act→justifying life for all.
Ἄραsoinferential particleἄρα οὖν: 'so then, consequently' — a strong double inferential drawing the summary.
οὖνtheninferential conjunction
ὡςascomparative particleὡς… οὕτως: 'as… so' — the formal completion of the v.12 comparison.
δι'throughpreposition + genitive (agency)
ἑνὸςoneGenitiveattributive adjectiveεἷς: 'one'; one trespass (Adam's).
παραπτώματοςtrespassGenitiveobject of διά (agency)παράπτωμα: 'trespass'; the single offense whose effect is universal.
εἰςto/forpreposition + accusative (extent)
πάνταςallAccusativeattributive adjectiveπᾶς: 'all'; the universal reach of condemnation in Adam.
ἀνθρώπουςpeopleAccusativeobject of εἰς
εἰςto/resulting inpreposition + accusative (result)
κατάκριμαcondemnationAccusativeobject of εἰς (result)κατάκριμα: 'condemnation' (cf. v.16); the verdict on all in Adam.
οὕτωςsoadverb (correlative)
καὶalsoadverbial
δι'throughpreposition + genitive (agency)
ἑνὸςoneGenitiveattributive adjectiveεἷς: 'one'; one righteous act (Christ's).
δικαιώματοςrighteous actGenitiveobject of διά (agency)δικαίωμα: here 'righteous deed, act of righteousness' (cf. v.16); Christ's obedient self-offering, answering Adam's trespass.
εἰςto/forpreposition + accusative (extent)
πάνταςallAccusativeattributive adjectiveπᾶς: 'all'; the parallel 'all' — its scope debated (all without exception, or all in Christ), but the formal symmetry with Adam is the point.
ἀνθρώπουςpeopleAccusativeobject of εἰς
εἰςto/resulting inpreposition + accusative (result)
δικαίωσινjustificationAccusativeobject of εἰς (result)δικαίωσις: 'justification, acquittal' (cf. 4:25); the favorable verdict.
ζωῆςof lifeGenitivegenitive (result/quality)ζωή: 'life'; 'justification that issues in life' — the life-giving acquittal.
19

ὥσπερ γὰρ διὰ τῆς παρακοῆς τοῦ ἑνὸς ἀνθρώπου ἁμαρτωλοὶ κατεστάθησαν οἱ πολλοί, οὕτως καὶ διὰ τῆς ὑπακοῆς τοῦ ἑνὸς δίκαιοι κατασταθήσονται οἱ πολλοί.

For just as through the disobedience of the one man the many were made sinners, so also through the obedience of the one the many will be made righteous.

Disobedience and obedienceγάρThe contrast distilled to its essence: Adam's disobedience constituted the many sinners; Christ's obedience constitutes the many righteous.
ὥσπερjust ascomparative conjunctionὥσπερ… οὕτως: 'just as… so' — restating the parallel in terms of dis/obedience.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (means)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
παρακοῆςdisobedienceGenitiveobject of διά (means)παρακοή: 'disobedience' (lit. 'hearing amiss,' παρά + ἀκούω); Adam's refusal to heed God's command.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
ἑνὸςoneGenitiveattributive adjectiveεἷς: 'one'; Adam.
ἀνθρώπουmanGenitivegenitive of possession
ἁμαρτωλοὶsinnersNominativepredicate nominative (double nom.)ἁμαρτωλός: 'sinner'; the status into which Adam's act placed the many.
κατεστάθησανwere made/constitutedAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · καθίστημιmain verb→ constative aoristκαθίστημι: 'appoint, constitute, render' (κατά + ἵστημι); 'were constituted/established as' — a representative, forensic 'making.'
οἱtheNominativearticle
πολλοὶmanyNominativesubject (substantival adj.)πολύς: 'many'; οἱ πολλοί — the many under Adam.
οὕτωςsoadverb (correlative)
καὶalsoadverbial
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (means)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
ὑπακοῆςobedienceGenitiveobject of διά (means)ὑπακοή: 'obedience' (ὑπό + ἀκούω, 'hearken'; cf. 1:5); Christ's obedience unto death (Phil 2:8), reversing Adam's disobedience.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
ἑνὸςoneGenitivesubstantival adjectiveεἷς: 'the one' — Christ.
δίκαιοιrighteousNominativepredicate nominative (double nom.)δίκαιος: 'righteous'; the status believers receive — constituted righteous in Christ.
κατασταθήσονταιwill be made/constitutedFut Pass Indic 3 Pl · καθίστημιmain verb→ predictive futureκαθίστημι: 'constitute, render'; the future of the verdict's full realization — 'will be established as righteous.'
οἱtheNominativearticle
πολλοὶmanyNominativesubject (substantival adj.)πολύς: 'many'; οἱ πολλοί — the many in Christ.
20

νόμος δὲ παρεισῆλθεν ἵνα πλεονάσῃ τὸ παράπτωμα· οὗ δὲ ἐπλεόνασεν ἡ ἁμαρτία, ὑπερεπερίσσευσεν ἡ χάρις,

Now the law came in alongside, so that the trespass might increase; but where sin increased, grace abounded all the more,

Law and superabounding graceδὲThe law's place in the story: it slipped in to multiply the trespass — yet that only set the stage for grace to super-abound beyond all sin.
νόμοςlawNominativesubjectνόμος: 'law'; the Mosaic law, here assigned a secondary, intervening role.
δὲnowconnective conjunction
παρεισῆλθενcame in alongsideAor Act Indic 3 Sg · παρεισέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristπαρεισέρχομαι: 'come in beside, slip in' (παρά + εἰς + ἔρχομαι); the law entered as a secondary addition to the Adam-Christ drama.
ἵναso thatconjunction (purpose/result)
πλεονάσῃmight increaseAor Act Subj 3 Sg · πλεονάζωsubjunctive (purpose clause)→ ingressive aoristπλεονάζω: 'increase, multiply, abound' (cf. πλείων, 'more'); the law multiplied transgressions by defining them (cf. 4:15; 7:7ff).
τὸtheNominativearticle
παράπτωμαtrespassNominativesubjectπαράπτωμα: 'trespass'; sin made to abound under law's exposure.
οὗwhererelative adverb (place)οὗ: 'where'; locative relative — 'in the place/case where.'
δὲbutadversative conjunction
ἐπλεόνασενincreasedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πλεονάζωmain verb→ constative aoristπλεονάζω: 'increase, abound'; sin's swelling — only the foil for grace.
theNominativearticle
ἁμαρτίαsinNominativesubjectἁμαρτία: 'sin'; multiplied under law.
ὑπερεπερίσσευσενabounded all the moreAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὑπερπερισσεύωmain verb→ constative aoristὑπερπερισσεύω: 'superabound, overflow beyond measure' (ὑπέρ + περισσεύω); grace did not merely match sin but overwhelmingly surpassed it.
theNominativearticle
χάριςgraceNominativesubjectχάρις: 'grace'; the superabounding answer to swollen sin.
21

ἵνα ὥσπερ ἐβασίλευσεν ἡ ἁμαρτία ἐν τῷ θανάτῳ, οὕτως καὶ ἡ χάρις βασιλεύσῃ διὰ δικαιοσύνης εἰς ζωὴν αἰώνιον διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν.

so that, just as sin reigned in death, so also grace might reign through righteousness to eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord.

Grace reignsἵναThe purpose and triumphant climax: as sin reigned in death, so now grace reigns — through righteousness, unto eternal life, through Jesus Christ our Lord.
ἵναso thatconjunction (purpose)
ὥσπερjust ascomparative conjunctionὥσπερ… οὕτως: the final 'just as… so' — sin's reign answered by grace's reign.
ἐβασίλευσενreignedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb→ constative aoristβασιλεύω: 'reign'; sin as the dethroned tyrant (cf. vv.14, 17).
theNominativearticle
ἁμαρτίαsinNominativesubjectἁμαρτία: 'sin'; the old ruling power.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere/means)
τῷtheDativearticle
θανάτῳdeathDativedat. of sphereθάνατος: 'death'; the realm in which sin exercised its rule.
οὕτωςsoadverb (correlative)
καὶalsoadverbial
theNominativearticle
χάριςgraceNominativesubjectχάρις: 'grace'; the new reigning power, displacing sin.
βασιλεύσῃmight reignAor Act Subj 3 Sg · βασιλεύωsubjunctive (purpose clause)→ ingressive aoristβασιλεύω: 'reign'; grace enthroned — the goal of the whole arrangement.
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (means)
δικαιοσύνηςrighteousnessGenitiveobject of διά (means)δικαιοσύνη: 'righteousness'; the means by which grace reigns — justly, not by overlooking sin.
εἰςto/untopreposition + accusative (goal)
ζωὴνlifeAccusativeobject of εἰς (goal)ζωή: 'life'; the goal of grace's reign.
αἰώνιονeternalAccusativeattributive adjectiveαἰώνιος: 'eternal, everlasting' (cf. αἰών); the age-to-come life — the destination of the redeemed.
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (mediation)
ἸησοῦJesusGenitiveobject of διά (mediator)
ΧριστοῦChristGenitiveapposition
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
κυρίουLordGenitiveapposition (title)κύριος: 'Lord'; the chapter closes as it opened (v.1) — 'through our Lord Jesus Christ.'
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of relationship